Deck 6: Color Perception

Question 1

A light of 485 nm is presented to a person's visual system.Which of the following is the best description of what happens next?

A)A cone system that responds to specific wavelength will respond, while other cone systems will be silent.
B)The light will not be responded to at all because that wavelength is invisible.
C)All three cone systems will respond at varying strengths.Color is perceived from the mix of those responses.
D)Only the S-cone will respond to this light, as it is out of the range of sensitivity for the other cone systems.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In this color circle, what dimension of color is represented by the perimeter of the circle?

A)saturation
B)hue
C)brightness
D)lightness quality

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What primarily differentiates the three types of cone photoreceptors in the retina?

A)the type of nerve leading from them to the brain
B)the way they are shaped
C)the wavelength of light they are sensitive to
D)the section of the retina where they are found

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In an experiment in color matching, an observer is shown two patches of light.One is called the test patch, and the other is called the comparison patch.The test patch is a single wavelength of an unchanging illumination or brightness.The comparison patch is composed of three primary colors, such as the red, green, and blue used in a television.The observer has control over the intensities of the three lights in the comparison patch.The observer should be able to ______.

A)control the colors so that they simulate real colors in the world
B)control the comparison patch so that it looks identical to the test patch in color
C)alter the comparison patch until it is a heterochromatic color
D)alter the comparison patch until it is a spectral color

Question 5

Which of the following is the least common of the cones that are found in the retinae?

A)R-cone
B)M-cone
C)L-cone
D)S-cone

Question 6

Blue objects absorb most wavelengths but reflect light at about 450 nm.This phenomenon relates to ______.

A)spectral reflectance
B)resonance properties
C)color spectrometry
D)specter of bond

Question 7

Colors that are associated with particular wavelengths are called ______ colors.

A)monochromatic
B)achromatic
C)nonspectral
D)saturated

Question 8

The principle whereby any single cone system is colorblind, in the sense that different combinations of wavelength and intensity can result in the same response from the cone system, is known as ______.

A)cone specificity
B)color deficient theory
C)univariance
D)deuteranopia

Question 9

When we use color names such as red, orange, green, and indigo, we are referring to ______.

A)saturation
B)intensity
C)hue
D)brightness

Question 10

A psychophysical color match between two patches of light that have different sets of wavelengths is known as ______.

A)an additive color match
B)a subtractive color match
C)a photon equivalence
D)a metamer

Question 11

Gabriele Jordan and her colleagues in England have shown that at least some women with 4-cone systems in their retinae are ______.

A)color-deficient
B)unable to discriminate wavelengths at all
C)able to discriminate colors that normal people would see as the same
D)better able to sustain damage to the occipital lobe and still discern color

Question 12

The S-cone has its name because it ______.

A)is more sensitive to all light than other cones
B)responds best to short-wavelength light
C)works on subtractive color mixing
D)shifts between responding to low and high brightness

Question 13

What is the difference between additive and subtractive color mixing?

A)Additive mixing involves mixing similar colors of different brightness, whereas subtractive mixing involves mixing disparate colors of similar brightness.
B)Additive color mixing is what happens when we mix lights of different colors, whereas subtractive color mixing occurs when we mix paints or other colored materials.
C)Additive color mixing is what happens when we combine physical pigments, whereas subtractive color mixing is what happens when we filter out certain wavelengths.
D)Additive color mixing occurs at the level of the retina, whereas subtractive color mixing occurs at the level of V4 in the occipital cortex.

Question 14

An object that reflects all light of all wavelengths from its surface will be perceived as ______.

A)red
B)blue
C)black
D)white

Question 15

Which of the following is a more saturated/less saturated pair of colors?

A)gold/green
B)green/red
C)red/pink
D)blue/silver

Question 16

Additive color mixing is used in which of the following technologies?

A)designing paints for interior decor
B)recreating color vision for color-deficient individuals
C)simulating a full range of colors on a smart phone screen
D)creating fabric dyes for clothing

Question 17

Which of the following is a statement that relates to the principle of lightness?

A)An abstract artist says that he likes to paint with orange and yellow because they are more intense colors than purple and blue.
B)A decorator tells his client that sky blue paint will reflect more sunshine into the room than royal blue paint.
C)A fashion designer announces that for the spring season of her clothing line she wants to use pale, diluted colors.
D)A woman tells her makeup consultant that she wears only warm colors, not cool colors.

