Question 1

What pressure moves fluid into the capsular space?&#10;A) glomerular hydrostatic pressure&#10;B) capsular hydrostatic pressure&#10;C) blood colloid osmotic pressure&#10;D) net filtration pressure

Accepted Answer

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by the blood within the glomerular capillaries, which pushes fluid out of the capillaries and into the capsular space. This is the primary force responsible for the formation of the filtrate in the kidneys.

Question 2

Which of the following structures is involved in reabsorption within the nephron?&#10;A) proximal convoluted tubule&#10;B) distal convoluted tubule&#10;C) glomerulus&#10;D) collecting duct

Accepted Answer

The proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for the majority of reabsorption in the nephron.

Question 3

In patients with diabetes mellitus,which of the following components is most likely to be found in a urine sample?&#10;A) ketone bodies&#10;B) red blood cells&#10;C) nitrites&#10;D) bilirubin

Accepted Answer

Ketone bodies, specifically beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate, are commonly found in the urine of patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. This occurs when the body is unable to use glucose for energy and instead turns to stored fats for fuel, leading to the production of ketones. Red blood cells in the urine (hematuria) can be a sign of kidney damage, which is a complication of diabetes, but it is not specific to diabetes. Nitrites and bilirubin in the urine are not commonly observed in diabetes and may indicate other underlying conditions.

Question 4

Where does filtration occur in the kidney?&#10;A) loop of Henle&#10;B) distal convoluted tubule&#10;C) proximal convoluted tubule&#10;D) renal corpuscle

Accepted Answer

Filtration occurs in the renal corpuscle, specifically in the glomerulus where blood is filtered to produce the initial filtrate of the urine. The other structures listed (loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and proximal convoluted tubule) are involved in further processing and modification of the filtrate.

Question 5

Which of the following conditions is most likely to be seen during pregnancy?&#10;A) ketonuria&#10;B) hematuria&#10;C) albuminuria&#10;D) glucosuria

Accepted Answer

Albuminuria is the most likely condition to be seen during pregnancy as it is a common sign of preeclampsia, a serious complication that can occur in pregnant women. Ketonuria, hematuria, and glucosuria are not necessarily common during pregnancy unless there are other underlying conditions present.

Question 6

Which of the following is a type of cast that might be found in a concentrated urine sample?&#10;A) hyaline&#10;B) trichomonas&#10;C) uric acid&#10;D) cholesterol

Accepted Answer

Hyaline casts are typically found in concentrated urine samples and are indicative of kidney function and hydration status. Trichomonas are a type of protozoan parasite that infects the urinary tract, but would not be present in a concentrated urine sample. Uric acid and cholesterol casts are not commonly found in urine samples.

Question 7

What is the breakdown product of hemoglobin that is found in urine?&#10;A) ketone bodies&#10;B) urochrome&#10;C) turbidity&#10;D) nitrites

Accepted Answer

Urochrome is the breakdown product of hemoglobin that gives urine its characteristic yellow color. It is produced when the heme from hemoglobin is broken down into biliverdin and then into bilirubin, which is eventually converted into urochrome.

Question 8

Which of the following compounds can give urine a reddish color?&#10;A) hydrogen ions&#10;B) nitrite&#10;C) glucose&#10;D) porphyrin

Accepted Answer

Porphyrin is a pigment that can give urine a reddish or brownish color, particularly in cases of porphyria or liver disease. Hydrogen ions, nitrite, and glucose do not typically cause urine to turn reddish.

Question 9

Secretion takes place throughout the nephron,but mostly in the ________.&#10;A) proximal convoluted tubule&#10;B) loop of Henle&#10;C) distal convoluted tubule&#10;D) glomerulus

Accepted Answer

Secretion mainly takes place in the distal convoluted tubule. While some secretion also occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule and loop of Henle, the majority of it occurs in the distal convoluted tubule. The glomerulus is not involved in secretion, as its main function is filtration.

Question 10

A patient's urine tests positive for large blood proteins and red blood cells.Which of the following conditions might the person have?&#10;A) glomerulonephritis&#10;B) ketonuria&#10;C) diabetes mellitus&#10;D) bilirubinuria

Accepted Answer

Presence of large blood proteins and red blood cells in the urine is indicative of damage to the glomeruli in the kidneys. This condition is known as glomerulonephritis. Ketonuria is the presence of ketones in the urine and is seen in conditions such as uncontrolled diabetes or starvation. Diabetes mellitus may cause proteinuria but not necessarily the presence of red blood cells. Bilirubinuria is the presence of bilirubin in the urine and is seen in conditions affecting the liver or bile ducts.

Question 11

A patient's urine sample has tested positive for nitrites.What is the most likely reason for the presence of nitrites in the urine?&#10;A) bacterial infection of the urinary tract&#10;B) porphyria&#10;C) diabetes mellitus&#10;D) glomerulonephritis

Accepted Answer

The answer of A patient's urine sample has tested positive...

Question 12

Where does the most reabsorption occur in the nephron?&#10;A) distal convoluted tubule&#10;B) proximal convoluted tubule&#10;C) collecting duct&#10;D) glomerulus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Where does the most reabsorption occur in...

Question 13

In which part of the nephron are excess ions removed from the blood?&#10;A) glomerulus&#10;B) proximal convoluted tubule&#10;C) loop of Henle&#10;D) distal convoluted tubule

Accepted Answer

The answer of In which part of the nephron are...

Question 14

Why does urine have a yellow color?&#10;A) urochrome&#10;B) glucose&#10;C) erythrocytes&#10;D) ketone bodies

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why does urine have a yellow color?&#10;A)...

Question 15

Inflammation due to a urinary tract infection will cause which of the following abnormalities in the urine?&#10;A) pyuria&#10;B) urobilinogenuria&#10;C) ketonuria&#10;D) renal tubular acidosis

Accepted Answer

The answer of Inflammation due to a urinary tract infection...

Question 16

Liver disease is most likely to cause which of the following chemical abnormalities in a urine sample?&#10;A) ketonuria&#10;B) hematuria&#10;C) glucosuria&#10;D) urobilinogenuria

Accepted Answer

The answer of Liver disease is most likely to cause...

Question 17

Which of the following foods might turn urine dark brown?&#10;A) blackberries&#10;B) carrots&#10;C) asparagus&#10;D) rhubarb

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following foods might turn...

Question 18

Which of the following nephron structures is responsible for filtration?&#10;A) loop of Henle&#10;B) glomerulus&#10;C) distal convoluted tubule&#10;D) proximal convoluted tubule

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following nephron structures is...

Question 19

A student is very stressed about his performance on an exam.Which of the following substances might be detected in his urine?&#10;A) glucose&#10;B) nitrites&#10;C) ketones&#10;D) blood

Accepted Answer

The answer of A student is very stressed about his...

Question 20

Microscopic examination of a patient's urine shows the presence of squamous epithelial cells.What is the most likely origin of these cells?&#10;A) urinary bladder&#10;B) urethra&#10;C) nephrons&#10;D) ureters

Accepted Answer

The answer of Microscopic examination of a patient's urine shows...

Deck 30: Urinary Physiology