Deck 13: Endocrine System

Question 1

"Endocrine" means

A)hormone synthesis.
B)internal secretion.
C)acts upon target cells.
D)fast-acting compound.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A steroid hormone acts on a target cell by

A)causing a second messenger to be formed.
B)causing the cell to divide.
C)promoting phagocytosis.
D)directly causing protein synthesis.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

A nonsteroid hormone acts on a target cell by

A)causing synthesis of a second messenger.
B)stimulating cell division.
C)promoting phagocytosis.
D)directly causing protein synthesis.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A sweat gland is an example of a(n)________ gland.

A)exocrine
B)paracrine
C)endocrine
D)autocrine

Question 5

Exocrine glands differ from endocrine glands in that exocrine glands

A)secrete only into the bloodstream.
B)secrete only local hormones.
C)secrete through ducts or tubes to the body's exterior.
D)only secrete salts.

Question 6

An upregulated cell has an increase in

A)the amount of DNA in the nucleus.
B)the number of molecules the cell secretes.
C)the concentration of ligands that bind to the receptors.
D)the number of receptors available for binding.

Question 7

Along with insulin, amylin is a hormone that a diabetic pancreas fails to produce. It is comprised of a long chain of amino acids. It cannot cross the cell membrane, so it binds to a receptor on the cell surface to elicit an action. Which hormone class is amylin?

A)A steroid hormone
B)A protein hormone
C)A peptide hormone
D)A prostaglandin

Question 8

Upregulation of a target cell can occur in response to

A)prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.
B)prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
C)signals from antagonistic hormone products.
D)signals from the posterior pituitary.

Question 9

Down-regulation of a target cell can occur in response to

A)prolonged decrease in the level of a hormone.
B)prolonged increase in the level of a hormone.
C)signals from antagonistic hormone products.
D)signals from the posterior pituitary.

Question 10

All hormones are

A)steroids.
B)proteins.
C)inorganic compounds.
D)organic compounds.

Question 11

During early embryonic development, a protein called sonic hedgehog is released from a cell and travels in a small gradient through the interstitial fluid only to nearby cells. This helps to establish the path and direction of development for the nervous system and limbs. Knowing this, sonic hedgehog must be a(n)________ signal.

A)endocrine
B)paracrine
C)autocrine
D)nervous

Question 12

A hormone is a ________ and the target cell is ________.

A)protein that stimulates other cells; the source of hormone secretions
B)regulatory molecule that controls secretions of other cells; a cell that synthesizes hormones
C)molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones
D)molecule; a cell that does not have receptors

Question 13

The specificity of hormone action derives from

A)target cell receptors that are unique for each hormone.
B)target cell receptors that are unique for all steroid hormones.
C)target cell receptors that are unique for all nonsteroid hormones.
D)target cell receptors that bind only certain neurotransmitters.

Question 14

Hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes are synthesized in the

A)posterior pituitary.
B)hypothalamus.
C)thalamus.
D)anterior pituitary.

Question 15

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system

A)does not use receptors.
B)may have a longer lasting effect.
C)takes only seconds.
D)is not essential to life.

Question 16

Nonsteroid hormones cause ________ in their target cells.

A)cyclic AMP to become ATP
B)cyclic AMP to be decomposed
C)activation of adenylate cyclase
D)inactivation of adenylate cyclase

Question 17

Steroid hormones

A)are soluble in lipids.
B)are very soluble in water.
C)must interact with membrane receptors because they are never membrane permeable.
D)include epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 18

Secretions that affect only nearby cells are termed

A)endocrine.
B)paracrine.
C)exocrine.
D)autocrine.

Question 19

Hormones

A)catalyze reactions by physically bringing two reactants closer together.
B)have functions in growth, reproduction, and development.
C)primarily function through electric signaling.
D)generate action potentials to send signals through the body.

Question 20

Estradiol is a type of estrogen whose hormone effects promote female sex characteristics. Its structure consists of various carbon-hydrogen rings and it is a lipid, but not a prostaglandin. Knowing the structure, how would you expect this hormone to cause a response in a target cell?

