Deck 16: Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

A)scalp and face.
B)upper limb and mammary gland.
C)thoracic viscera.
D)abdominal viscera.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

A)thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.
B)lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct.
C)intestinal duct and left intercostal duct.
D)bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Tissue fluid is ________ and lymph is ________.

A)forced out of lymph vessels; absorbed into lymph capillaries
B)forced out of blood plasma; absorbed into blood capillaries
C)forced out of lymph capillaries; absorbed into blood capillaries
D)forced out of blood plasma; absorbed into lymph capillaries

Answer 3

D

Question 4

One major symptom of Hodgkin's lymphoma is noticeable swelling of lymph nodes in the axillary, thoracic, and cervical regions. Which of the following does not reflect where you expect to find swellings?

A)The hands
B)The armpits
C)The chest
D)The mandible and neck

Question 5

Henry has a cut on his thigh that becomes infected. As a result, the lymph nodes in his ________ enlarge.

A)cervical region
B)thoracic region
C)inguinal region
D)supratrochlear region

Question 6

Lymph nodes are grouped throughout the body except in the

A)lungs.
B)central nervous system.
C)mesentery.
D)inguinal connective tissue.

Question 7

Fluid is kept from accumulating in tissue spaces by

A)sweating.
B)breathing.
C)the urinary system.
D)the lymphatic system.

Question 8

A lymph node contains

A)compartments that contain masses of blood and monocytes.
B)afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface.
C)nervous cell dendrites.
D)bacteria to assist in decomposition.

Question 9

Stephanie has her cancerous right breast removed, and the surgeon also removes lymph nodes in the axillary region to prevent spread of the cancer. As a result, Stephanie's right arm

A)loses its blood supply.
B)receives too much blood and swells.
C)becomes edematous.
D)loses tissue fluid.

Question 10

The formation of lymph increases as a result of

A)increasing osmotic pressure in blood capillaries.
B)increasing hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid.
C)decreasing volume of tissue fluid.
D)decreasing protein concentration in tissue fluid.

Question 11

What are pathogens?

A)A type of antibody
B)Agents that alter DNA base sequences
C)Disease-causing agents
D)Phagocytic leukocytes

Question 12

The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located near the

A)hand.
B)wrist.
C)elbow.
D)axillary region.

Question 13

Lymph differs from plasma in that

A)lymph has more protein than plasma.
B)plasma has more protein than lymph.
C)lymph is colorless and plasma is red.
D)lymph is thin and plasma is viscous.

Question 14

If lymph nodes existed without macrophages, the lymph nodes would lose the ability to

A)remove excess fluid from the body.
B) manufacture lymphocytes.
C)prevent edema in the tissues of the body.
D)clear cellular debris and initiate immune responses.

Question 15

After an infection, many dead and fragmented bacterial cells must be filtered from the body. Which of the following cells will clear out the cell debris?

A)Macrophages
B)Lymphocytes
C)Mast cells
D)Cytokines

Question 16

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the

A)sinus.
B)capsule.
C)nodule.
D)hilum.

Question 17

The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n)

A)artery.
B)arteriole.
C)vein.
D)capillary.

Question 18

From the collecting ducts, lymph enters ________ and becomes part of the ________.

A)arteries; serum
B)capillaries; blood supply
C)veins; plasma
D)lymph nodes; lymphatic trunks

Question 19

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

A)Returning interstitial fluid to the bloodstream
B)Protecting the body against infection
C)Transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle
D)Transporting the products of lipid digestion from the intestine to the liver

Question 20

One function of lymph is

A)return of proteins to the tissue fluid.
B)transport of foreign particles to the kidneys.
C)transport of foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
D)transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 21

Which of the following does not provoke inflammation?

A)Ultraviolet light
B)Infection
C)Chemical exposure
D)Tickling

Question 22

Choose the item that would provoke a cell to produce interferons.

A)Chemical irritants
B)Viruses
C)Bacteria
D)Fungi

Question 23

Interleukin-1 secretion causes

A)an allergic response.
B)an antibody response.
C)a fever.
D)cytokine secretion.

