Deck 10: Skin

Question 1

Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum:

A) germinativum.
B) granulosum.
C) corneum.
D) lucidum.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum?

A) Back of the hand
B) Thigh
C) Abdomen
D) Sole of the foot

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The type of gland associated with blackheads is:

A) eccrine.
B) apocrine.
C) sebaceous.
D) ceruminous.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is not a function of the skin?

A) Defense against disease organisms
B) Synthesis of vitamin E
C) Regulation of body temperature
D) Excretion of water and salts

Question 5

Smooth muscles that produce goose pimples when they contract are the _____ muscles.

A) papillary
B) cuticle
C) medullary
D) arrector pili

Question 6

The hair papilla consists of _____ tissue.

A) epidermal
B) dermal
C) hypodermal
D) fibrous connective

Question 7

The papillary layer of the dermis:

A) is responsible for cleavage or tension lines in the skin.
B) does not contain blood vessels.
C) produces the ridges that make fingerprints.
D) contains large deposits of fat.

Question 8

The superficial outer layer of the epidermis is the stratum:

A) basale.
B) lucidum.
C) corneum.
D) granulosum.

Question 9

The hypodermis:

A) connects the dermis to underlying tissues.
B) is the layer of skin in which hair is produced.
C) connects the dermis and the epidermis.
D) is the layer of skin in which the nails are produced.

Question 10

The area referred to as true skin is the:

A) stratum corneum.
B) subcutaneous layer.
C) dermis.
D) hypodermis.

Question 11

Prolonged exposure to the sun causes melanocytes to:

A) increase in number.
B) rupture and release their contents.
C) increase melanin production.
D) decrease melanin production.

Question 12

The type of cancer associated with immune deficiencies is:

A) squamous cell carcinoma.
B) Kaposi sarcoma.
C) basal cell carcinoma.
D) malignant melanoma.

Question 13

The most numerous, important, and widespread sweat glands in the body are:

A) apocrine.
B) eccrine.
C) ceruminous.
D) sebaceous.

Question 14

Which of the following vitamins is(are) absorbed through the skin?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin D
C) Vitamin K
D) All of the above

Question 15

Apocrine sweat glands can be found in all of the following areas except the:

A) soles of the feet.
B) armpits.
C) areolae of the breasts.
D) pigmented skin areas around the anus.

Question 16

The hair follicle is found in the:

A) epidermis.
B) dermis.
C) hypodermis.
D) subcutaneous layer.

Question 17

The most common type of skin cancer is:

A) malignant melanoma.
B) basal cell carcinoma.
C) Kaposi sarcoma.
D) All skin cancers occur in about equal frequency.

Question 18

Which is not part of a hair?

A) Shaft
B) Root
C) Lanugo
D) Medulla

Question 19

Hair:

A) alternates between periods of growth and rest.
B) consists of keratinized cells.
C) is formed from cells of the germinal matrix.
D) is all of the above.

Question 20

Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum:

A) basale.
B) lucidum.
C) corneum.
D) granulosum.

Question 21

The surface film found on the skin has a variety of functions, including:

A) lubrication.
B) buffering of caustic irritants.
C) antibacterial and antifungal activity.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

In the skin, the dermis:

A) and epidermis are both epithelial tissue.
B) and epidermis are both connective tissue.
C) is connective tissue and the epidermis is epithelial tissue.
D) is epithelial tissue and the epidermis is connective tissue.

Question 23

The same degree of environmental temperature seems hotter in humid climates than it does in dry ones because:

A) evaporation increases in humid climates.
B) evaporation is retarded in humid climates.
C) radiation is increased in humid climates.
D) humid climates alter the temperature receptors in the hypothalamus by mechanisms unknown.

Question 24

Although body temperature normally changes very little during the course of a day, it is generally the lowest during:

A) the early morning.
B) mid-afternoon.
C) late afternoon.
D) the evening.

Question 25

A person leaning against a cold cement block wall would lose heat by the process of:

A) convection.
B) evaporation.
C) radiation.
D) conduction.

Question 26

A major distinction between second- and third-degree burns is that third-degree burns:

A) involve injury to only the deep epidermal layers.
B) involve damage to only hair follicles.
C) involve damage to only the sweat glands.
D) are characterized by insensitivity to pain immediately after injury.

Question 27

The body's temperature control center is located in the:

A) cerebrum.
B) medulla.
C) thalamus.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 28

Which type of body heat loss is characterized by heat transfer from the surface of one object to the surface of another object without actual contact?

A) Convection
B) Evaporation
C) Radiation
D) Conduction

Question 29

The layer beneath the dermis is called the:

A) hypodermis.
B) subcutaneous layer.
C) superficial fascia.
D) All of the above are correct.

Question 30

A second-degree burn is characterized by:

A) destruction of both the epidermis and the dermis.
B) severe pain, generalized swelling, and edema.
C) minor discomfort and some redness.
D) involvement of muscles, fasciae, or bones.

