Deck 32: Innate Immunity

Question 1

Which is the best explanation of how a white blood cell ingests and destroys a microorganism?

A) The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.
B) The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.
C) The white blood cell engulfs the microorganisms and chemotaxis destroys it.
D) The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then diapedesis destroys it.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis?

A) The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles
B) Part of the inflammatory response
C) A major component of the body's third line of defense
D) A nonspecific defense

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not a chemical used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Sebum
C) Complement
D) Hydrolyzing enzymes

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Interferon inhibits the spread of:

A) viruses.
B) bacteria.
C) cancer.
D) yeast.

Question 5

Adaptive immunity is also called _____ immunity.

A) innate
B) specific
C) nonspecific
D) species

Question 6

Inflammation mediators include:

A) histamine.
B) kinins.
C) prostaglandins.
D) all of the above.

Question 7

All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:

A) species resistance.
B) phagocytosis.
C) cell-mediated immunity.
D) mechanical and chemical barriers.

Question 8

Which substance produced by the skin contains pathogen-inhibiting agents?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Mucus
C) Enzymes
D) Sebum

Question 9

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

A) The release of chemicals that attract white blood cells
B) The formation of antibodies
C) The increase of blood flow to the inflamed area
D) All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

Question 10

Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Mucus
C) Enzymes
D) Sebum

Question 11

Which substance can destroy pathogens by chemically hydrolyzing them?

A) Hydrochloric acid
B) Mucus
C) Enzymes
D) Sebum

Question 12

All of the following are major types of interferon except _____ interferon.

A) cartilage
B) leukocyte
C) immune
D) fibroblast

Question 13

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?

A) Heat
B) Redness
C) Swelling
D) All of the above are characteristics of inflammation.

Question 14

The most numerous type of phagocyte is the:

A) neutrophil.
B) histocyte.
C) microglia.
D) Kupffer cell.

Question 15

The body's first line(s) of defense is(are) the:

A) skin.
B) mucous membranes.
C) inflammatory response.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 16

The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called:

A) innate immunity.
B) nonspecific immunity.
C) self-tolerance.
D) adaptive immunity.

Question 17

Which type of cells is not involved in nonspecific immunity?

A) Monocytes
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Macrophages

Question 18

Which is the best explanation of how complement-a group of about 20 inactive enzymes in the plasma and on cell surfaces-is activated and produces cytolysis?

A) Complement is "turned on" by the presence of bacteria.
B) Complement is activated by antibodies to "drill a hole" into foreign cells, thus causing cytolysis.
C) Complement causes vasoconstriction and inhibits phagocytosis.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 19

The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as "not self" is called:

A) nonspecific immunity.
B) specific immunity.
C) autoimmune.
D) none of the above.

Question 20

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

A) The release of histamine
B) The increase in vascular permeability
C) The stimulation of fibroblast growth
D) All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

Question 21

Many of the inflammation mediators act as chemotactic factors.

Question 22

Phagocytosis is the "first line of defense" in nonspecific immunity.

Question 23

The characteristic signs of inflammation are the results of increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability.

Question 24

Macrophages are a group of lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses.

Question 25

Phagocytosis is a nonspecific defense mechanism.

Question 26

One reason for species resistance is the difference in molecules on the cell membrane of different species.

Question 27

The most numerous type of phagocyte is the macrophage.

Question 28

A chemotactic factor attracts antibodies to the site of infection.

Question 29

A macrophage can migrate out of the bloodstream.

Question 30

Diapedesis is the process by which neutrophils migrate out of the bloodstream and around the tissue cells to the injury site.

Question 31

Natural killer cells are 15% of the total lymphocyte cell number.

Question 32

Two-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia and was exposed recently to chickenpox. Her oncologist decided to give her a dose of interferon. What effect was the physician hoping for with this approach?

A) It would stop the virus from traveling over the sensory nerve of a single dermatome.
B) It would cause an increase in white blood cells.
C) It would inhibit the chickenpox infection from developing.
D) It would assist in the development of lymphocytes in the spleen.

Question 33

The specific immune system has a more rapid response than the nonspecific immune system.