Question 24

Innate defenses are

A)fast and nonspecific.
B)slow and nonspecific.
C)fast and specific.
D)slow and specific.

Question 25

A transplant recipient rejects a transplanted organ because her ________ does not match that of the donor closely enough.

A)major histocompatibility complex
B)mononuclear phagocytic system
C)cytokine profile
D)antibody response

Question 26

Which of the following is not a mechanical barrier against microorganisms?

A)Saliva
B)Urine
C)Tears
D)Diarrhea

Question 27

A person has a rare autoimmune disorder in which immune cells attack and destroy thymosins as soon as they are produced and secreted. What affect will this have on the immune system?

A)The thymus will not develop in a growing infant, so no T lymphocytes will be produced and the person will be immunocompromised.
B)B lymphocytes will cease maturation and immune function will be severely impacted.
C)Macrophages will not differentiate from myeloid stem cells, so cell debris will accumulate and immune function will be impacted.
D)T lymphocytes will cease maturation and immune function will be severely impacted.

Question 28

Which of the following examples best demonstrates species resistance?

A)Certain strains of H1N1 virus infect both humans and pigs.
B)Certain strains of avian flu are transmissible between chickens, ducks, and other birds.
C)A worker at an animal shelter encounters a cat with Calicivirus, but cannot become sick with Calicivirus themselves.
D)A worker at an animal shelter encounters a cat with Calicivirus and infects their own cat at home after the cat is exposed to their work clothes.

Question 29

The mononuclear phagocytic system includes

A)T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.
B)monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
C)basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils.
D)mast cells and megakaryocytes.

Question 30

Which response is slower but more specific for a pathogen?

A)Innate defenses
B)Adaptive defenses
C)Nonspecific defenses
D)Inborn defenses

Question 31

A virus differs from other pathogens in that it is

A)larger.
B)more dangerous.
C)not capable of reproduction outside a living cell.
D)multicellular.

Question 32

The tissues of the spleen are called

A)red and white pulp.
B)black and blue pulp.
C)tonsils and Peyer's patches.
D)cellular and fibrous.

Question 33

Which innate defense mechanism initiate(s)a cascade effect in response to foreign proteins in the body?

A)Antibodies
B)Interferon
C)The complement system
D)Natural killer cells

Question 34

Marsha gets a splinter in her finger. What is her body's first response to any microbe that might try to enter her body as a result of the splinter breaking the skin?

A)Innate defense
B)Adaptive defense
C)Specific defense
D)Cytotoxic T cell response

Question 35

The most active phagocytic cells in circulating blood are

A)neutrophils and monocytes.
B)neutrophils and macrophages.
C)monocytes and macrophages.
D)lymphocytes and monocytes.

Question 36

What is not true of the spleen?

A)It is the largest lymphatic organ.
B)It contains nodules similar to lymphatic nodules.
C)It contains many phagocytes.
D)The spaces in the lobes of the spleen are filled with lymph.

Question 37

DiGeorge syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in which the thymus never develops/barely develops due to a deletion in a chromosome. Which of the following complications would you expect a child with DiGeorge syndrome to encounter?

A)The child will not possess any B lymphocytes and will be immunocompromised.
B)The space in which body fluid is filtered and pathogens are destroyed will be missing, so the child will be prone to life-threatening infections.
C)The child will possess very few T lymphocytes and will be immunocompromised.
D)The child will lose flow of lymph through the body, so recurrent edema will result.

Question 38

Low-grade fever is an effective defense for short periods of time because it

A)increases iron in the blood.
B)includes pyrogens that destroy the pathogens.
C)increases temperature, which slows the growth of bacteria.
D)slows the attack of phagocytes.

Question 39

Heliobacter pylori is a species of bacteria that causes stomach ulcers. It does this by burrowing into the mucosal lining of the stomach and degrading it to form a hole. By doing so, what type of innate defense is it overcoming? 

