Deck 1: Introduction to Psychology

Question 1

It is recommended you begin studying with a survey. This includes _____

A)skimming through everything.
B)writing a brief summary.
C)reading the learning objectives.
D)doing all the Try It activities.

Answer 1

reading the learning objectives.

Question 2

The scientific method starts with _____

A)a theory.
B)a hypothesis.
C)an experiment.
D)observations.

Answer 2

observations.

Question 3

Which of the following represents a replication?

A)Josh did the first-ever study on color perception in hummingbirds.
B)Hunter repeated Josh's study as exactly as possible.
C)Lyta's study was peer-reviewed.
D)Orlando's study was published.

Answer 3

Hunter repeated Josh's study as exactly as possible.

Question 4

_____ is the most objective method known for acquiring knowledge.

A)Observational research
B)The scientific method
C)A pilot study
D)A case study

Question 5

Professor Jimenez wants to share her research and wants others to know it was methodologically sound. Therefore, she should _____

A)self-publish and describe her methods.
B)submit her work to a journal for peer-review.
C)give a talk at a conference.
D)get on a morning news show.

Question 6

"If children watch violent cartoons, then they will become more aggressive." According to the scientific method, this statement is a _____

A)guess.
B)theory.
C)hypothesis.
D)fact.

Question 7

Using research results to solve practical problems is an example of the goal of ____

A)prediction.
B)influence.
C)explanation.
D)replication.

Question 8

The reason for using the SQ3R method is that research indicates it is _____

A)faster.
B)more effective.
C)easier.
D)less efficient.

Question 9

Rory is a college student who intends to become a scientist. In order for his work to be considered science, he must _____

A)correctly employ the scientific method when acquiring knowledge.
B)stay away from the hard sciences like physics or chemistry.
C)give up psychology as his major.
D)get a doctoral degree.

Question 10

A theory is _____

A)proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related.
B)a testable prediction about mental processes or behavior.
C)a set of observations.
D)proven by peer review.

Question 11

Dr. Johnson's study on the effectiveness of a new medication for anxiety demonstrated positive results. Before assuming the medication is effective, it would be best to _____

A)replicate the study.
B)start with a new hypothesis.
C)wait until his study is published.
D)try the medicine ourselves.

Question 12

The Q (Question)part of SQ3R means, in part, that you should _____

A)answer the quiz questions at the chapter's end first.
B)come up with some questions of your own about each topic.
C)question whether the textbook is correct.
D)ask other people questions about each topic.

Question 13

Kayla thinks she has noticed a pattern of differences in her male and female friends' video game scores and she wonders why. She notices her male friends spend more time playing and thinks that may be the reason. Which of the following is an attempt to achieve the goal of prediction?

A)calculating her friends' average scores
B)making the males in her study play with one hand
C)hypothesizing scores will be equivalent if they play the same amount of time
D)using the study results to improve female's scores

Question 14

A psychologist is interested in finding out why identical twins have different personalities. This psychologist is most interested in the goal of _____

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)prediction.
D)influence.

Question 15

Using knowledge obtained through the scientific method to develop cohesive _____ can help us understand complex phenomena.

A)hypotheses
B)theories
C)experiments
D)predictions

Question 16

The study method called SQ3R includes _____

A)reading the whole chapter at once.
B)reciting the material.
C)copying the chapter by hand.
D)putting key points inside squares.

Question 17

Psychology is _____

A)a collection of theories that have yet to be tested out.
B)the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
C)the study of supernatural phenomena.
D)just various forms of therapy.

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of research?

A)studying what methods work to improve memory
B)studying the difference between short and long-term memory
C)studying the neurochemistry of memory
D)altering memory in mice to better understand memory storage

Question 19

Proposing reasons for behaviors and mental processes is an example of _____

A)description.
B)explanation.
C)influence.
D)prediction.

Question 20

The goals of psychology are to _____

A)explore the unconscious functions of the mind.
B)understand, compare, and analyze human behavior.
C)improve psychological well-being in all individuals.
D)describe, explain, predict, and influence behavior.

Question 21

Which of the following early schools of thought studied the basic elements of conscious mental experience?

A)Behaviorism
B)Functionalism
C)Structuralism
D)Psychoanalysis

Question 22

Marinella was raised in a strict, traditional Italian family that had close ties with the tight-knit Italian community in which she lived. Years later, when she was studying to become a psychologist, she realized just how much of an influence her upbringing and ethnicity had in molding her views and personality. This particular insight led Marinella to realize just how important _____ can be in an individual's psychological development.