Question 18

The band of wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm that people with normal vision can detect is known as the ______.

A)visual bandwidth
B)electrovisual range
C)visible spectrum
D)electromagnetic resonance

Question 19

Color mixing in which a new color is made by the removal of wavelengths from a light with a broad spectrum of wavelengths is known as ______.

A)subtractive color mixing
B)additive color mixing
C)multiplicative color mixing
D)metameric color mixing

Question 20

White light, consisting of many wavelengths, is known as ______, whereas light consisting of one wavelength is known as ______.

A)heterochromatic; monochromatic
B)incandescent; fluorescent
C)ultraviolet; infrared
D)neural; peripheral

Question 21

An object appears red despite the fact that it is illuminated by a green light or a yellow light.This phenomenon is known as ______.

A)color constancy
B)lightness constancy
C)color invariance
D)lightness invariance

Question 22

What theory proposes that all colors on the color circle can be represented by the following pairs of opposing mechanisms: blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white?

A)opponent-process theory of color vision
B)competitive theory of color vision
C)Hering-Osbourne theory of color vision
D)trichromatic theory of color vision

Question 23

This image is known as a ______ and it serves to determine if a person is ______.

A)Ishihara plate; color deficient
B)Ishihara plate; rod monochromat
C)Hering image; color deficient
D)Hering image; rod monochromat

Question 24

Hurvich and Jameson (1957) developed an experiment in which observers cancel out the perception of a particular color by adding light of the opponent color.This procedure is known as ______.

A)afterimage detection
B)hue cancellation
C)simultaneous color contrast
D)spectral reflectance

Question 25

Because infants cannot describe what they see, researchers test infants' perception of color using a process called ______.

A)variance
B)reflectance
C)habituation
D)achromatopsia

Question 26

Neurons that respond best when they are excited by the input from one cone type in the center, but inhibited by the input from another cone type in the surround, are known as ______ cells.

A)chromatic
B)cone-opponent
C)trichromatic
D)color-inhibition

Question 27

Two conditions lead to a red-green deficiency.One is ______, or a lack of L-cones, while the other is ______, or a lack of M-cones.

A)tritanopia; protanopia
B)protanopia; deuteranopia
C)deuteranopia; tritanopia
D)protanopia; tritanopia

Question 28

Double-opponent cells are ______.

A)neurons that are excited by one color but multiplied when combined with another color
B)neurons that have a center, which is excited by one color, and a surround, which is inhibited by the opposite of that color
C)neurons that are excited by the input from rods, but not by inputs from cones
D)neurons that have a center, which is excited by one color and inhibited by its opposite, while in the surround, the pattern is reversed

Question 29

Unilateral dichromacy has allowed scientists to determine ______.

A)whether color deficiency occurs equally in women and men
B)if people with four cone types in their retinae see more colors than normal individuals
C)what colors appear like to color-deficient individuals
D)what mutation causes four-cone systems

Question 30

Loss of color vision caused by damage to the occipital lobe is known as ______.

A)anomalous trichromacy
B)deuteranopia
C)cortical achromatopsia
D)occipital color dichromacy

Question 31

A green square surrounded by red looks more green than if surrounded by a neutral color.Similarly, a yellow square looks more yellow when surrounded by a blue background than a neutral background.These phenomena support which view of color perception?

A)competitive theory of color vision
B)trichromatic theory of color vision
C)complementary theory of color vision
D)opponent-process theory of color vision

Question 32

What physical feature of the human eye lends important support to the trichromatic theory of color vision?

A)the optic nerve
B)the various types of cones in the retina
C)the lens
D)the muscles that control the pupil

Question 33

Double-opponent cells are thought to be particularly useful for detecting ______.

A)color edges by enhancing color divisions at the edges of objects
B)the subtle variations of hues that are close on the color wheel
C)unique colors by having two receptors to discern them
D)the edges of achromatic colors that do not activate normal opponent cells

Question 34

Which of the following is TRUE about rod monochromats?

A)They cannot distinguish between red and green.
B)They see best in bright sunlight.
C)They cannot learn to read.
D)They see the world only in black, white, and grays.