A)Chemical barriers
B)Mechanical barriers
C)Inflammation
D)Species resistance

Question 40

The spleen

A)consists of two lobes and is located in the mediastinum.
B)resembles a large lymph node divided into lobules.
C)produces T lymphocytes.
D)filters lymph.

Question 41

A person has an autoimmune disease. Which of the following could be targets for the immune cells in this type of disease? 

A)Human Papilloma virus
B)Normal red blood cells
C)Clostridium difficile bacteria
D)Tissue from a transplanted organ

Question 42

What cell types are targeted by cytotoxic T cells?

A)cytotoxic cells.
B)T cells.
C)all antigen-bearing cells.
D)cancer cells and virally infected cells.

Question 43

Injections of gamma globulin are sometimes given to provide

A)naturally acquired active immunity.
B)artificially acquired active immunity.
C)artificially acquired passive immunity.
D)naturally acquired passive immunity.

Question 44

A child is infected with chicken pox (Varicella-Zoster virus), which triggers a primary immune response. The memory cells produced to suppress further attacks by chicken pox consist of

A)B cells only.
B)T cells only.
C)both B cells and T cells.
D)neither B cells nor T cells.

Question 45

Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells by releasing perforin, which causes holes to form in

A)cell membranes.
B)lysosomes.
C)ribosomes.
D)DNA molecules.

Question 46

A genetic mutation stops T cells and macrophages from producing cytokines. Which of the following immune compounds will not be produced?

A)Antibodies and antigens
B)Colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor
C)Autoantibodies and immunosuppressants
D)Histamine and leukotrienes

Question 47

T lymphocytes are responsible for

A)programming macrophages.
B)producing antibodies.
C)cell-mediated immunity.
D)humoral immunity.

Question 48

IgA is passed to a newborn through maternal ________ and breast milk.

A)colostrum
B)blood
C)feces
D)placenta

Question 49

Complement proteins, which are activated when IgG or IgM antibodies bind antigen,

A)stimulate chemotaxis, in which neutrophils and macrophages are repelled from the affected area.
B)cause opsonization, which coats the antibody-antigen complexes in a way that attracts phagocytes.
C)cause lysis of the T cells.
D)stimulate cytokine release.

Question 50

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)is responsible for the infection known as mononucleosis. The virus attacks B lymphocytes and uses them to replicate itself. When the immune system manages to halt EBV production, the virus still remains dormant in infected B cells for the rest of the life of the host. In which of the following locations would you most likely find dormant EBV (in a previously infected person)?

A)The eyes
B)The spleen
C)The stomach
D)The hair

Question 51

The antibodies produced in allergic reactions

A)are called allergens.
B)are secreted by mast cells.
C)belong to the immunoglobulin E group.
D)belong to the immunoglobulin G group.

Question 52

The cells that are primarily responsible for immunity are

A)lymphocytes and macrophages.
B)neutrophils and lymphocytes.
C)monocytes and macrophages.
D)lymphocytes and monocytes.

Question 53

Which of the following is part of the adaptive immune response?

A)Phagocytosis
B)Inflammation
C)Production of antibodies
D)Synthesis of defensins

Question 54

A transplant recipient may be able to eventually discontinue immunosuppressant drugs if

A)the recipient receives bone marrow stem cells from the donor.
B)the donor and recipient are both under age 30.
C)the transplanted organ is not vital.
D)the recipient receives a well-matched transplant from the donor.

Question 55

An antigen is ________, whereas an antibody is ________.

A)a foreign substance such as a protein or a polysaccharide to which lymphocytes respond; a globular protein that reacts with an antigen to eliminate the antigen
B)an immunoglobulin that is produced by lymph nodes in response to bacteria; a foreign protein that enters the body and causes an immune reaction
C)a hapten molecule that is complex in shape; an enzyme produced by the thymus gland that neutralizes antigens
D)only on a pathogen; only in a human body

Question 56

The most abundant type of immunoglobulin is

A)IgA.
B)IgD.
C)IgE.
D)IgG.

