Deck 47: Growth and Development

Question 1

Which of the following is not a function of the placenta?

A) Excretory organ
B) Respiratory organ
C) Endocrine organ
D) Barrier to alcohol

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The chorion, which develops from the trophoblast, becomes:

A) an important fetal membrane in the placenta.
B) the inner cell mass.
C) the amniotic cavity.
D) the yolk sac.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The normal phenomenon of "crossing over" occurs:

A) during meiosis I.
B) during meiosis II.
C) in both meiosis and mitosis.
D) in both A and B.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The solid mass of cells formed when the zygote begins to divide is called the:

A) blastocyst.
B) trophoblast.
C) morula.
D) embryo.

Question 5

All organ systems are formed and functioning by the _____ month of fetal development.

A) second
B) third
C) fourth
D) fifth

Question 6

The primary germ layer that forms many of the structures around the periphery of the body is the:

A) endoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) ectoderm.
D) epiderm.

Question 7

After leaving the graafian follicle, the ovum lives approximately _____ day(s).

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 8

In the developing human embryo, the heart begins to beat at about _____ weeks.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 20

Question 9

Histogenesis may be defined as the process during which:

A) implantation occurs.
B) the tissues arrange themselves into organs.
C) the primary germ layers develop into many different kinds of tissues.
D) both B and C occur.

Question 10

The structure known as the "bag of waters" is the:

A) placenta.
B) amniotic cavity.
C) yolk sac.
D) chorion.

Question 11

The main difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis is that in oogenesis:

A) the primary oocytes contain 46 chromosomes.
B) the cytoplasm is equally divided among the daughter cells.
C) meiosis I does not occur.
D) only one ovum is produced from each primary oocyte, plus three polar bodies.

Question 12

The secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) by the placental tissue peaks about _____ weeks after fertilization.

A) 2 to 3
B) 3 to 4
C) 8 to 9
D) 13 to 14

Question 13

Implantation occurs during the _____ stage.

A) zygote
B) morula
C) blastocyst
D) trophoblast

Question 14

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst contains the:

A) yolk sac.
B) amniotic cavity.
C) trophoblast.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 15

The process of spermatogenesis forms _____ spermatozoa, each with _____ chromosomes.

A) two; 23
B) four; 23
C) two; 46
D) four; 46

Question 16

Which of the following is derived from mesoderm during embryonic development?

A) Bones and muscles
B) Epithelium of GI tract
C) Nervous tissue and skin
D) Nervous tissue and bones

Question 17

Regarding human developmental biology, which of the following statements is (are) true?

A) The study of human developmental biology includes the prenatal period.
B) The study of human developmental biology includes the postnatal period.
C) Human developmental biology is the study of the many changes that occur during the cycle of life from conception to death.
D) All of the above are true regarding human developmental biology.

Question 18

The normal length of gestation for humans is approximately _____ weeks.

A) 37
B) 39
C) 41
D) 43

Question 19

The function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is to:

A) act as a gonadotropin.
B) stimulate the corpus luteum.
C) maintain high luteal estrogen and progesterone levels.
D) do all of the above.

Question 20

Fertilization takes place in the:

A) vagina.
B) uterus.
C) uterine tube.
D) ovary.

Question 21

At what age do girls generally begin to menstruate?

A) 10
B) 12 to 13
C) 14
D) 15 to 16

Question 22

Birth weight generally doubles during the first _____ months and then _____.

A) 3; triples by 1 year
B) 4; triples by 1 year
C) 6; doubles again by 1 year
D) 6; triples by 18 months

Question 23

DNA replication occurs during:

A) prophase I.
B) prophase II.
C) interphase before prophase I.
D) both A and B.

Question 24

At what age do boys generally complete rapid growth stage?

A) 12
B) 14
C) 16
D) 18

Question 25

The third stage of labor is the:

A) period of uterine contractions until dilation of the cervix is complete.
B) period of maximal cervical dilation.
C) period when the baby exits the vagina.
D) process of expulsion of the placenta through the vagina.

