Deck 36: Ventilation

Question 1

Labored or difficult breathing is known as:

A) apnea.
B) hyperpnea.
C) dyspnea.
D) eupnea.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Boyle's law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature.

A) directly; constant
B) inversely; constant
C) directly; constantly changing
D) inversely; constantly changing

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is:

A) dyspnea.
B) apnea.
C) Biot breathing.
D) Cheyne-Stokes respiration.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml.

A) 50
B) 100
C) 150
D) 200

Question 5

Which of the following combinations in arterial blood could cause an increase in the respiratory rate?

A) Increased PCO₂, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO₂
B) Increased PCO₂, decreased arterial pressure, increased pH, decreased PO₂
C) Decreased PCO₂, decreased arterial pressure, increased pH, increased PO₂
D) Decreased PCO₂, decreased arterial pressure, decreased pH, decreased PO₂

Question 6

The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the:

A) inspiratory capacity and the residual volume.
B) inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
C) tidal volume, residual volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
D) inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory capacity.

Question 7

Which muscle is used in quiet expiration?

A) Internal intercostals
B) External intercostals
C) Abdominal muscles
D) None of the above

Question 8

Which of the following constitutes total lung volume?

A) Residual volume and vital capacity
B) Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
C) Residual volume and tidal volume
D) Vital capacity and tidal volume

Question 9

Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system?

A) Transport of gases
B) Gas exchange in lungs and tissue
C) Control of cell metabolism rate
D) Pulmonary ventilation

Question 10

The term used to describe the volume of air exchanged during normal inspiration and expiration is:

A) inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume.
B) vital capacity.
C) tidal volume.
D) residual volume.

Question 11

Which muscles are used for forced expiration?

A) Sternocleidomastoid and abdominal muscles
B) Sternocleidomastoid and intercostals
C) External intercostals and pectoralis muscles
D) Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals

Question 12

A sudden rise in arterial blood pressure will:

A) cause a reflex increase in rate and depth of respirations.
B) cause a reflex slowing of respirations.
C) have no effect on respirations because of the control mechanisms in the cerebral cortex.
D) cause an immediate decrease in respirations followed by a prolonged period of rapid and shallow respirations.

Question 13

Which muscle is not used in quiet inspiration?

A) Serratus anterior
B) External intercostal muscles
C) Diaphragm
D) Neither A nor B

Question 14

When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure:

A) inspiration occurs.
B) expiration occurs.
C) lung tissue has collapsed.
D) the bronchioles are obstructed.

Question 15

Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause:

A) increased residual volume.
B) decreased vital capacity.
C) increased functional reserve volume.
D) decreased tidal volume.

Question 16

During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes:

A) cohesion of visceral and parietal pleura.
B) a pressure gradient from alveoli to atmosphere.
C) a decrease in alveolar pressure.
D) an increase in intrathoracic pressure from about -6 to -4 mm Hg.

Question 17

Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg.

A) 650
B) 700
C) 760
D) 800

Question 18

Normal, quiet breathing is known as:

A) orthopnea.
B) hyperpnea.
C) dyspnea.
D) eupnea.

Question 19

Vital capacity is defined as the:

A) maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration.
B) volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal inspiration.
C) volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled at the end of a normal expiration.
D) total volume of air contained in the respiratory passages.

Question 20

Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure?

A) Hyperpnea
B) Dyspnea
C) Biot's breathing
D) Eupnea

Question 21

Which of the following would you expect to happen to cellular respiration during exercise?

A) Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO₂, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause an increase in respiration rate.
B) Decreased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a rise in plasma PCO₂, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause a decrease in respiration rate.
C) Exercise causes a decrease in cellular respiration by shifting peripheral chemoreceptors in the heart to cause retention of oxygen.
D) Increased cellular respiration occurs during exercise, causing a decrease in plasma PCO₂, which is detected by central chemoreceptors in the brain and perhaps peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus and aorta to cause a decrease in respiration rate.

Question 22

Alveolar ventilation is inspired air minus:

A) anatomical dead air space.
B) tidal volume.
C) reserve volume.
D) residual volume.

Question 23

The inspiratory center is located in what part of the nervous system?

A) Pons
B) Medulla
C) Cerebellum
D) Cerebrum

Question 24

The apneustic center is located in what part of the nervous system?

A) Pons
B) Medulla
C) Cerebellum
D) Cerebrum

Question 25

Why would a collapsed right lung, due to a pneumothorax, also collapse the left lung?

A) The mediastinum is a mobile rather than a rigid partition between the two pleural sacs, thereby allowing the increased pressure in the side of the chest that is open to push the heart and other mediastinal structures toward the intact side, where they can exert pressure on the left lung.
B) Subatmospheric pressure increases from its normal level and thereby moves from high pressure area (right lung) to low pressure area (left lung).
C) When intrathoracic pressure increases, the mediastinum softens and thereby allows the increased pressure in the side of the chest that is open to push the heart and mediastinal structures toward the intact side, where they can exert pressure on the left lung.
D) Intrathoracic pressure increases from its subatmospheric level to an atmospheric level, thereby allowing the pressure within the chest to increase in proportion to the volume of the thorax.

Question 26

The major factor that determines the movement of air into or out of the lungs is a pressure gradient.

