Deck 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

Question 1

The thirst center in the hypothalamus is stimulated by ________ of the extracellular fluid, and is inhibited by ________.

A)an increase in the osmotic pressure; distension of the stomach by water
B)a decrease in the osmotic pressure; stimulation of osmoreceptors
C)a decrease in sodium ions; an increase in sodium ions
D)nerve impulses from the cerebrum; nerve impulses from the thalamus

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluids in the body of an average male is

A)1:1
B)1:2
C)2:1
D)3:2

Answer 2

C

Question 3

One mole of the carbohydrate sucrose and two moles of the electrolyte potassium chloride (KCl)are placed in one liter of water. After dissolution of the particles, what is the osmolarity of the solution?

A)Six osmoles per liter
B)Three osmoles per liter
C)Four osmoles per liter
D)Five osmoles per liter

Answer 3

D

Question 4

ADH level in blood regulates water output by what mechanism?

A)The amount of filteration at the glomeruli is altered
B)The amount of water reabsorbed at the nephron loops is altered
C)The amount of water reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered
D)The amount of sodium ions reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts is altered

Question 5

What is water of metabolism?

A)Water that a person drinks after exercising
B)Water that is in food
C)A by-product of the oxidative metabolism of nutrients
D)Water consumed in beverages

Question 6

Lara had a gastric band placed around her stomach, which makes it smaller and able to hold less. How will this affect her thirst?

A)Her thirst is more difficult to satisfy.
B)No aspect of her thirst mechanism is altered.
C)Less water intake is needed to satisfy her thirst.
D)She will continue to be thirsty after drinking.

Question 7

A person usually drinks about ________ milliliters a day.

A)500
B)1,000
C)1,500
D)2,500

Question 8

Which of the following most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male?

A)35%
B)45%
C)55%
D)65%

Question 9

Which of the following examples has a low water content? 

A)The intracellular environment
B)Adipose tissue
C)The biceps brachii muscle
D)The vitreous humor of the eye

Question 10

Compared to the average adult male, the average adult female has

A)more water and more adipose tissue.
B)more water and less adipose tissue.
C)less water and more adipose tissue.
D)less water and less adipose tissue.

Question 11

Thirst is triggered when total body water decreases by as little as

A)1%.
B)10%.
C)25%.
D)58%.

Question 12

Which is the largest compartment of extracellular water?

A)Plasma
B)Lymph
C)Interstitial fluid
D)Transcellular fluid

Question 13

The movement of water between fluid compartments is regulated primarily by

A)diffusion and osmosis.
B)hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure.
C)pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
D)active and passive transport.

Question 14

Intracellular fluids have high concentrations of

A)chloride and potassium ions.
B)sodium and phosphate ions.
C)potassium and phosphate ions.
D)sodium and chloride ions.

Question 15

Marielle is very thirsty following her tennis game. She drinks for a few minutes, then stops. The stimulus to stop drinking comes from

A)distension of her stomach.
B)hormones secreted by stomach cells.
C)changes in intracellular fluid concentration.
D)changes in extracellular fluid concentration.

Question 16

Which of the following body compartments is correctly matched with its location in the body?

A)Intracellular:all fluids outside cells
B)Extracellular:fluid in tissue spaces, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
C)Extracellular:fluid in cells
D)Transcellular:between the lipid layers of cell membranes

Question 17

You never feel thirsty even though your body frequently becomes dehydrated. Your doctor suspects that the problem might be an imbalance or abnormality in your brain. The doctor will want to do neuroimaging of your

A)thalamus.
B)hypothalamus.
C)midbrain.
D)medulla oblongata.

Question 18

Transcellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes in the

A)cerebrospinal fluid.
B)interstitial fluid.
C)blood vessels.
D)cytoplasm.

Question 19

Extracellular fluids have relatively

A)high sodium and low potassium ion concentrations.
B)high sodium and high potassium ion concentrations.
C)low sodium and low potassium ion concentrations.
D)low sodium and high potassium ion concentrations.

Question 20

Water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent because

A)water dissolves in electrolytes.
B)water and electrolytes are both in an ionic state in the blood.
C)both form ions in blood.
D)electrolytes are dissolved in water.