A)the information-processing theory
B)psychoanalytic perspectives
C)humanistic psychology
D)the sociocultural approach

Question 23

Erik observes that when he dresses in business casual, people seem more comfortable approaching him. He wants to know if this is true because it is very important to him that he meet new people at college. If Erik uses the scientific method to investigate this, what type of research would he be doing?

A)replication
B)experimental
C)basic
D)applied

Question 24

Feelings of depression have convinced Nyla to seek out a therapist. When she met with the therapist, she answered the following questions regarding her behavior: Has your sleeping changed? Has your appetite changed? Have you been crying? Have you been unable to go to work? The therapist only seemed interested in her behaviors, not her thoughts or early childhood. Most likely, Nyla's therapist is from which school of thought?

A)Behaviorist
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Humanistic
D)Information Processing

Question 25

Heather decides to seek out a therapist to help her work through feelings of anxiety. Her therapist allows her to direct the therapy sessions and discuss what she feels is relevant. Her therapist, who views Heather as an innately good person, also suggests she attend group therapy to learn how to make better choices for herself. Based on this information, to which school of thought does Heather's therapist most likely adhere?

A)Sociocultural
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Behaviorism
D)Humanistic

Question 26

Psychology was recognized as a formal academic discipline when _____

A)Sigmund Freud began publishing his theories.
B)the focus moved to mental processes.
C)the scientific method was used.
D)hypnosis was introduced and used successfully in therapy.

Question 27

Jorge is a psychology student who is doing a report on the behaviors kindergarten children demonstrate on the playground. Because he notices that many of the children like to play tag, he takes detailed notes on tag-playing behavior. Which of the goals of psychology did Jorge meet?

A)predict
B)describe
C)influence
D)prove

Question 28

When different researchers using the technique of introspection were exposed to the same stimulus, they often reported different experiences. For this reason, structuralism was criticized for _____

A)being just observational.
B)not being objective.
C)using experimentation.
D)not using measurement.

Question 29

The school of thought that sees humans as active seekers of experiences, who use mental processes to shape those experiences, is _____ Psychology.

A)Cognitive
B)Humanistic
C)Gestalt
D)Behaviorist

Question 30

Psychologists Mamie and Kenneth Clark's research helped to _____

A)explain color vision.
B)end racial segregation in schools.
C)develop methods for studying memory.
D)found behaviorism.

Question 31

The early perspective called Gestalt psychology has evolved into the current perspective called _____

A)psychoanalytic psychology.
B)cognitive psychology.
C)behavioral psychology.
D)social psychology.

Question 32

Professor Beverly approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes bodily events and chemicals, such as hormones, associated with behavior. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological perspectives?

A)Biological
B)Learning
C)Cognitive
D)Sociocultural

Question 33

Today, minorities in America are _____ among professional psychologists.

A)underrepresented
B)overrepresented
C)equal in number
D)the majority

Question 34

Which of the following statements would most likely be made by Sigmund Freud?

A)Because behavior is learned, it can easily be unlearned.
B)Unconscious forces may contain conflicts that can be a detriment to psychological health and development.
C)Thoughts that precede behavior should be the focus of psychological interventions.
D)Because we have free will, individuals can choose to overcome psychological difficulties.

Question 35

The scientific study of psychological characteristics, such as optimism, that enable individuals and communities to thrive in the face of adversity is called _____ Psychology.

A)Emotional
B)Positive
C)Cognitive-Behavioral
D)Gestalt

Question 36

"The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of _____

A)introspection.
B)functionalism.
C)psychoanalysis.
D)Gestalt psychologists.

Question 37

Who is considered the "father" of psychology?

A)Charles Darwin
B)Wilhelm Wundt
C)Gustav Fechner
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 38

James tells his research subjects to report their stream of consciousness so he can study how they adapt to their environment. James is part of the early school of psychology called _____

A)cognitive psychology.
B)structuralism.
C)functionalism.
D)psychoanalysis.

Question 39

_____ set up the first formal psychological lab at the University of Leipzig in Germany and used _____ as the primary research method.

A)Freud; reflection
B)Skinner; case studies
C)Wundt; introspection
D)Wundt; hypnosis

Question 40

Which school of thought in psychology would be most concerned with behavior changes that promote survival in the face of environmental pressures?

A)Gestalt
B)Psychoanalytic
C)Sociocultural
D)Evolutionary

Question 41

Gen's father is being treated successfully for depression with antidepressant medication. Gen is experiencing similar symptoms of depression including disturbed sleep, poor appetite, low energy, and hopelessness. A professional person taking the _____ perspective will take his family history and the physical basis of his symptoms into account.

