Deck 11: Skeletal Tissues

Question 1

The organic matrix of bone consists of:

A) collagenous fibers.
B) protein.
C) polysaccharides.
D) all of the above.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called:

A) osteocytes.
B) osteoclasts.
C) osteoblasts.
D) osteomorphytes.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The osteon, or haversian, system:

A) delivers nutrients to and removes waste products from bone cells.
B) produces yellow marrow.
C) resists stress.
D) erodes bone.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The form of the external ear is composed of:

A) fibrocartilage.
B) elastic cartilage.
C) osseous tissue.
D) hyaline cartilage.

Question 5

A fracture in the shaft of a bone is a break in the:

A) epiphysis.
B) periosteum.
C) diaphysis.
D) articular cartilage.

Question 6

Endosteum can be found:

A) lining the medullary cavity.
B) covering bones.
C) at articular surfaces.
D) lining the epiphysis.

Question 7

The primary ossification center of a long bone is located:

A) in the diaphysis.
B) in the epiphysis.
C) in the medullary cavity.
D) at the epiphyseal cartilage.

Question 8

In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of:

A) osteoclasts.
B) osteocytes.
C) osteoblasts.
D) chondrocytes.

Question 9

Hematopoiesis is carried out in the:

A) osteoclasts.
B) osteocytes.
C) yellow bone marrow.
D) red bone marrow.

Question 10

The most abundant type of cartilage is:

A) hyaline.
B) elastic.
C) fibrocartilage.
D) All of the above are present in approximately equal amounts.

Question 11

The major purpose of the epiphyseal plate is:

A) mending of fractures.
B) enlarging of epiphyses.
C) providing strength in long bones.
D) lengthening long bones.

Question 12

In young children, vitamin A and protein deficiency will:

A) cause an increase in the thickness of epiphyseal plates in the growing long bones.
B) cause a decrease in the thickness of epiphyseal plates in the growing long bones.
C) produce the same alterations of the epiphyseal plate as does vitamin D deficiency.
D) have no effect on the epiphyseal plate but will cause an increase in bone marrow production.

Question 13

Which of the following substances is not part of the inorganic matrix of bone?

A) Magnesium
B) Collagen
C) Sodium
D) Fluoride

Question 14

In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the:

A) development of a core layer of spongy bone.
B) development of compact bone in long bones.
C) addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones.
D) lengthening of long bone.

Question 15

The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are:

A) mitochondria and Golgi apparatus.
B) ribosomes and Golgi apparatus.
C) endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes.
D) endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

Question 16

In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the:

A) osteoblasts.
B) osteocytes.
C) osteoclasts.
D) chondrocytes.

Question 17

The first step in healing a fracture is:

A) the formation of specialized callus.
B) the formation of a fracture hematoma.
C) proper alignment of the fracture.
D) the formation of a collar of normal bone covering the broken ends.

Question 18

Muscle tendon fibers attach to bone by interlacing with:

A) compact bone.
B) ligaments.
C) periosteum.
D) endosteum.

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones?

A) Mineral storage
B) Protection
C) Hormonal production
D) Hematopoiesis

Question 20

Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years.

A) 20 and 25
B) 25 and 30
C) 30 and 35
D) 35 and 40

Question 21

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis?

A) Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle
B) Hollow
C) Composed of compact bone
D) All of the above are characteristics of the diaphysis.

Question 22

Cancellous bone is another term for a(n) _____ bone.

A) irregular
B) spongy
C) short
D) compact

Question 23

Hydroxyapatite crystals constitute about how much of the total inorganic matrix?

A) 65%
B) 75%
C) 85%
D) 95%

Question 24

Sesamoid bones are classified as _____ bones.

A) long
B) short
C) irregular
D) flat

Question 25

Which type of bone consists only of compact bone?

A) Long
B) Short
C) Irregular
D) All types of bones are composed of both compact and spongy bone.

Question 26

Which of the following is not dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood?

A) Blood clotting
B) Transmission of nerve impulses
C) Contraction of cardiac muscle
D) All of the above are dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood.

Question 27

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses?

A) Made of spongy bone
B) Cylindrical in shape
C) Contain red bone marrow
D) All of the above are characteristics of the epiphyses.

Question 28

A vertebral bone is an example of a(n) _____ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular

Question 29

Which of the following is not made of elastic cartilage?

A) External ear
B) Tip of the nose
C) Epiglottis
D) Eustachian tubes

Question 30

The scapula is an example of a(n) _____ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular

Question 31

Lengthwise-running central canals are connected to each other by transverse-running:

A) haversian canals.
B) Volkmann canals.
C) canaliculi.
D) lacunae.

Question 32

Which of the following is not made of hyaline cartilage?

A) External ear
B) Cartilage rings in the trachea
C) Cartilage connecting the ribs and sternum
D) Cartilage in the tip of the nose

Question 33

The tarsal bones are examples of _____ bones.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular

Question 34

The humerus is an example of a(n) _____ bone.