A)Estradiol will bind to a receptor on the surface of its target cell, causing a secondary messenger to be activated.
B)Estradiol will act as a second messenger in a receptor-mediated pathway after a primary messenger binds to a membrane receptor.
C)Estradiol will enter the plasma membrane of a target cell directly and bind to an intercellular receptor, causing a change in gene expression.
D)Estradiol will act as a paracrine signal and inactivate adenylate cyclase inside the cell, stopping production of cAMP.

Question 21

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

A)intermedin.
B)oxytocin.
C)vasopressin.
D)aldosterone.

Question 22

A patient develops a cyst in the pars intermedia as a child which grows over time. The resulting shape of the cyst only puts significant pressure on the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and causes defective hormonal production and secretion. Which of the following symptoms would you predict?

A)The patient will suffer from the adverse effects of low estrogen levels and won't ovulate regularly.
B)The patient will experience hypothyroidism, as the thyroid gland will not be stimulated to release its hormones.
C)The patient will experience abnormal/high risk labor and may be forced to undergo a C-section instead of vaginal labor due to weak or missing contractions.
D)The patient will experience muscle weakness and other effects of low protein production.

Question 23

A hormone with an effect that lasts for days would have a

A)short half-life.
B)no half-life.
C)long half-life.
D)whole life.

Question 24

Growth hormone

A)enhances the movement of amino acids into cells.
B) increases the rate of carbohydrate use.
C)is released when blood protein and glucose levels increase.
D)peaks in concentration during exercise.

Question 25

Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its secretion?

A)Oxytocin
B)Prolactin
C)Antidiuretic hormone
D)Melatonin

Question 26

The blood concentration of growth hormone

A)rises in females after menopause.
B)varies greatly in males during adulthood.
C)drops at puberty and rises after adolescence.
D)rises at puberty and levels off after adolescence.

Question 27

A hormone has a half-life of 20 minutes. After an hour, ________ percent of the original number of molecules remains.

A)0
B)12.5
C)25
D)50

Question 28

Choose the example that does not demonstrate a negative feedback loop of hormonal control.

A)A gland releases a hormone that causes free blood glucose to be collected and stored after a meal. After a time, the gland detects low free blood glucose and ceases production of the hormone.
B)Pressure receptors sense the movement of a baby against and through the cervix during labor. They stimulate the hypothalamus to release a hormone that causes uterine contractions. This causes more pressure receptor stimulation, leading to larger releases of the hormone and stronger, more frequent contractions. Hormone release ceases after pressure sensations cease.
C)A hormone that increases blood pressure is released. Baroreceptors in the arteries sense the pressure change and stimulate the brainstem to send signals to dilate blood vessels and counter the effect, decreasing blood pressure.
D)A hormone is released from the hypothalamus, stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to release another hormone that is involved in metabolism. The flow of that hormone back to the hypothalamus inhibits the production of the first hormone in the pathway, also ceasing the production of the metabolism-influencing hormone.

Question 29

Tropic hormones

A)only function in the tropics.
B)function in only one sex.
C)stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.
D)block the actions of hormones that endocrine glands secrete.

Question 30

Target cells for releasing hormones are in the

A)hypothalamus.
B)anterior pituitary gland.
C)posterior pituitary gland.
D)thyroid gland.

Question 31

Nerve fibers in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete

A)thyroid-stimulating hormone.
B)adrenocorticotropic hormone.
C)growth hormone.
D)antidiuretic hormone.

Question 32

A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that is causing her to skip menstrual periods due to low estrogen and miss ovulation. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone?

A)Follicle-stimulating hormone
B)Adrenocorticotropic hormone
C)Prolactin-releasing factor
D)Growth hormone

Question 33

________ controls hormone concentrations.

A)Positive feedback
B)Negative feedback
C)Muscle contraction
D)Exposure to sun

Question 34

Oxytocin is administered to women following childbirth to stimulate

A)less milk production.
B)uterine contractions.
C)uterine relaxation.
D)ACTH production.

Question 35

Growth hormone signals the release of

A)TGF.
B)PTH.
C)IGF-1.
D)FSH.