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)biological
D)sociocultural

Question 42

Educational psychologists specialize in which of the following?

A)educating corporations about employee management
B)counseling troubled students
C)studying teaching and learning
D)treating students with major psychiatric illnesses

Question 43

Kim wants to talk with a therapist who will see him in a positive light and respect his personal experience while helping him understand his feelings and create a meaningful life. Kim will be most satisfied with a therapist who takes the _____ perspective.

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)biological
D)sociocultural

Question 44

Which of the following psychological perspectives covered in your text emphasizes the role of physical processes and structures, as well as familial heredity, in explaining behavior?

A)the biological perspective
B)the medical perspective
C)the evolutionary perspective
D)the humanistic perspective

Question 45

Which of the following psychological perspectives emphasizes the role of mental processes such as perception, thinking and memory?

A)sociocultural
B)rationalist
C)neurological
D)cognitive

Question 46

Lee is not very interested in academics and performs poorly in school. This is causing problems at home in his traditional Chinese family where academic success is highly valued. In order to help him reconcile his values and maintain better relationships at home, he is likely to do best with a counselor who has a _____ perspective.

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)biological
D)sociocultural

Question 47

A counselor who takes the humanistic perspective would focus most on _____

A)environmental influences.
B)behavior.
C)subjective experience.
D)inherited tendencies.

Question 48

Dr Bùi has been asked by the defense attorney to evaluate a client convicted of assault and write a report that will be presented to the judge before sentencing. Dr. Bùi is most likely a _____ psychologist.

A)counseling
B)forensic
C)legal
D)physiological

Question 49

Justin is having difficulty in his romantic relationships. He finds himself feeling most attracted to women for their physical attributes, even if they are not the type of women he really wants for a life partner, and he can't understand why. A counselor who takes the _____ perspective might have an explanation based on inherited tendencies that would help him understand this.

A)psychoanalytic
B)evolutionary
C)biological
D)sociocultural

Question 50

Dr. Rodriguez, an educational psychologist, looks at the student-environment interaction to determine how to improve a student's performance. He is taking the _____ perspective.

A)cognitive
B)evolutionary
C)sociocultural
D)behavioral

Question 51

A school psychologist would be most likely to _____

A)conduct an experiment.
B)counsel a disruptive student.
C)treat a student with schizophrenia.
D)study teaching methods.

Question 52

A therapist who takes the evolutionary perspective would focus most on _____

A)environmental influences.
B)behavior.
C)thought processes.
D)inherited adaptive tendencies.

Question 53

A psychologist who teaches a corporation how to keep employees motivated would most likely be a(n)_____ psychologist, according to your textbook.

A)social
B)educational
C)consulting
D)industrial/organizational

Question 54

Sherrod sees himself as a thinker; he believes that his experience and behavior are shaped by how he perceives, thinks about, and remembers things. He would find a counselor who takes the _____ perspective most compatible with his beliefs.

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)cognitive
D)sociocultural

Question 55

When we examine how factors like poverty, peers, and parents interact to produce antisocial behavior in teens, we are using the _____

A)systems perspective.
B)multifactor design model.
C)information processing theory
D)humanistic approach.

Question 56

Which of the following perspectives focuses on unconscious motivation and early childhood experience?

A)behavioral
B)psychoanalytic
C)cognitive
D)sociocultural

Question 57

In thinking about her future career as a counselor, Taisha thinks she will be most concerned with her client's subjective experience and biological processes. She will also want to know if any family member has symptoms of an inheritable psychological problem. According to your text, Taisha will be taking a _____ perspective on her clients.

A)mixed
B)medical
C)eclectic
D)illogical

Question 58

Diana wants to find a therapist who will help her explore her unconscious motivations and how her early childhood experiences are affecting her now. She should look for a therapist with a _____ perspective.

A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)biological
D)sociocultural

Question 59

Jaden works at a clinic where he sees individuals with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses. His job is to find the appropriate diagnosis and treatment for these individuals. Jaden is likely a(n)_____

A)forensic psychologist.
B)industrial/organizational psychologist.
C)clinical psychologist.
D)educational psychologist.

Question 60

The psychological perspective that is most concerned with how the environment-person interaction affects us is the _____ perspective.

A)environmental
B)behavioral
C)humanistic
D)evolutionary

Question 61

You overhear psychology students talking about a research method that often "fails to generalize." Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion?

