Deck 9: Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance

Question 1

According to Farrington,individuals with _____ tend to come from poor families,to be poorly socialized,low on anxiety,impulsive,sensation-seeking,have low IQ,and fail in school.

A) Long-Term Anti-Social Potential
B) Short-Term Anti-Social Potential
C) Social Disorganization
D) Techniques of Neutralization

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to Farrington,individuals with _____ AP may temporarily increase their AP in response to certain situations or inducements.

A) Long-term
B) Short-term
C) Covert
D) Overt

Answer 2

B

Question 3

_____ is a legal term that distinguishes between youthful offenders and adult offenders that has its origins in the concept of culpability.

A) Childhood
B) Delinquent
C) Juvenile
D) Minor

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In Moffitt's theory,the _____ gap is the gap between the average age of puberty and the acquisition of socially responsible adult roles.

A) Adolescent
B) Delinquency
C) Juvenile
D) Maturity

Question 5

The central distinction drawn by Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory is between _____ and _____ offenders.

A) Adolescent-limited; life-course persistent
B) Married; unmarried
C) Urban; rural
D) Violent; property

Question 6

In his super traits theory,_____ narrowed down his search for traits conducive to criminal behavior.

A) Agnew
B) Durkheim
C) Farrington
D) Moffitt

Question 7

The vast majority of offenders are:

A) Adolescent-limited offenders.
B) In their thirties.
C) Life course persistent offenders.
D) Serious offenders.

Question 8

Developmental theories focus on crimes that occur _____.

A) In childhood
B) During adolescence
C) In adulthood
D) From onset to desistance

Question 9

The antisocial behavior of life course persistent offenders tends to:

A) Vary considerably across time and place.
B) Remain stable in different situations, but vary over time.
C) Remain stable across time, with some variation based on situation.
D) Remain stable across time and place.

Question 10

Which of the following theorists are credited with age-graded theory?

A) Gottfredson and Hirschi
B) Sampson and Laub
C) Shaw and McKay
D) Sykes and Matza

Question 11

Agnew states that _____ factors have a direct affect on irritability/low self-control and an indirect affect on the other life domains through irritability/low self-control.

A) Psychological
B) Social
C) Environmental
D) Biological

Question 12

A person gets married,and it changes their life trajectory in a prosocial direction; Sampson and Laub would refer to this as a _____.

A) High point
B) Direction change
C) Risk factor
D) Turning point

Question 13

Which of the following is true of risk factors for criminality?

A) An individual's risk factors tend to remain stable over time.
B) Risk factors tend to cluster together, so that a person with one risk factor is likely to have others.
C) Risk factors are evenly distributed across the population.
D) Risk factors are those factors which decrease the probability of offending.

Question 14

Agnew's trait of irritability appears to be analogous with what most psychologists call _____.

A) Conscientiousness
B) Impulsiveness
C) Negative emotionality
D) Sensation seeking

Question 15

The age at which excitatory transmitters start to decrease and the inhibitory transmitters start to increase,thus decreasing a person's propensity for antisocial behavior,is _____ years of age.

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Question 16

A/an _____ is something in individuals' personal characteristics or their environment that increase the probability of violent offending.

A) Risk temperament
B) Risk factor
C) Chance factor
D) Type A personality

Question 17

_____ is defined as "the persistent display of serious antisocial actions that are extreme given the child's developmental level and have a significant impact on the rights of others."

A) Attention deficit disorder
B) Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder
C) Conduct disorder
D) Antisocial potential

Question 18

_____ refers to a store of positive relationships in social networks built on norms of reciprocity and trust developed over time upon which the individual can draw for support.

A) Social trust
B) Social capital
C) Psychological capital
D) Biological capital

Question 19

Developmental theorists tend to use what kind of experimental design in their research?

A) Self-Report Surveys
B) Victim Impact Studies
C) Longitudinal Studies
D) Phone Surveys

Question 20

_____ theories are dynamic in that they emphasize that individuals develop along different pathways and over the course of their lives.

A) Biological
B) Developmental
C) Psychological
D) Social

Question 21

Developmental research in criminology is characterized by the use of convenience samples.

Question 22

Life course persistent offenders vary their behavior considerably across different life situations.

Question 23

Short-term antisocial potential can turn into long-term antisocial potential over time,as a result of certain consequences of offending.

Question 24

There are some societies in which juvenile delinquency does not occur.

Question 25

One advantage of developmental theories is that they can identify characteristics that lead to onset/persistence/desistance of antisocial behavior in the same individuals.

Question 26

Which of the following has not been identified as a protective factor for delinquency?

A) Being male.
B) Having a high IQ.
C) Having friends who engage in conventional behavior.
D) Living in a stable, organized neighborhood.

Question 27

Which of the following most closely belongs to the camp of "social control theories," based on its focus on identifying the factrors that lead to desistance from crime?

A) Age-Graded Theory
B) Dual Pathway Developmental Theory
C) Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory
D) Super Traits Theory

Question 28

ADHD effects somewhere between 40-50% of the childhood population.

Question 29

It has been found that ADHD can be entirely attributed to environmental,not genetic,factors.

Question 30

According to dual pathway developmental theory,the _____ that takes place between puberty and entry into the job market is characterized by an increased risk of delinquency.

A) Cognitive restructuring
B) Desistance
C) Maturity gap
D) Turning point

Question 31

Age-graded developmental theory might best be described as a biological theory of crime that is focused on adulthood.

Question 32

ADHD is more prevalent among males than females.

Question 33

Age-graded theory strongly emphasizes the predictive nature of individual traits over the potential impact of environmental factors or human agency.

Question 34

Irritability is a central concept of which theory?

A) Age-Graded Theory
B) Dual Pathway Developmental Theory
C) Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory
D) Super Traits Theory

Question 35

One valid critique of developmental theories is that they are not dynamic enough to account for changes in criminal risk factors over time.

Question 36

ADHD is strongly associated with antisocial behavior.

Question 37

"Delinquency" is a legal term that distinguishes between youthful offenders and adult offenders.

Question 38

Risk factors are static-they tend to remain stable over time,and in the presence or absence of other factors.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a life domain as identified by Robert Agnew?

A) Family
B) Personality
C) School
D) Social Capital

Question 40

Sampson and Laub's deveopmental theory of crime was based on data collected by _____.

A) David Farrington
B) Gottfredson & Hirschi
C) Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
D) Terrie Moffitt

Question 41

People who bond well with conventional others build social capital.

Question 42

Describe Moffitt's dual pathway developmental theory,being sure to distinguish between LCP and AL.Do you agree with this theory? Why or why not?

Question 43

Identify one reason that the authors of your text highlight developmental theories as the "gold standard" among criminological theories.

Question 44

List the two "super traits" identified by "super traits theory."

Question 45

List two risk factors of early-onset delinquency.

Question 46

What is a risk factor?

Question 47

Describe the main concepts and arguments from age-graded theory.What makes this theory unique?

Question 48

Describe integrated cognitive antisocial potential theory.What policy implications might result from this theory? Support your answer with what you have learned in this text.

Question 49

What distinguishes delinquency from criminality?

Question 50

Describe "super traits theory." Why is it categorized as a developmental theory,and how is it different from the other developmental theories that you had learned about?

Question 51

A valid critique of age-graded developmental theory is that it fails to consider the reasons that offenders ultimately desist from crime.

Question 52

Provide two examples that would be considered a "turning point" according to age-graded theory.

Question 53

List two symptoms of ADHD.

Question 54

What is meant by "the maturity gap"?