Question 36

ADH and oxytocin are secreted by

A)neuromuscular cells.
B)neurons.
C)neuroglia.
D)neurosecretory cells.

Question 37

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which regulates the formation of melanin, is produced by the

A)intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland.
B)anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
C)pineal gland.
D)the hypothalamus.

Question 38

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

A)insulin deficiency.
B)excess insulin.
C)ADH deficiency.
D)excess ADH.

Question 39

Growth hormone signals the release of IGF-1 from the

A)pancreas.
B)liver.
C)spleen.
D)pituitary gland.

Question 40

Jerry drinks a few beers and soon has to urinate. The alcohol has

A)inhibited secretion of ADH.
B)stimulated secretion of ADH.
C)inhibited secretion of ACTH.
D)stimulated secretion of ACTH.

Question 41

Thyroxine

A)reduces the rate at which carbohydrates are utilized.
B)enhances the rate at which proteins are synthesized.
C)inhibits responses of the nervous system.
D)inhibits the rate at which calcium enters body fluids.

Question 42

Cortisol

A)increases the permeability of capillary walls.
B)increases the permeability of lysosomal membranes.
C)stimulates the production of glucose from noncarbohydrates.
D)promotes the storage of amino acids in the form of proteins.

Question 43

Kristin discovers a lump in her neck. Upon examination, her physician determines it's a tumor of the thyroid and performs a complete removal. Which of the following is not one of the hormones Kristin will need to be supplemented with?

A)Cholecalciferol
B)Triiodothyronine
C)Calcitonin
D)Thyroxine

Question 44

In addition to a drop in blood calcium concentration, a symptom of hypoparathyroidism is

A)a rise in vitamin D concentration.
B)increased PTH secretion.
C)muscle cramps.
D)kidney stones.

Question 45

Simple goiter is most prevalent where the soil lacks

A)organic matter.
B)vitamins.
C)iodine.
D)potassium.

Question 46

Hyposecretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex leads to

A)Cushing syndrome.
B)Addison disease.
C)buffalo hump.
D)moon face.

Question 47

Infantile hypothyroidism results from

A)a deficiency of thyroid hormones at birth.
B)hyperthyroidism in an adult.
C)hypothyroidism in an adult.
D)lack of prolactin.

Question 48

The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)concentration of blood calcium.
C)thyroid gland.
D)pituitary gland.

Question 49

Graves disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism, is caused by

A)a lack of iodine.
B)an excess of iodine.
C)an improper diet.
D)an autoimmune disorder.

Question 50

A hormone that the adrenal medulla secretes is

A)mineralocorticoid.
B)glucocorticoid.
C)aldosterone.
D)epinephrine.

Question 51

________ inhibits secretion of prolactin.

A)Dopamine from the hypothalamus
B)Insulin
C)Norepinephrine
D)Growth hormone

Question 52

One of the hallmarks of Graves disease is

A)weight gain.
B)increased thirst.
C)decreased appetite.
D)goiter.

Question 53

Cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it

A)decreases the permeability of capillaries.
B)increases synthesis of prostaglandins.
C)destabilizes lysosomal membranes.
D)decreases blood flow.

Question 54

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

A)conserve sodium and excrete potassium.
B)excrete sodium and conserve potassium.
C)excrete sodium and potassium.
D)conserve sodium and potassium.

Question 55

Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of

A)hypothyroidism.
B)hyperthyroidism.
C)hypoparathyroidism.
D)hyperparathyroidism.

Question 56

Hyperparathyroidism

A)is detected by low blood calcium ion concentration.
B)is most often caused by a tumor.
C)is most often caused by injury.
D)causes bulging eyes and goiters.

Question 57

The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is

A)calcitonin.
B)parathyroid hormone.
C)thyroxine.
D)insulin.

Question 58

The ________ secretes triiodothyronine.

A)adrenal gland
B)pancreas
C)parathyroid gland
D)thyroid gland

Question 59

The opposing roles of the thyroid and parathyroid maintain the balance of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood. What will happen if the parathyroid gland develops a defect that prevents PTH secretion?