Question 21

A researcher wants to study the different electrolytes released by the human body. Which of the following sources should they use to gather the largest quantities of electrolyte output?

A)Feces
B)Urine
C)Sweat
D)Respiratory perspiration

Question 22

An important stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone is

A)increasing potassium ion concentration.
B)decreasing potassium ion concentration.
C)increasing sodium ion concentration.
D)increasing calcium ion concentration.

Question 23

A growing child develops overactive parathyroid glands, leading to chronic hypercalcemia. Which of the following is most likely a symptom the child will experience?

A)Stunted growth due to constant osteoclast stimulation and release of calcium from bones
B)Cardiac arrhythmia caused by lack of calcium
C)High concentration of calcium excreted in the urine
D)High plasma phosphate concentration

Question 24

Maxwell has just finished a brutal 10 kilometer run. His body has

A)an increased production of carbonic acid and increased pH of body fluids.
B)an increased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.
C)a decreased production of carbonic acid, and increased pH of body fluids.
D)a decreased production of carbonic acid and decreased pH of body fluids.

Question 25

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis include

A)light headedness.
B)agitation.
C)tingling sensations.
D)all of the answer choices are correct.

Question 26

If excess water enters the body,

A)ADH release increases.
B)more water is reabsorbed from the renal tubules.
C)osmoreceptors in the brain swell.
D)the collecting duct becomes more permeable to water.

Question 27

The parts of an amino acid that are important in the protein buffer system are the

A)amino and R groups.
B)amino and carboxyl groups.
C)monocarbonate and bicarbonate groups.
D)monohydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate groups.

Question 28

Which of the following would be most helpful in treating hypocalcemia?

A)Removing the parathyroid glands
B)Administering high doses of vitamin D and calcium salts
C)Stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys
D)Avoiding foods that are high in calcium

Question 29

Acid-base buffers are the first line of defense against shifts in pH because

A)they occur closest to the skin.
B)they are slow and prolonged.
C)they occur in everyone.
D)they are fast.

Question 30

When sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are

A)actively reabsorbed.
B)passively reabsorbed.
C)secreted.
D)reabsorbed.

Question 31

Acidosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is

A)below 4.5.
B)above 4.5.
C)below 7.35.
D)above 7.35.

Question 32

Which of the following metabolic processes releases hydrogen ions to body fluids?

A)Respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis
B)Aerobic respiration of glucose
C)Production of carbonic acid
D)Monohydrogen phosphate ions converting into dihydrogen phosphate

Question 33

The respiratory center is most likely to increase the breathing rate if the

A)concentration of carbonic acid is decreasing.
B)pH of body fluids is decreasing.
C)pH of body fluids is increasing.
D)concentration of sodium bicarbonate is increasing.

Question 34

Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by

A)converting weak acids to strong acids.
B)converting strong acids to weak acids.
C)increasing breathing rate.
D)promoting the excretion of hydrogen ions.

Question 35

The hormone aldosterone promotes the

A)reabsorption of sodium ions.
B)secretion of sodium ions.
C)reabsorption of potassium ions.
D)secretion of calcium ions.

Question 36

A doctor is trying to help a woman get rid of arsenic found in her system. One way to do this is to force it to be excreted quickly in the urine. To promote this, the doctor should give her

A)ADH.
B)angiotensinogen.
C)renin.
D)a diuretic.

Question 37

Heather donated the maximum allowed amount of blood at a blood drive, which is around 10% of her total blood volume. How will this affect her thirst mechanism?

A)Distension of her stomach by the loss of blood will trigger thirst.
B)Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and make her feel thirsty.
C)Her loss of blood volume will stimulate the cardiovascular system to signal the thirst center and stop her from feeling thirsty.
D)The renin-angiotensin system will release hormones to stop her from feeling thirsty.

Question 38

Which of the following is a physiological buffer?