Question 31

Which skin layer contains closely packed, clear cells that contain a gel-like substance called eleidin?

A) Stratum lucidum
B) Stratum basale
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum

Question 32

Which cells originate in the bone marrow and are important in the immune function?

A) Dendritic cells
B) Melanocytes
C) Keratinocytes
D) Fibroblasts

Question 33

The body compensates for the increase in the core body temperature caused by exercise by:

A) decreasing the blood flow to the skin.
B) increasing the blood flow to the core.
C) increasing the blood flow to the skin.
D) vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the skin.

Question 34

Normally, which percentage of the cells in the stratum basale enter mitosis each day?

A) 20% to 25%
B) 10% to 12%
C) 18% to 20%
D) 35% to 40%

Question 35

The waxy secretion in the external ear canal is:

A) eccrine.
B) apocrine.
C) sebaceous.
D) ceruminous.

Question 36

Which skin layer is called the barrier area?

A) Stratum lucidum
B) Stratum basale
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum

Question 37

Which skin layer has cells that look prickly because of the desmosomes that join the cells together?

A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum spinosum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum corneum

Question 38

In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin?

A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum corneum
C) Stratum granulosum
D) Stratum spinosum

Question 39

The conversion of water from a liquid state into a gaseous state happens with which form of body heat loss?

A) Convection
B) Evaporation
C) Radiation
D) Conduction

Question 40

Sebum:

A) lubricates hair and skin.
B) is produced by sweat glands.
C) consists of dead cells from hair follicles.
D) is responsible for body odor.

Question 41

The area of the skin in an average-size adult is about _____ square feet.

A) 12
B) 18
C) 24
D) 31

Question 42

Which cells of the skin act as a type of antigen-presenting cell in the skin?

A) Dermatocytes
B) Dendritic cells
C) Keratinocytes
D) Melanocytes

Question 43

What increase in body temperature would be caused by pyrogens?

A) Heat exhaustion
B) Heat stroke
C) Fever
D) Malignant hyperthermia

Question 44

The darkest of the skin pigments is:

A) beta carotene.
B) pheomelanin.
C) eumelanin.
D) none of the above.

Question 45

To increase the efficiency of protein synthesis, cells in which epidermal layer are rich in RNA?

A) Stratum corneum
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum spinosum
D) Stratum granulosum

Question 46

Many liquid medicines, such as insulin, are administered using a subcutaneous injection. Why is the subcutaneous layer an ideal site for the administration of such medication?

A) The subcutaneous layer is rich in blood supply and nerve networks.
B) The subcutaneous layer has a rich blood supply and loose spongy texture.
C) The subcutaneous layer has a rich blood supply and firm texture.
D) The subcutaneous layer has a rich supply of nerves and loose spongy texture.

Question 47

Which of the following is not true of the dermis?

A) It contains a papillary layer.
B) It contains a reticular layer.
C) In general, the dermis is thinner on the dorsal side of the body than on the ventral side.
D) It plays an important role in body temperature regulation.

Question 48

Cells in which layer are filled with a protein called eleidin?

A) Stratum corneum
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum spinosum
D) Stratum granulosum

Question 49

The term used to describe the skin and its appendages is:

A) epidermis.
B) dermis.
C) integumentary system.
D) integument.

Question 50

Which of the following is not true of the dermal-epidermal junction?

A) It is important in blocking bacteria from passing through the skin.
B) It is composed chiefly of basement membrane.
C) Its function is to "glue" the two layers of skin together.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 51

Cells in which layer have a high level of lysosomal enzymes in their cytoplasm?

A) Stratum corneum
B) Stratum lucidum
C) Stratum spinosum
D) Stratum granulosum

Question 52

"Burns" can be caused by:

A) ultraviolet light.
B) corrosive chemicals.
C) electrical current.
D) all of the above.

Question 53

Which skin pigment is a light reddish color?

A) Beta carotene
B) Pheomelanin
C) Eumelanin
D) None of the above

Question 54

The time required for the completion of mitosis, differentiation, and the movement of new cells from the stratum basale to the surface of the skin is about:

A) 35 hours.
B) 17 days.
C) 22 days.
D) 35 days.

Question 55

Hair can become brittle and dry as a result of the:

A) improper function of the sebaceous glands.
B) malfunction of the tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.
C) overproduction of keratin.
D) underproduction of synovial fluid.

Question 56

Onycholysis is usually caused by:

A) a cuticle infection.
B) malfunctioning of the tactile (Meissner) corpuscle.
C) overproduction of the root of the fingernail.
D) trauma to long fingernails.

Question 57

Which cells of the skin are filled with a tough, fibrous protein and account for most of the epidermal cells of the skin?

A) Dermatocytes
B) Langerhans cells
C) Keratinocytes
D) Melanocytes

Question 58

The cell layers of skin from the most superficial to the deepest appear in what order?

A) Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale
B) Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum
C) Stratum basale, granulosum, lucidum, spinosum, and corneum
D) Stratum corneum, granulosum, lucidum, spinosum, and basale

Question 59

When the skin looks cyanotic, it is because _____ can be seen through the skin.