Question 26

An infant is able to follow a moving object with its eyes by the end of the _____ month.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 27

The second stage of labor is the:

A) period from the onset of contractions until dilation of the cervix is complete.
B) period from the time of maximal cervical dilation until the baby exits through the vagina.
C) point at which the amniotic sac ruptures.
D) process of expulsion of the placenta through the vagina.

Question 28

Between the ages of 30 and 75, the number of nephron units in the kidney decreases by almost:

A) 20%.
B) 30%.
C) 40%.
D) 50%.

Question 29

If a creature had 36 chromosomes in its normal body cells, its gametes would contain _____ chromosomes.

A) 72
B) 36
C) 18
D) 9

Question 30

The most serious age-related eye disorder is:

A) presbyopia.
B) glaucoma.
C) cataract.
D) hyperopia.

Question 31

Fraternal twins:

A) have only one placenta.
B) have two placentas.
C) must always have the same biological father.
D) are genetically identical.

Question 32

If a creature had 36 chromosomes in its normal body cells, the zygote of the creature would contain _____ chromosomes.

A) 72
B) 36
C) 18
D) an indeterminable number of

Question 33

The condition caused by buildup of fatty deposits in blood vessel walls is:

A) arteriosclerosis.
B) atherosclerosis.
C) myocardial infarction.
D) hypertension.

Question 34

The most potent stem cells, those that can generate many types of human tissue, can be found in the:

A) red bone marrow.
B) zygote
C) blastocyst stage.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 35

The deciduous teeth:

A) begin to appear at about 6 months of age.
B) are lost during childhood.
C) start to erupt at about 6 years of age.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 36

As the body develops, the:

A) head becomes proportionately smaller.
B) face decreases from one half to one eighth of the skull surface.
C) trunk becomes proportionately longer.
D) thoracic and abdominal contours become more rounded.

Question 37

Identical twins result from the:

A) splitting of embryonic tissue from the same zygote early in development.
B) inner cell mass dividing into two masses during the blastocyst stage of development.
C) fertilization of two different ova by two different spermatozoa.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 38

During infancy, the lumbar curvature appears between the _____ months.

A) second and fourth
B) fourth and sixth
C) sixth and tenth
D) twelfth and eighteenth

Question 39

Clouding of the lens of the eye is called:

A) presbyopia.
B) myopia.
C) glaucoma.
D) cataract.

Question 40

In most cases, stage one of labor lasts from _____ hours.

A) 2 to 4
B) 6 to 12
C) 6 to 24
D) 24 to 36

Question 41

Which of the following structures is not formed by the endoderm?

A) Tonsils
B) Kidneys
C) Lining of the pancreatic duct
D) Glandular epithelium of the thyroid gland

Question 42

Which of the following conditions associated with the eye does not directly involve the lens?

A) Glaucoma
B) Presbyopia
C) Cataracts
D) All of the above conditions directly involve the lens.

Question 43

Which of the following structures is not formed by the mesoderm?

A) Skeletal muscles
B) Bones
C) Kidneys
D) All of the above structures are formed by the mesoderm.

Question 44

After puberty, about how many primary oocytes resume meioses each month?

A) 10
B) 100
C) 1000
D) 10,000

Question 45

In the human, the diploid number of chromosomes is:

A) 23.
B) 46.
C) the result of meiosis.
D) both B and C.

Question 46

Which of the following structures is not formed by the ectoderm?

A) Cornea of the eye
B) Dermis of the skin
C) Brain
D) Enamel of the teeth

Question 47

A nonfunctioning yolk sac could hinder the fetus in:

A) receiving proper nutrition.
B) producing blood cells.
C) receiving enough oxygen.
D) all of the above.

Question 48

Only about what percent of the sperm deposited in the female reproductive tract actually reach the ovum?

A) 10%
B) 5%
C) 1%
D) Less than 0.1%

Question 49

Which of the following hormones is not produced by the placenta?

A) FSH
B) hCG
C) Estrogen
D) All of the above hormones are produced by the placenta.