Question 57

The type of resistance that is acquired as a result of developing a disease is

A)naturally acquired active immunity.
B)artificially acquired active immunity.
C)artificially acquired passive immunity.
D)naturally acquired passive immunity.

Question 58

Drugs used to reduce the tissue rejection reaction following the transplantation of tissue from one person to another

A)stimulate the formation of antibodies by the immune cells of the recipient.
B)suppress the immune response in the recipient.
C)reduce the differences between donor proteins and recipient proteins.
D)reduce the chance of infection in the recipient.

Question 59

A newborn is protected against certain digestive and respiratory infections by IgA received via the mother's

A)milk.
B)blood.
C)intestine.
D)placenta.

Question 60

Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?

A)Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Type 1 diabetes mellitus
D)Diabetes insipidus

Question 61

Anti-Rh antibodies are an example of what class of immunoglobulin?

A)IgG
B)IgM
C)IgE
D)IgA

Question 62

B cells divide and differentiate into ________ which produce and secrete antibodies.

A)T cells
B)antibodies
C)megakaryocytes
D)plasma cells

Question 63

Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen.

Question 64

If a vaccine is given to most people in a population, it can halt an infection because of

A)herd immunity.
B)people keeping away from each other.
C)an epidemic of autoimmunity.
D)bovine immunity.

Question 65

The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum.

Question 66

A person's cardiac tissue can be damaged due to what type of immune response?

A)Specific immunity
B)Innate immunity
C)Autoimmunity
D)Passive immunity

Question 67

In HIV infection, reverse transcriptase

A)makes DNA from viral RNA.
B)makes RNA from viral DNA.
C)makes protein from viral RNA.
D)makes protein from viral DNA.

Question 68

A vaccine produces its effects by

A)directly attacking the antigens and neutralizing them.
B)chemotaxis, the attraction of antigens to areas where the vaccine can destroy them.
C)stimulating a primary immune response.
D)activating autoantibodies.

Question 69

Aging of the lymphatic system begins

A)before birth.
B)at birth.
C)shortly after birth.
D)after age 50.

Question 70

Morris has lung cancer and is given the drug Avastin. His doctor says that the drug is a monoclonal antibody. This means that the drug consists of

A)a cocktail of many types of antibodies.
B)a cocktail of many types of antigens.
C)a single type of antibody.
D)a single type of antigen.

Question 71

Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels.

Question 72

A vaccine against HIV

A)is available for those who can afford it.
B)may be impossible due to the variability and diversity of HIV.
C)consists of cocktails of drugs taken daily.
D)prevents opportunistic infections.

Question 73

Newborns can acquire ________ immunity through breast milk.

A)specific
B)passive
C)active
D)innate

Question 74

Plasma cells

A)increase the volume of the blood plasma.
B)produce antibody molecules.
C)directly attack antigens.
D)produce interferon.

Question 75

The order in which HIV breaches barriers and affects immunity is

A)inhalation, entering the circulation, entering helper T cells.
B)ingestion, entering the circulation, entering helper T cells.
C)crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, then B cells, then natural killer cells.
D)crossing the mucosal barrier, entering macrophages, entering helper T cells, then cytotoxic T cells.

Question 76

The thymus enlarges after puberty.

Question 77

A primary immune response ________, and a secondary immune response ________.

A)is very important; is less important to the body's ability to protect itself
B)produces antibodies within five to ten days of exposure to antigens; produces antibodies within a day or two of a subsequent exposure to the same antigen
C)is very rapid in producing antibodies after exposure to antigens; is very slow in producing antibodies after exposure to antigens
D)occurs only in children; occurs only in adults

Question 78

Lymphatic capillaries are thin-walled, closed-ended tubes.

Question 79

Innate defenses include mechanical and chemical barriers, whereas adaptive defenses counter specific disease-causing agents.

Question 80

In the cellular immune response

A)B cells produce antibodies directly against antigens.
B)T cells produce antibodies directly against antigens.
C)T cells attach directly to antigens and destroy them.
D)T cells attack healthy body cells.