A)The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will increase.
B)The amount of calcium ions in the blood will increase and the amount of phosphate ions will decrease.
C)The amount of calcium ions in the blood will decrease and the amount of phosphate ions will increase.
D)The amount of calcium ions and phosphate ions in the blood will decrease.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to T₃ and T₄?

A)T₄ has a higher free concentration in the plasma.
B)T₄ is more important physiologically.
C)About one-third of T₄ is converted to T₃ in peripheral tissues.
D)T₄ is more potent.

Question 61

The pineal gland is

A)located in the thyroid gland.
B)attached to an adrenal gland.
C)attached to the thalamus.
D)found along with digestive tissue in the pancreas.

Question 62

Human growth hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain and travels via the bloodstream to affect target cells all throughout the body. This makes it an autocrine secretion.

Question 63

Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO)because this hormone

A)decreases the number of red blood cells.
B)increases the number of white blood cells.
C)increases the number of red blood cells.
D)adds protein to plasma.

Question 64

Pheromones differ from hormones in that

A)they are only found in plants and fungi.
B)they act only within an individual.
C)they are transmitted between members of the same species.
D)they are transmitted between members of different species.

Question 65

Type 2 diabetes mellitus results from

A)a deficiency of insulin.
B)insensitivity of cells to insulin.
C)a deficiency of insulin and insensitivity of cells to insulin.
D)an infection.

Question 66

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

A)Pancreas
B)Anterior pituitary
C)Liver
D)Thyroid gland

Question 67

Diane has type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes physiological effects she likely experiences?

A)Fatty acids and ketone bodies accumulate in the blood if she forgets/refuses her treatment.
B)She urinates less frequently.
C)Too much glucose enters cells like skeletal muscle and adipocytes.
D)Hypoglycemia frequently occurs.

Question 68

The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is

A)melanoma.
B)melatonin.
C)myostatin.
D)beta endorphin.

Question 69

Secretion of glucagon causes

A)an increase in the formation of fat.
B)an increase in the permeability of the cell membrane to glucose.
C)an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.
D)an increase in glycogen.

Question 70

With age,

A)levels of GH increase but of ADH decrease.
B)levels of GH decrease but of ADH increase.
C)levels of GH and ADH both decrease.
D)levels of GH and ADH both increase.

Question 71

A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone.

Question 72

Addison disease

A)causes hyperactivity and high metabolism.
B)decreases blood sodium levels.
C)decreases blood potassium levels.
D)increases blood glucose levels.

Question 73

The thymus gland secretes hormones called ________ that ________.

A)thyroxines; control metabolism
B)melatonins; control circadian rhythms
C)prostaglandins; control strength
D)thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells

Question 74

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by

A)excess sugar in the diet.
B)obesity.
C)a disorder of the immune system.
D)an effect of aging.

Question 75

Secretion of insulin causes

A)a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.
B)a decrease in the permeability of cell membranes to glucose.
C)an increase in the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose.
D)an increase in the concentration of blood glucose.

Question 76

A night-shift worker experiences extreme difficulty falling asleep due to being exposed to bright lights during both night and day. The unusual pattern of light exposure is disturbing their ________, which controls the release of the hormone ________.

A)metabolic rate; thyroxine
B)circulatory system; dopamine
C)circadian rhythm; melatonin
D)limbic system; thymosin

Question 77

Irving, who is 78 years old, takes human growth hormone supplements to regain the strength of his youth. He may be disappointed because the hormone has been shown only to

A)increase the red blood cell supply.
B)decrease fat and increase muscle mass, but not improve strength.
C)make him urinate more often.
D)increase his risk of cancer.

Question 78

A person who is stressed usually will have increased 

A)activity of the spleen and other lymphatic organs.
B)number of lymphocytes in the blood.
C)resistance to infections.
D)blood pressure.

Question 79

Dave has diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describes how the disease affects his bodily fluids?

A)He excretes protein in his urine.
B)His urine is of high osmotic pressure.
C)He urinates less than the average person.
D)His blood sugar is generally low when untreated.

Question 80

As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine

A)rise and cortisol fall.
B)fall and cortisol rise.
C)and cortisol rise.
D)and cortisol fall.