Question 50

A tetrad is:

A) formed only in spermatogenesis.
B) formed only in oogenesis.
C) homologous pairs of chromosomes that are moved together.
D) None of the above describe a tetrad.

Question 51

The sequence of early development of the fetus is:

A) morula, zygote, and blastocyst.
B) zygote, morula, and blastocyst.
C) zygote, blastocyst, and morula.
D) morula, blastocyst, and zygote.

Question 52

In the human, the haploid number of chromosomes is:

A) 23.
B) 46.
C) the result of meiosis.
D) both A and C.

Question 53

Crossing over occurs to:

A) reduce the chromosome number in a gamete.
B) assist in tetrad formation.
C) allow chromatin to condense into chromosomes.
D) transfer genes from one chromosome to another.

Question 54

In the female reproductive system, which of the following does not assist the sperm in reaching the egg?

A) Cilia in the uterine tubes
B) Polar bodies produced by the egg
C) Mucus strands in the cervical canal
D) All of the above assist the sperm in reaching the egg.

Question 55

Theca cells produce:

A) an androgen that is converted to estrogen.
B) the granulosa cells.
C) the oogonia.
D) none of the above.

Question 56

Meiosis I produces what in oogenesis?

A) Ovum
B) Primary polar body
C) Primary oocyte
D) Both B and C

Question 57

A condition in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall is called:

A) ectopic pregnancy.
B) abruptio placentae.
C) placenta previa.
D) eclampsia.

Question 58

At ovulation, the ovum is at which stage of meiosis?

A) Telophase II
B) Anaphase II
C) Telophase I
D) None of the above

Question 59

During human oogenesis, which structure contains 46 chromosomes?

A) Ovum
B) Secondary oocyte
C) First polar body
D) Both B and C

Question 60

A condition in which the placenta grows too close to the cervical opening is called:

A) ectopic pregnancy.
B) abruptio placentae.
C) placenta previa.
D) eclampsia.

Question 61

At fertilization, what part of the sperm cell enters the egg?

A) Nucleus of the sperm
B) RNA from the sperm
C) Proteins from the sperm
D) All of the above

Question 62

The ovaries are also endocrine organs.

Question 63

The posterior ligament forms a deep pouch known as the perineal body.

Question 64

The uterine tubes are extensions of the uterus that communicate with the vagina and vulva.

Question 65

If the process of oogenesis goes to completion, how many polar bodies will be produced?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

Question 66

The fringelike projections, called fimbriae, are located in the ampulla of the uterine tubes.

Question 67

What layer of the ovum has receptors for sperm cells?

A) Zona pellucida
B) Corona radiata
C) Theca cells
D) Both A and B

Question 68

The term used for the fertilized ovum is:

A) morula.
B) zygote.
C) fetus.
D) blastocyst.

Question 69

Stem cells in adults are referred to as:

A) totipotent.
B) pluripotent.
C) multipotent.
D) Adults do not have stem cells.

Question 70

A prolapsed uterus results from weakening of the supporting ligaments of the uterus, which permits retroflexion (backward tilt) and descent of the uterus into the vagina.

Question 71

The wide upper portion of the uterus is called the cervix.

Question 72

The external os opens into the vagina.

Question 73

The mammary glands are essential organs of reproduction in women.

Question 74

Mammary glands are considered accessory organs of the female reproductive system.

Question 75

The vagina is a tubular organ situated anterior to the urethra and bladder and posterior to the rectum.

Question 76

Ova are produced in the germinal epithelial layer of the ovary.

Question 77

Which of the following describe the development of the female reproductive system?

A) Gonads attach to the mesonephrotic duct.
B) Gonads attach to the paramesonephrotic duct.
C) It develops along with the urethra in the reproductive system.
D) Both A and C describe the development of the female reproductive system.

Question 78

The ovaries are attached to the oviducts.

Question 79

The primary germ layers developed from stem cells are referred to as:

A) omnipotent.
B) pluripotent.
C) totipotent.
D) multipotent.

Question 80

Retroflexion, or backward flexion, is the normal position of the uterus.