A)correlation
B)case study
C)experiment
D)surveys

Question 62

A critical thinker would most likely say, "What I need to know most is _____

A)whether the source is an authority."
B)whether this fits with what I already think."
C)how they got this information."
D)how many people agree with this."

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive research method?

A)surveys
B)naturalistic observation
C)experimental
D)laboratory observation

Question 64

Dr. Littman-Smith is conducting research in Kenya into the ways that mothers and their toddlers interact throughout the day. Given the purpose of her study, it is most likely that she is engaged in _____

A)naturalistic observation.
B)laboratory observation.
C)case study research.
D)experimental research.

Question 65

According to your textbook, to think critically we must get rid of the habit of assuming that our limited personal, or _____ evidence, is reliable evidence.

A)heuristic
B)anecdotal
C)experiential
D)substantiary

Question 66

Psychologists evaluate whether theories are _____

A)true.
B)proven.
C)false.
D)useful.

Question 67

Theories help psychologists achieve the _____ goal by generating testable _____

A)prediction; hypotheses.
B)influence; designs.
C)description; predictions.
D)observation; data.

Question 68

Bena's research hypothesis was not supported by his results. His work did stimulate debate and motivate more related research. Bena's work has _____

A)no value.
B)heuristic value.
C)damaged his career.
D)practical value.

Question 69

A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?

A)The ways in which the games of boys differ from the games of girls.
B)The development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis.
C)The math s of students in Japan as compared to those of U.S. students.
D)Physiological changes that occur when people watch violent movies.

Question 70

Shannon is a researcher who studies sleep patterns in humans. Shannon most likely uses _____

A)laboratory observation.
B)case studies.
C)naturalistic observation.
D)structured observation.

Question 71

Anthony read a study with several hundred subjects in the Journal of the American Medical Association that stated there is a link between working night shifts and the risk of heart attacks. Anthony knew the study was not correct because his Dad and his uncles had worked the night shift for decades and none of them had heart trouble. Anthony is not thinking critically because he is being swayed too much by _____

A)independent thinking.
B)anecdotal evidence.
C)heuristic value.
D)the journal's authority.

Question 72

To understand the criminal mind, you might study one criminal, like the "Unabomber," in great detail. Extensive interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests might provide interesting information about the mental processing in such a person. This type of study would be an example of a _____

A)case study.
B)survey study.
C)laboratory study.
D)naturalistic observation study.

Question 73

Sandi believes that people who eat at McDonald's are overweight, so she decides to do a naturalistic observation of people who eat at McDonald's. What should most concern us about Sandi's observations?

A)the observer effect
B)the bystander effect
C)observer bias
D)subject bias

Question 74

Anthony heard a report about a study in the Journal of the American Medical Association that stated working night shifts causes heart attacks. When he read the study he found that the researchers had compared the rates of heart attacks between day and night shift workers. This was not an experimental design and subjects were not randomly assigned. If Anthony thinks critically about this study he would conclude that _____

A)this is good evidence that night shift work causes heart attacks.
B)this proves it is unhealthy to work night shifts.
C)this study shows a correlation, proving causality, between night shifts and heart attacks.
D)this type of study can't provide evidence of causes.

Question 75

A detailed description of a particular individual being studied or treated is called _____

A)a representative sample.
B)a case study.
C)a single-blind study.
D)a naturalistic observation.

Question 76

We still teach about structuralists and functionalists and rate Freud's theory as very important because of their _____

A)success.
B)practical value.
C)predictive value.
D)heuristic value.

Question 77

Carla was driving to work when she heard a report from a medical center on the radio saying, "Upon conception, the sex of the baby is determined by the person who is least stressed out." Knowing Carla is a critical thinker, which of the following thoughts did she most likely have?

A)"Because the report is from a medical center, it must be true."
B)"Before I believe that report, I need to check other sources."
C)"Wow, it must be true or they wouldn't put it on the radio."
D)"Wait until I tell my partner that he must have determined the sex of our two sons."

Question 78

The process of objectively evaluating claims, propositions, and conclusions to determine whether they follow logically from the evidence is known as _____

A)critical thinking.
B)evaluation.
C)heuristic thinking.
D)suspension of judgment.

Question 79

Which of the following is an advantage to using naturalistic observation as a research method?

A)We can infer cause-effect relationships.
B)We can study behavior in naturally occurring environments.
C)We can easily influence the target behaviors.
D)The target behaviors are always quite obvious.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation?

A)It recreates natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible to make an experiment more valid.
B)It involves observing behavior in its natural context.
C)It is basically the same process as objective introspection.
D)It involves observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings.