Deck 34: Stress

Question 1

All of the following are components of the "stress triad" observed by Hans Selye except:

A) enlarged adrenals.
B) hypertrophied skeletal muscles.
C) shrunken lymphatic organs.
D) bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following is not characteristic of the exhaustion stage of stress?

A) It occurs less frequently than the other stages.
B) It may develop over a long period of stress.
C) It decreases the body's ability to adapt.
D) The body's resistance eventually produces adaptation.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The general adaptation syndrome includes all of the following stages except the:

A) alarm reaction.
B) immune response.
C) stage of resistance or adaptation.
D) stage of exhaustion.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The level of glucocorticoids would be at their lowest during which stage of stress?

A) Exhaustion
B) Alarm
C) Resistance
D) Recovery

Question 5

Which of the following determine(s) which stimuli are stressors for each individual?

A) Heredity
B) Past experiences
C) Either extreme of a continuum
D) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is dominant among the subjective reactions that occur with psychological stress?

A) Guilt
B) Fear
C) Depression
D) Anxiety

Question 7

Alarm reaction responses resulting from increased sympathetic activity include all of the following except:

A) decreased digestion.
B) decreased and prolonged sympathetic responses.
C) hyperglycemia.
D) increased systolic blood pressure.

Question 8

The production of cortisol in response to stress can be initiated by which of the following pathways?

A) Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex
B) Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex
C) Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, sympathetic nerve fibers, adrenal cortex
D) Cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, sympathetic nerve fibers, adrenal medulla

Question 9

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is released by the _____ in response to stress.

A) adrenal medulla
B) adrenal cortex
C) anterior pituitary
D) hypothalamus

Question 10

An effect of cortisol is:

A) increased protein catabolism.
B) decreased blood sugar.
C) increased immune response.
D) increased allergic reactions.

Question 11

Which of the following is not characteristic of the Selye stress syndrome?

A) Adrenal atrophy
B) Shrinkage of the thymus
C) Bleeding gastrointestinal ulcers
D) Shrinkage of lymphatic organs

Question 12

Alarm reaction responses resulting from the hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex include:

A) hyperglycemia.
B) decreased immunity.
C) decreased allergic responses.
D) all of the above.

Question 13

Which of the following would not occur as a body response to stress?

A) Increased systolic blood pressure
B) Increased epinephrine in the urine
C) Constriction of the pupils
D) Increased adrenocorticoids in the urine

Question 14

In response to stress, the adrenal cortex secretes:

A) norepinephrine.
B) norepinephrine and cortisol.
C) cortisol and aldosterone.
D) norepinephrine and aldosterone.

Question 15

Increased _____ is characteristic of the alarm stage of stress.

A) lymphocytes
B) glucocorticoids
C) parasympathetic activity
D) eosinophils

Question 16

All of the following are true statements except:

A) stressors are extreme stimuli.
B) stressors are always injurious, unpleasant, or painful.
C) the emotions of fear, anxiety, and grief can act as stressors.
D) stressors differ in different individuals.

Question 17

Which of the following would not be a useful measure for assessing stress?

A) Total blood cholesterol
B) Eosinophil count
C) Lymphocyte count
D) Adrenocorticoid levels

Question 18

Which of the following is the name for the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A) Reinforcement
B) Transition
C) Resistance
D) Defense

Question 19

Which of the following conditions may accompany stress?

A) Depression
B) Sleep disorders
C) Low blood pressure
D) Both A and B

Question 20

Severe stress may result in all of the following except:

A) an overactive immune system.
B) an increase in heart rate.
C) a rise in adrenaline levels.
D) changes in breathing patterns.

Question 21

Type A individuals have been found to be at greater risk for:

A) elevated systolic blood pressure.
B) coronary disease.
C) heart attacks.
D) all of the above.

Question 22

The anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by:

A) CRH.
B) ACTH.
C) ADH.
D) epinephrine.

Question 23

Which of the following is an indication that a person is in the exhaustion stage?

A) Dissipation of the "fight-or-flight" response
B) An increase in glucocorticoid secretions from the adrenal gland
C) Development of a bleeding ulcer in the stomach or duodenum
D) Both B and C

Question 24

A person with a high blood level of adrenaline would be in what stage of the general adaptation response?

A) Alarm
B) Resistance
C) Exhaustion
D) Either A or C

Question 25

Changes in stress related to aging include:

A) decrease in potential for hypercoagulation.
B) decrease in catecholamine and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
C) frequent decrease in coping skills, alteration of limbic lobe, and hypothalamus excitability.
D) increase in testosterone, estrogen, and thyroxine.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a true statement?

A) Generally, psychological stress is independent of the physiological stress responses.
B) Physiological stress is almost always accompanied by some degree of psychological stress.
C) Identical psychological stressors do not always induce identical physiological responses in different individuals.
D) In any one individual, certain autonomic responses are better indicators of psychological stress than others.

Question 27

Which of the following is(are) characteristic of the stage of exhaustion?

A) Initially increased glucocorticoid secretion but eventually marked decreased secretion
B) Loss of resistance to stressor; may lead to death
C) Stress triad
D) All of the above

Question 28

According to the current concepts of the stress syndrome, an example(s) of stress that stimulate(s) the hypothalamus indirectly would be:

A) stress stimulating the limbic lobe first.
B) stress stimulating other parts of the cerebral cortex first.
C) hypoglycemia.
D) both A and B.

Question 29

One characteristic of the stage of resistance of the general adaptation syndrome is:

A) increased rate of secretion by the adrenal cortex.
B) decreased allergic responses.
C) hyperglycemia.
D) normal rate of secretion by the adrenal medulla.

Question 30

Which of the following is not an effect of cortisol?

A) Increased protein catabolism
B) Decreased allergic responses
C) Fight-or-flight responses
D) Decreased immune responses

Question 31

What is the relationship between stress and corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

A) Stress stimulates the hypothalamus to release CRH, which acts as a trigger that initiates many diverse changes in the body.
B) Stress inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus, which allows for the secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
C) Stress stimulates the release of CRH from the hypothalamus, which then acts to simulate the sympathetic centers.
D) Stress inhibits the release of CRH from the hypothalamus, which allows for the secretion of catecholamine in the blood.

Question 32

Release of corticotropin-releasing hormone directly causes:

A) an increase in glucose, which corrects the hypoglycemia.
B) the posterior pituitary gland to release ACTH.
C) the release of cortisol.
D) none of the above.

Question 33

The stress triad refers to:

A) alarm, exhaustion, and resistance.
B) hypertrophied adrenals, atrophied thymus and lymph nodes, and bleeding ulcers.
C) stressor, stress, and response.
D) health, stress, and disease.

Question 34

Which of the following is not an alarm reaction response resulting from hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex?

A) Hyperglycemia
B) Decreased digestion
C) Decreased immunity
D) Decreased allergic responses

Question 35

Which is not a response to the release of the hormone neuropeptide Y?

A) Platelet aggregation
B) Atrophy of the vascular smooth muscle
C) Vasoconstriction
D) All of the above are responses to neuropeptide Y.

Question 36

All of the following disciplines have added to our understanding of stress except:

A) genetics.
B) endocrinology.
C) sociology.
D) All of the above disciplines have added to our understanding of stress.

Question 37

Hyperglycemia is a(n):

A) indication that the alarm reaction response is finished and the body is moving on to the resistance stage.
B) result of sympathetic activity in the alarm reaction.
C) result of hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex in the alarm reaction.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 38

The amount of stress a person is feeling can be directly measured by:

A) an electrocardiogram.
B) measuring the amount of adrenaline in the blood.
C) measuring the systolic blood pressure.
D) none of the above.

Question 39

According to Selye, stress can be defined as a state or condition produced by:

A) physical trauma.
B) psychological trauma.
C) diverse noxious agents.
D) emotional trauma.

Question 40

According to the current concepts of the stress syndrome, stress may be defined as any factor that stimulates the:

A) posterior pituitary.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) hypothalamus to release CRH.
D) hypothalamus to release ADH.

Question 41

The classification of stimuli as stressors or nonstressors is very precise.

Question 42

One of the alarm reaction responses resulting from hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex is an increase in allergic responses.

Question 43

Stress is considered a tangible phenomenon.

Question 44

The third stage of the stress syndrome rarely occurs in most individuals' lifetimes.

Question 45

Blood sugar level tends to decrease as a general body response to stress.

Question 46

One of the components of the "stress triad" is hypertrophy of the lymphatic organs.

Question 47

A triad of stress changes occurs in all three stages of the general adaptation syndrome.

Question 48

Stress, according to Selye, is a state or condition of the body produced by "diverse noxious agents" and manifested by a syndrome of changes.

Question 49

A stressor for one individual may not be a stressor for another.

Question 50

Because of the demands of his job, Frank has been under a great deal of stress. He was experiencing an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoids, and the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils decreased markedly. However, recently these changes disappeared. What stage in Selye's general adaptation syndrome is Frank now experiencing?

A) Alarm reaction
B) Stage of resistance or adaptation
C) Stage of exhaustion
D) Stress triad

Question 51

Stressors are always injurious, unpleasant, or painful stimuli.

Question 52

Selye proved in his research that regardless of the type of stressor, the stress syndrome is always the same.

Question 53

As a result of applying various stressors to research animals, Selye was able to produce a triad of body changes.

Question 54

The second stage in the general adaptation syndrome is the alarm reaction.

Question 55

Stressors differ in different individuals and in one individual at different times.

Question 56

Joanne was admitted to the hospital for gallbladder surgery. The nurse noted a rapid pulse rate and elevated blood pressure while taking her vital signs. Joanne's palms were sweating and her eyes were dilated. What mechanisms could be causing these conditions?

A) A reaction to autoimmune response
B) Antigen-antibody response
C) Decrease in bile production
D) Stress

Question 57

Both the stage of resistance and the alarm reaction show very similar responses.

Question 58

Every individual responds somewhat differently to stress.

Question 59

Severe stress generally causes adrenaline levels to fall.

Question 60

Because the body feels under attack when experiencing a stress response, the immune system becomes more active and vigilant.

Question 61

One characteristic of the stage of exhaustion in the general adaptation syndrome is increased glucocorticoid secretion, but eventually secretion is markedly decreased.

Question 62

Type B individuals have been found to be at greater risk for elevated systolic blood pressure and coronary disease.

Question 63

Stress stimulating the limbic lobe is an example of indirect stimulation of the hypothalamus.

Question 64

Normally, the second stage of the stress syndrome rarely occurs in most individuals' lifetimes.

Question 65

Smoking has been shown to be a stressor that causes a marked rise in the plasma level of hormones from the adrenal cortex.

Question 66

Whether stress is good or bad for an individual is determined primarily by the severity of the stressor.

Question 67

In the Selye hypothesis about activation of the stress mechanism, the "alarm signals" act directly on the hypothalamus.

Question 68

According to the current concepts of the stress syndrome, hypoglycemia is an example of stress that indirectly stimulates the hypothalamus.

Question 69

Individuals who are hard driving and competitive are said to have a type B personality.

Question 70

According to the current concepts of the stress syndrome, stress may be defined as any factor that directly stimulates the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH.

Question 71

The level of adrenocorticoids in the urine is often used to measure stress.

Question 72

Water loss and a decrease in blood volume are common stress responses.

Question 73

In response to stress, the adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and aldosterone.

Question 74

Identical psychological stressors generally induce identical physiological responses in different individuals.

Question 75

One of the alarm reaction responses resulting from increased sympathetic activity is decreased digestion.

Question 76

Psychological stressors produce a syndrome consisting only of objective
responses.

Question 77

Psychological stress is clearly unrelated to physiological stress.

Question 78

A physiological stressor is anything an individual perceives as a threat.

Question 79

During the alarm stage, the body exhibits lowered resistance to stressors.

Question 80

The "fight-or-flight" syndrome of changes is characteristic of the exhaustion stage.