Question 35

A lack of S-cones is known as ______.

A)tritanopia
B)protanopia
C)deuteranopia
D)anosoanopia

Question 36

In the figure below, the two inner circles are identical physically.That the surroundings make them appear to have different colors is an example of ______.

A)hue cancellation
B)spectral reflectance
C)simultaneous color contrast
D)afterimage detection

Question 37

Cone monochromats ______.

A)have rods but no cones
B)lack two cone types but have one present
C)are color-deficient because of damage to V4
D)are functionally equivalent to rod monochromats

Question 38

That the color of any light is determined by the output of the three cone systems in our retinae is known as the ______ theory of color vision.

A)opponent
B)competitive
C)Hering-Osbourne
D)trichromatic

Question 39

If you stare at a bright incandescent light bulb for even a short time and then close your eyes, you will continue to see an afterimage of that light bulb for a relatively brief period.But you will notice that even though the light bulb has a yellowish hue, your afterimage will appear somewhat blue.This phenomenon supports the ______ theory of color vision?

A)trichromatic
B)opponent-process
C)competitive
D)ancillary

Question 40

Which of the following changes in color perception is most likely to happen as a person ages?

A)a gradual blurring of the difference between red and green
B)a slow increase in sensitivity to violet light
C)a gradual blurring of the difference between white and black
D)a slow loss of sensitivity to blue light

Question 41

People with protanopia and deuteranopia are both considered red-green color-deficient.

Question 42

Explain how and why color perception can change as adults age.

Question 43

The trichromatic theory of color vision states that the color of any light is determined by the output of the three cone systems in our retinae.

Question 44

As we age, we tend to lose our ability to see long wavelengths, but we do not lose our ability to see short wavelengths.

Question 45

Deep royal blue is a more saturated color than pastel baby blue.

Question 46

Additive color mixing is the creation of a new color by a process that adds one set of wavelengths to another set of wavelengths.

Question 47

Why is the term color deficiency a more accurate label than is the term color blindness?

Question 48

Experiments have shown that although infants have all three types of cones, they have not yet developed the mental concept of color.

Question 49

The distribution of wavelengths in sunlight changes across the day.Evening light has more long-wavelength light than light earlier in the day.This means ______.

A)we see objects as bluer in the evening
B)color constancy must correct for the change in the distribution of light
C)object permanence is compromised
D)cortical achromatopsia will develop in those who do not rise early each morning

Question 50

Describe the trichromatic theory of color vision, and list the evidence that supports it.

Question 51

Spectral reflectance is the ratio of light reflected by an object at each wavelength.

Question 52

A metamer is a psychophysical color contrast between two patches of light that have identical sets of wavelengths but are perceived as different colors due to their surroundings.

Question 53

What does it mean to say that color is a quality and not an amount? Explain how the term hue relates to this statement.

Question 54

If an object is reflecting 50% of the light that hits it, it will be seen as ______ with 100 units of light illuminating it and as ______ with 1000 units of light illuminating it.

A)black; white
B)white; white
C)gray; gray
D)gray; white

Question 55

That the perceived lightness of an object is explained by the ratio of light it reflects rather than the absolute amount of light it reflects, assuming even illumination across the visual scene, is known as the ______.

A)Gelb effect
B)lightness ratio
C)color-lightness invariance
D)ratio principle

Question 56

The Gelb effect is a phenomenon whereby an intensely lit black object appears white in a homogeneously dark space, thereby demonstrating the principle of lightness constancy.

Question 57

Define color constancy, and give an example that demonstrates the concept.

Question 58

A phenomenon whereby an intensely lit black object appears to be gray or white in a homogeneously dark space is known as ______.

A)lightness constancy
B)the Gelb effect
C)the Ponzo illusion
D)phenomenological lightness

Question 59

Cone-opponent cells are found in the lateral-geniculate nucleus, but color-opponent cells are found in V1 of the cerebral cortex.

Question 60

To be purple an object must ______.

A)absorb light in the green part of the visual spectrum but reflect light in the red and blue portions of the visual spectrum
B)absorb all light from the visual spectrum except for the light of the shortest visible wavelengths, which are violet
C)reflect purple light in the purple range of the visual spectrum
D)be created artificially by means of additive color mixing as there are no natural purples