A) oxygen-poor blood
B) oxygen-rich blood
C) hemosiderin
D) bile pigments

Question 60

What increase in body temperature can be caused by anesthetics or muscle relaxants?

A) Heat exhaustion
B) Heat stroke
C) Fever
D) Malignant hyperthermia

Question 61

Keratin is an important skin pigment that protects against ultraviolet light.

Question 62

The hypodermis is a subcutaneous layer rich in adipose and loose fibrous connective tissue.

Question 63

After several hours of landscaping the yard, Jennifer experienced a body temperature of 105° F; a rapid heart rate; headache; and hot, dry skin. She was taken to a medical facility and treated for what condition?

A) Heat exhaustion
B) Heat stroke
C) Hypothermia
D) Malignant hyperthermia

Question 64

Immunity is a function of the skin and occurs by:

A) attacking and destroying pathogens.
B) evaporation and radiation of pathogens.
C) excretion of chemicals in sweat.
D) receptors that can detect sensations.

Question 65

Which of the following is not true about thick or thin skin?

A) Thin skin is hairless.
B) Most of the body is covered in thin skin.
C) Epidermal ridges are found in thick skin.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 66

Yellowish discoloration of the skin and other tissues is a condition known as jaundice. This results from the:

A) gallbladder not being able to eliminate bile from the blood efficiently.
B) liver not being able to eliminate bile from the blood efficiently.
C) liver not being able to eliminate hemoglobin from the blood efficiently.
D) red blood cells not being able to eliminate hemoglobin.

Question 67

If you were looking under the microscope at a slide that contains skin glands, what three kinds of microscopic glands would be present?

A) Sebaceous, eccrine, and ceruminous glands
B) Sweat, eccrine, and ceruminous glands
C) Sweat, eccrine, and sebaceous glands
D) Sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous glands

Question 68

The excretory function of the skin includes all of the following except:

A) influencing the fluid volume of the body.
B) playing an important excretory role for the body.
C) removing uric acid and urea from the body.
D) The excretory function includes all of the above.

Question 69

Which statement best explains the importance of the dendritic cells?

A) They contribute color to the skin and serve to decrease the amount of ultraviolet light that can penetrate into the deeper layers of the skin.
B) They become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called keratin.
C) They find markers on bacteria and other invaders and present them to other immune system cells for recognition and destruction.
D) They form the attachment of the hair follicle with the arrector pili muscles.

Question 70

After several months of extensive weight training, Nick has noticed pinkish, depressed furrows with jagged edges in his axillary region. These markings are a result of:

A) a decrease in dermal papillae.
B) healing due to tiny tears in the dermis.
C) malfunction of the microvilli.
D) overproduction of the arrector pili muscles.

Question 71

Which of the following is not true of the body's ability to regulate heat loss?

A) It is part of a negative-feedback mechanism.
B) Sweat glands increase the production of sweat.
C) The homeostatic regulation of body temperature is regulated by the thyroid gland.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 72

Matt is admitted to the hospital with burns to the deep epidermal layers and injury to the upper layers of the dermis. The physician treats Matt's condition as a _____ burn.

A) first-degree
B) hypothermia
C) minor
D) second-degree

Question 73

The special network of nerves deep in the dermis that is capable of detecting pressure on the skin surface is called:

A) free nerve endings.
B) Krause end bulbs.
C) tactile corpuscle.
D) somatic sensory receptors.

Question 74

Which of the following is not true of dermal growth and repair?

A) Just as the epidermis, the dermis is in a constant state of regeneration.
B) In the healing of an injury, fibroblasts reproduce and begin to form new connective tissue.
C) Surgical incisions made parallel to cleavage lines are less likely to leave a scar.
D) All of the above statements are true.

Question 75

The skin of an infant is more easily damaged by penetration or abrasion than that of an adult. Which layer is probably thinner in an infant than in an adult?

A) Stratum basale
B) Stratum corneum
C) Stratum lucidum
D) Stratum spinosum

Question 76

One of the important functions of the skin is the synthesis of vitamin D.

Question 77

Which of the following is not true of the hypodermis?

A) It is also called the subcutaneous layer.
B) It contains mostly loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
C) It is the deepest part of the skin.
D) All of the above are true.

Question 78

How can the regeneration time required for completion of mitosis, differentiation, and movement of new keratinocytes from the stratum basale to the surface of the epidermis be accelerated?

A) By abrasion of the skin surface
B) By the presence of eleidin
C) By the epidermal proliferating unit
D) By the presence of dermal-epidermal junctions

Question 79

A geneticist informs parents that their newborn infant does not have the enzyme tyrosinase. The lack of this enzyme will result in:

A) albinism.
B) malignant hyperthermia.
C) scleroderma.
D) vitiligo.

Question 80

The fibers in which layer make it possible for skin to stretch and be elastic?

A) Connective tissue
B) Epidermal
C) Muscle
D) Reticular