Question 34

Tobacco mosaic virus can destroy tobacco plants. It has no effect on humans. This is an example of species resistance.

Question 35

Cytokines include leukotrienes, interferons, and histamine.

Question 36

The inflammatory response is the body's first line of defense.

Question 37

Interferon mainly interferes with the ability of bacteria to produce disease.

Question 38

Neutrophils function in the immune system by producing immunoglobulins.

Question 39

Natural killer cells are a group of neutrophils that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses.

Question 40

Diapedesis is the process by which microbes are marked for destruction by phagocytic cells.

Question 41

A person's natural killer cells usually kill cells of their own body.

Question 42

Natural killer cells are lymphocytes that are actually part of nonspecific immunity.

Question 43

The membrane attack complex is used by macrophages to mark bacteria for phagocytosis and antibody attack.

Question 44

Complement can be activated only by the specific immune system.

Question 45

Species resistance refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a species provide defense against certain pathogens.

Question 46

When pseudopods form a phagocyte, completely surrounding an organism and forming a sac around it, the structure formed is called a phagosome.

Question 47

The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called innate immunity.

Question 48

The body identifies normal body cells by way of the unique major histocompatibility complex displayed by the cell as a surface protein.

Question 49

Aspirin is effective in lowering fever because it inhibits the growth of the disease-causing organisms.

Question 50

Parts of the first line of immune defense are in the integumentary system.

Question 51

Pyrogens are produced only by body cells that have been infected by a virus.

Question 52

Most of the pus surrounding an inflammation site consists of dead or damaged tissue cells.

Question 53

Fever is always detrimental to the body and should be lowered as soon as possible.

Question 54

Cytokines are chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Question 55

The role of fibroblasts in the inflammation response is to lay down a collagen web to try to isolate the infecting organism.

Question 56

Digestive enzymes and hydrogen peroxide are added to a phagosome to digest the phagocytized microorganism.

Question 57

In phagocytosis, a footlike projection, called a phagosome, extends toward a microorganism.

Question 58

One function of phagocytes is to function as antigen-presenting cells.

Question 59

An autoimmune disease would indicate a problem with development of self-tolerance in the immune system.

Question 60

There are almost 100 billion lymphocytes in the body's immune system.

Question 61

Complement is a group of about 8 different inactive enzymes circulating in the plasma.

Question 62

The toll-like receptors on the cell membrane can be seen as a midpoint between specific and nonspecific immunity.

Question 63

To prevent accidental harm to the body, complement can be activated only by antibodies.

Question 64

T lymphocytes release histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins at the site of an infection.

Question 65

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
c.Nonspecific immunity
b.Macrophage
d.Interferon
Phagocytic monocyte (nongranular WBC) in the immune system

Question 66

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death used by natural killer cells.

Question 67

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
c.Nonspecific immunity
b.Macrophage
d.Interferon
Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles

Question 68

Interferon production is stimulated by the presence of double-stranded DNA in a cell.

Question 69

The epithelial barriers in the body are part of the innate, nonspecific defenses of the body and do not play a role in the specific immune system.

Question 70

Pavementing is the attraction of neutrophils to the site of an infection.

Question 71

Toll-like receptors help facilitate the overall innate immune response.

Question 72

Heat, redness, swelling, and pain are characteristic signs of inflammation.

Question 73

A fever is a reset of the body's thermostat.

Question 74

Mechanical and chemical barriers can be called the body's first line of defense.

Question 75

There are three types of interferon: leukocyte, fibroblast, and immune.

Question 76

Interferon can act like a paracrine hormone that allows infected cells to send an alarm to other nearby cells.

Question 77

One function of prostaglandins it to reduce fever caused by bacterial infection.

Question 78

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
c.Nonspecific immunity
b.Macrophage
d.Interferon
Protein produced by the immune system to interfere with the ability of viruses to cause disease

Question 79

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
c.Nonspecific immunity
b.Macrophage
d.Interferon
Mechanisms that resist a variety of threatening agents or conditions

Question 80

About 10% to 15% of all cells in any organ are phagocytes.