A) long
B) short
C) flat
D) irregular

Question 35

Which of the following is true of bone but not of cartilage?

A) It is classified as a connective tissue.
B) It has collagen fibers in its matrix.
C) Canals link blood vessels and cells.
D) Cells lie in lacunae.

Question 36

As the activity of osteoclasts increases, the:

A) level of calcium in the blood increases.
B) amount of calcium in bone increases.
C) level of calcium in the blood decreases.
D) Both B and C occur.

Question 37

As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the:

A) level of calcium in the blood increases.
B) amount of calcium in bone increases.
C) level of calcium in the blood decreases.
D) Both B and C occur.

Question 38

The matrix of bone consists of:

A) mostly organic material with a lesser amount of inorganic salts.
B) almost equal amounts of organic material and inorganic salts.
C) mostly inorganic salts with a lesser amount of organic material.
D) greatly varying proportions of organic and inorganic material depending on the location and function of the bone.

Question 39

What condition results in vitamin D deficiency in children?

A) Rickets
B) Osteomalacia
C) Osteoporosis
D) Both A and B

Question 40

The parathyroid hormone causes all of the following except:

A) increase of the absorption of calcium by the kidney.
B) stimulation of the activity of osteoblasts.
C) stimulation of the activity of osteoclasts.
D) stimulation of vitamin D synthesis.

Question 41

As the amount of calcitonin in the blood increases, the amount of calcium:

A) in the blood increases.
B) released from the bone increases.
C) in the blood decreases.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 42

The concentric, cylinder-shaped layers of calcified bone matrix are called:

A) lacunae.
B) canaliculi.
C) central canal.
D) lamellae.

Question 43

Hydroxyapatite consists of highly specialized chemical crystals of calcium and phosphate.

Question 44

Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue.

Question 45

The tensile strength of bone is nearly equal to that of cast iron, but much lighter.

Question 46

The small tubes in the osteon that bring nutrients and oxygen to the osteocytes are called:

A) canaliculi.
B) lacunae.
C) lamellae.
D) diploë.

Question 47

Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals?

A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Phosphorus
D) Both A and B

Question 48

Diploë can be found:

A) in the diaphysis of a compact bone.
B) in the middle of spongy bone.
C) in the epiphysis of compact bone.
D) connecting parallel osteons in spongy bone.

Question 49

In the epiphyseal plate, the proliferating zone is in the _____ layer.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 50

A person with a diet rich in calcium would probably have a:

A) low level of calcitonin.
B) low level of parathyroid hormone.
C) high level of calcitonin.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 51

Which type of bone is found in a tendon?

A) Irregular bone
B) Long bone
C) Sesamoid bone
D) Short bone

Question 52

Bone tissue consists mostly of cells dispersed in a limited amount of matrix.

Question 53

The small spaces in the matrix that contain the bone cells are called:

A) lacunae.
B) canaliculi.
C) central canal.
D) lamellae.

Question 54

The periosteum is a dense, white, fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces.

Question 55

The strength of bone is increased by the arrangement of trabeculae.

Question 56

Flat bones differ from short bones in that flat bones have an inner portion of cancellous bone covered on the outside with compact bone.

Question 57

Haversian systems are found only in compact bone.

Question 58

In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer.

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth

Question 59

The epiphyses consist mostly of compact bone, usually with yellow marrow in the center.

Question 60

The hardness of bone is related to its two major mineral components-calcium and iron.

Question 61

Interstitial growth of cartilage most often occurs during adulthood.

Question 62

Weight-bearing exercises will tend to increase the likelihood of osteoporosis in the elderly.

Question 63

Haversian systems are found only in cancellous bone.

Question 64

Callus tissue binds the broken ends of a fractured bone.

Question 65

In young children, vitamin A and protein deficiency can cause a decrease in the thickness of epiphyseal plates in the growing long bones.

Question 66

Both cartilage and bone contain living cells and are vascular tissues.

Question 67

During childhood and adolescence, ossification and bone resorption occur at equal rates.

Question 68

Osteogenesis involves the combined action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Question 69

The type of cartilage growth most prevalent in childhood and early adolescence is interstitial or endogenous growth.

Question 70

The occurrence of osteoporosis seems to be related to age and gender.

Question 71

The homeostasis of blood calcium is maintained by its moving into and out of bone tissue.

Question 72

Osteoporosis occurs more often in elderly women than in males.

Question 73

Red marrow is found only in long bones.

Question 74

Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes in the deep layer of the perichondrium begin to divide and secrete additional matrix.

Question 75

Osteoclasts are nondividing osteoblasts that have become surrounded by matrix and lie within lacunae.

Question 76

Throughout life, ossification and resorption continue to occur concurrently.

Question 77

Variations in the amount of ossification and resorption of bone tissue are age dependent.

Question 78

In an infant's or child's body, virtually all of the bones contain yellow marrow.

Question 79

Most bones of the body are formed from cartilage models.

Question 80

A major difference between bone tissue and cartilage is the makeup of the matrix.