A)Bicarbonate buffer
B)Phosphate buffer
C)Protein buffer
D)Renal mechanism

Question 39

Sam has had two large bottles of water to drink today, about 1,500mL of water in total. He is concerned that he hasn't consumed the recommended average amount of water intake for the day. He should reach the daily average as long as he

A)tries not to urinate that day.
B)eats food containing at least 750mL of water.
C)stays out of the sun and doesn't sweat at all.
D)drinks another 250mL of water.

Question 40

A person in a moderate environment would lose the greatest volume of water in

A)sweat.
B)mucus.
C)feces.
D)urine.

Question 41

A buffer system in blood involves

A)the chloride shift through the cell membranes.
B)deoxyhemoglobin generated in white blood cells.
C)phosphate buffer in the renal system.
D)hemoglobin binding hydrogen ions in red blood cells.

Question 42

A county fair held a water-drinking contest where people competed to see who could drink the most water in a set amount of time. During the competition, a man drank three gallons of water in under an hour and a half. Unfortunately, this killed him several hours after he won the competition. What killed the man?

A)He consumed an amount of water that his body could not use. His body responded by trying to get rid of some of the water through respiratory perspiration, and he drowned.
B)The increase in water content stimulated his body to secrete lethal amounts of aldosterone.
C)The concentration of sodium in his body tripled and caused his nervous system to stop working.
D)His electrolytes became incredibly diluted, causing water to rush into cells and make them burst.

Question 43

What is edema?

A)A response to dehydration
B)Hyperproteinemia
C)Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
D)Decreased venous pressure

Question 44

Diabetes mellitus, in which fatty acids react to produce ketone bodies, leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 45

Metabolic alkalosis may be caused by

A)prolonged vomiting of only stomach contents.
B)respiratory obstructions.
C)pneumonia.
D)prolonged diarrhea.

Question 46

A person is experiencing severe heartburn. To compensate for their pain, they take 9 sodium bicarbonate-based antacids, which is more than triple the recommended dosage. What condition will they likely experience once the main ingredient of the antacid fully hydrolyzes?

A)Respiratory acidosis
B)Respiratory alkalosis
C)Metabolic acidosis
D)Metabolic alkalosis

Question 47

Water intoxication is associated with which condition?

A)Hypoglycemia
B)Hypocalcemia
C)Hyponatremia
D)Hypoxia

Question 48

Hyperventilation leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 49

One of the main ingredients in a common antacid is sodium bicarbonate. Which of the following best explains the antacid properties of this ingredient?

A)The bicarbonate of sodium bicarbonate binds to hydrogen atoms in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH while neutralizing acid.
B)The sodium of sodium bicarbonate binds to OH⁻ in the environment of the stomach and raises the pH, neutralizing acid.
C)NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate)dissociates into Na⁺ + HCO₃⁻. Then, HCO₃⁻ breaks down into  H⁺, CO₂, and C.
D)NaHCO₃ (sodium bicarbonate)dissociates into  Na⁺ and H₂CO₃. Then, H₂CO₃ breaks down into H⁺ and HCO₃⁻.

Question 50

Baby Britney develops a respiratory infection in both lungs. The infection causes an accumulation of fluid in her alveoli. Which of the following conditions will occur as a result?

A)Respiratory acidosis
B)Respiratory alkalosis
C)Metabolic acidosis
D)Metabolic alkalosis

Question 51

Prolonged vomiting, in which only the stomach contents are lost, leads to

A)respiratory acidosis.
B)respiratory alkalosis.
C)metabolic acidosis.
D)metabolic alkalosis.

Question 52

Respiratory alkalosis can be

A)caused by anything that decreases breathing rate.
B)compensated for by a increased secretion of bases by the kidneys.
C)compensated for by a decreased respiratory rate.
D)characterized by muscle paralysis.

Question 53

Dehydration can be caused by

A)excessive water intake.
B)prolonged sleep deprivation.
C)prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea.
D)obstruction of airways.

Question 54

A strong acid is one that ________ and an example is ________.

A)ionizes more completely; H₂CO₃
B)ionizes less completely; H₂SO₄
C)releases less H⁺; H₃PO₄
D)ionizes more completely; HCl

Question 55

Baby Britney develops a respiratory infection in both lungs. The infection causes an accumulation of fluid in her alveoli. Which of the following describes a way her body will try to compensate for the pH-related condition she will develop?