Question 27

The tendency of the thorax and lungs to return to the preinspiration volume is called:

A) compliance.
B) elastic recoil.
C) expiration.
D) ventilation.

Question 28

The inspiratory capacity is equal to the sum of the tidal volume and the inspiratory reserve volume.

Question 29

For air to remain in the lungs, the pressure in the lungs must be equal to or less than atmospheric pressure.

Question 30

The amount of air that could be forcibly expired after normal expiration is called the functional residual capacity.

Question 31

External respiration can be defined as:

A) the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung.
B) pulmonary ventilation.
C) the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissue cells.
D) both A and B.

Question 32

The tendency of the lungs and thorax to return to their preinspiration volume is a physical phenomenon called elastic recoil.

Question 33

Standard atmospheric pressure is usually about 760 mm Hg.

Question 34

A primary function of the respiratory system is to supply tissue with adequate oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide.

Question 35

Internal respiration can be defined as:

A) the exchange of gases between the lung and the blood capillaries in the lung.
B) pulmonary ventilation.
C) the exchange of gases between the blood capillaries and the tissues cells.
D) both A and B.

Question 36

Which explains the relationship between the gas pressure gradient of the atmosphere and the alveolar air that allows inhalation?

A) When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
B) When atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure within the lungs, air flows down this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.
C) When atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure within the lung, air flows away from this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the lungs out into the atmosphere.
D) When atmospheric pressure is less than the pressure within the lung, air flows up this gas pressure gradient. Then air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs.

Question 37

Which gas law deals with the solubility of gases in solution?

A) Dalton
B) Henry
C) Boyle
D) Charles

Question 38

The amount of air left in the lung after a normal expiration is called:

A) anatomical dead air space.
B) physiological dead air space.
C) functional residual capacity.
D) vital capacity.

Question 39

If the tidal volume were 600 ml, the alveolar ventilation would be about _____ ml.

A) 550
B) 400
C) 300
D) 250

Question 40

Which of the following will cause brief apnea?

A) Sudden painful stimulus
B) Increase in carbon dioxide in the blood
C) Sudden cold stimulus applied to the skin
D) Both A and C

Question 41

The residual volume is increased with a pneumothorax.

Question 42

The Hering-Breuer reflex regulates tidal volume.

Question 43

The pressure between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura must always be positive to ensure the lung can expand.

Question 44

With emphysema, the amount of dead space air increases.

Question 45

The pneumotaxic center operates mainly to prevent overinflation of lung tissue.

Question 46

As lung compliance decreases, the efficiency of respiration increases.

Question 47

Vital capacity is the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

Question 48

The diving reflex is related to the effects of hydrostatic pressure on the body.

Question 49

The pneumotaxic center normally inhibits the apneustic center and the inspiratory center to permit a normal rhythm of breathing.

Question 50

In both inspiration and expiration, air moves down a pressure gradient.

Question 51

Both sudden painful stimulation and sudden cold stimulation to the skin can produce reflex apnea.

Question 52

The Hering-Breuer reflexes are activated by stretch receptors in the lungs that send messages to the inspiratory center.

Question 53

Hypoventilation is characterized by low levels of carbon dioxide.

Question 54

Cerebral impulses are a more powerful regulator of respirations than the carbon dioxide content of the blood.

Question 55

Input from the apneustic center in the pons inhibits the inspiratory center, causing a decrease in the length and depth of inspiration.

Question 56

Orthopnea can be relieved by assuming an erect posture.

Question 57

Dyspnea is often associated with hyperventilation.

Question 58

Anatomical dead space approximates 10% of the tidal volume.

Question 59

Anatomical dead space contains air that does not ventilate the alveoli.

Question 60

The anatomical dead space is approximately equal to the same number of milliliters as the individual's weight in pounds.

Question 61

A large amount of physiological dead air space would indicate an abnormal condition in the respiratory system.

Question 62

The volume of inspired air that actually reaches the alveoli is called alveolar ventilation.

Question 63

A relatively large increase in arterial oxygen partial pressure stimulates an increase in breathing rate.

Question 64

Because residual volume cannot be voluntarily exhaled, it is not included as part of vital capacity.

Question 65

As the blood volume in the lung increases, the vital capacity increases.

Question 66

The apneustic center is located in the medulla of the brain.

Question 67

A collapsed lung has no air in it and will sink if placed in water.

Question 68

The pneumotaxic center is located in the pons of the brain.

Question 69

Pulmonary ventilation is a technical term for what most people call breathing.

Question 70

Anatomical dead air space and physiological dead air space are interchangeable terms.

Question 71

When the diaphragm contracts, it pulls the base of the ribs together, forcing air out of the lungs.

Question 72

A healthy respiratory system will still contain a certain amount of dead air space.

Question 73

Charles law deals with the relationship between pressure and volume.

Question 74

The gas laws are based on the concept of a standard gas whose molecules are so far apart that they rarely collide.

Question 75

Contraction of the diaphragm alone can produce quiet respiration.

Question 76

A relatively small rise in arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure stimulates an increase in breathing rate.

Question 77

The expiratory center of the medulla seems to be inactive in normal, quiet breathing.

Question 78

Compliance is the ability of the lungs and thorax to stretch.

Question 79

Quiet expiration is normally a passive process.

Question 80

A rise in the carbon dioxide partial pressure is frequently linked to a rise in pH.