A)Decrease the breathing rate
B)Reduce the gas exchange surface area
C)Retain more H+ in the kidneys
D)Increase rate and depth of breathing

Question 56

A person is experiencing severe heartburn. To compensate for their pain, they take 9 sodium bicarbonate-based antacids, which is more than triple the recommended dosage. Which of the following is NOT a way the body can compensate to react to the pH-related condition this overdose will produce?

A)The kidneys reabsorb hydrogen ions and decrease their secretion into the urine.
B)The respiratory centers will cause an increased breathing rate and depth to release CO₂.
C)Dihydrogen phosphate in the extracellular environments will dissociate to release H⁺ ions.
D)In the blood, amino acid chains of structures like hemoglobin will release H⁺ ions from -COOH and -NH₃⁺ groups.

Question 57

The sequence of symptoms of heatstroke is

A)neurological symptoms, dizziness, skin reddening, and then headache and racing heart.
B)headache, dizziness, exhaustion, then sweating, which stops as the skin becomes red, hot, and dry.
C)intense itching, profuse sweating, kidney failure, racing pulse, headache.
D)fever, itching, redness, headache, numb extremities, vomiting.

Question 58

Alkalosis is a condition in which the pH of arterial blood is

A)below 7.35.
B)above 7.35.
C)below 7.45.
D)above 7.45.

Question 59

Water intoxication causes

A)low blood sodium.
B)high blood sodium.
C)low blood potassium.
D)abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid.

Question 60

People who are at high risk for heatstroke include

A)infants and people prone to fevers.
B)people who have mice for pets.
C)mountain climbers and elderly marathoners.
D)athletes who exercise in high heat and soldiers in the desert.

Question 61

The kidneys help to regulate the hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids by altering the rate at which hydrogen ions are secreted.

Question 62

Kidneys help to regulate acid-base balance of the blood by secreting OH⁻.

Question 63

Water obtained as a by-product of the oxidation of various nutrients is called water of ________.

Question 64

Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules.

Question 65

Chemical buffer systems act rapidly against shifts in pH, whereas physiological buffer systems function more slowly.

Question 66

The hormone ADH is released from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Question 67

Sometimes the carboxyl groups of proteins release hydrogen ions.

Question 68

A blood pH of 7.2 inhibits the respiratory center in the brainstem and decreases CO₂ level.

Question 69

Normally, fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries as a result of active transport.

Question 70

Which of the following can be associated with hypernatremia?

A)Hypothermia
B)Low levels of ADH
C)Hot skin, lack of sweating, and kidney failure
D)Extreme retention of water

Question 71

Factors that alter water balance will also alter electrolyte balance.

Question 72

The ________ fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes enclosed by a cell membrane.

Question 73

Addison disease is characterized by

A)aldosterone deficiency and loss of extracellular sodium.
B)aldosterone deficiency and gain of extracellular sodium.
C)aldosterone excess and loss of extracellular sodium.
D)aldosterone excess and gain of extracellular sodium.

Question 74

The greatest output of electrolytes normally is in urine.

Question 75

The thirst mechanism is usually not triggered until the volume of the body water has been decreased by 5-10%.

Question 76

Effects of hypokalemia include

A)muscle weakness.
B)acne.
C)sweating.
D)diabetes.

Question 77

In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times.

Question 78

When proteins can acts as a buffer system, their -COOH groups can accept H⁺ in the presence of excess acid, and their NH₃ groups can release H⁺ in the presence of excess base.

Question 79

A nurse is administering a high-concentration potassium solution to a patient with a diet-based potassium deficiency. Unaware of the initial treatment, another nurse administers a drug that inhibits secretion of aldosterone to treat the same deficiency. Which of the following conditions will most likely occur as a result? 

A)Hypokalemia
B)Hypocalcemia
C)Hypercalcemia
D)Hyperkalemia

Question 80

The volume of urine produced is regulated mainly by the activity in the distal convoluted tubules and ________ ducts.