Deck 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

Question 1

Which of the following best characterizes popular religion on the eve of the Reformation?

A)People sought certainty of salvation through a variety of means including the veneration of relics and the purchase of indulgences.
B)There was a marked decline in popular religious piety in the fifteenth century, as only elites exhibited interest in religion.
C)Most ordinary people were actively engaged in grassroots efforts to do away with orthodox beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church.
D)Many popular religious movements placed their emphasis not only on Christ but on the teaching of the Old Testament.
E)Most Europeans rejected organized religion in favor of secular Renaissance humanism.

Answer 1

People sought certainty of salvation through a variety of means including the veneration of relics and the purchase of indulgences.

Question 2

In 1526 the Ottoman Turks, under Suleiman the Magnificent, defeated King Louis of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Henry VIII had no male heirs survive him.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The early fifteenth-century religious reformer who was burned at the stake was

A)John Wycliffe.
B)Erasmus.
C)Ignatius of Loyola.
D)John Calvin.
E)John Hus.

Question 5

The northern Christian humanists

A)wished to continue the complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages.
B)were characterized by their pessimistic view of human nature.
C)did not believe that education could increase personal piety.
D)rejected the simple religion of the early Church.
E)championed the study of classical and early Christian texts to reform the Catholic Church.

Question 6

For Luther, the only sure source of truth and the only reliable path of faith, other than justification, was

A)the opinions of scholars.
B)the decisions of church councils.
C)the authority of the pope.
D)the Bible.
E)the decrees of powerful abbots.

Question 7

The author of Utopia, a satire on European government and society, was

A)Giovanni Boccaccio.
B)Desiderius Erasmus.
C)Thomas à Kepmis.
D)William Shakespeare.
E)Thomas More.

Question 8

The concept of a "priesthood of all believers" is associated with the religious reformer Ignatius of Loyola.

Question 9

The St.Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 involved the massacring of nearly 3,000 Huguenots in Paris.

Question 10

Which of the following statements concerning Desiderius Erasmus is NOT true?

A)He de-emphasized external forms of religion such as pilgrimages and fasts.
B)He believed the Vulgate contained errors and published a new translation of the New Testament.
C)Contemporaries claimed "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched."
D)He actively sought to destroy the unity of the medieval Christian church.
E)His The Praise of Folly was a scathing indictment of the abuses of the church.

Question 11

The reforming religious organization of the late fifteenth century that included both clergy and laymen was the

A)Augustinians.
B)Jesuits.
C)Oratory of Divine Love.
D)Beguines.
E)Order of Humanists.

Question 12

In his On the Freedom of a Christian Man, Martin Luther emphasized the primacy of works in securing salvation.

Question 13

Thomas More's Utopia served as a blistering criticism of the Catholic Church and a call for theological reform.

Question 14

​Ulrich Zwingli's most important contribution to the reform movement was his work Institutes of the Christian Religion.

Question 15

Luther's religious crisis came to a head over his growing belief that

A)the Bible had passages which were contradictory.
B)the legitimacy of the Catholic Church should never be questioned.
C)no amount of good works could satisfy God's righteousness.
D)an all-powerful God did not care about humans.
E)there seemed to be no sure proof of God's existence.

Question 16

In his "philosophy of Christ," Erasmus emphasized

A)the role of priests.
B)a strictly structured and hierarchical society.
C)inner piety.
D)study of Classical Roman texts.
E)eradicating heretics.

Question 17

The author of Spiritual Exercises, the key work of the Catholic Reformation, was Pope Paul III.

Question 18

The Anabaptist leader who spread peaceful, evangelical Anabaptism that emphasized separation from the world as a means of better emulating Christ was Menno Simmons.

Question 19

Desiderius Erasmus stressed the quest for inner piety rather than the external forms of religiosity such as the sacraments, pilgrimages, and fasts.

Question 20

Protestant schools in Germany avoided teaching the liberal arts, choosing instead to focus on their most important book, the Bible.

Question 21

The Reformation in England under Henry VIII

A)was triggered by Henry's desire for a male heir.
B)enacted a total renunciation of Catholic doctrine.
C)was organized and enacted by Thomas More.
D)resulted in Parliament's authority over all matters of religious doctrine and discipline.
E)stemmed from overwhelming discontent with the Catholic Church in England.

Question 22

Luther's break with the church was prompted by

A)the Council of Pisa's declaration that maintained the necessity of purgatory for salvation.
B)the increase of papal taxes on the German peasantry.
C)widespread sale of indulgences by preaching monks.
D)the declaration that the German clergy must pay taxes.
E)the papacy's threat to depose the German emperor.

Question 23

At its outset, the Reformation in Germany was

A)a purely rural phenomenon.
B)largely an urban phenomenon.
C)a movement with strong urban and rural backing.
D)unilaterally rejected by the clergy.
E)restricted to southern Germany alone.

Question 24

The Peace of Augsburg settled the Lutheran problem by adopting the principle that

A)states north of the Main River would be Lutheran while those to the south would be Catholic.
B)each territory would hold popular elections to determine its religion.
C)there would be religious toleration throughout Germany.
D)Protestants would accept the authority of the papacy.
E)the ruler of each territory determined the religion there.

Question 25

Which of the following was NOT a central belief of Lutheranism?

A)Justification is by faith alone.
B)Only two of the Catholic sacraments were accurate and worth keeping.
C)God's word is found in scripture alone.
D)The pope is a false representative of Christ on earth.
E)The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church.

Question 26

Which of the following was a means by which Luther's ideas were spread?

A)His translation of the New Testament into German.
B)Pamphlets illustrated with woodcuts.
C)Sermons.
D)Hymn lyrics that taught the Gospel.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 27

The Anabaptists

A)gained most popularity in England and Ireland.
B)were not regarded as a political threat, as they preached separation between church and state.
C)were founded by Conrad Grebel, beginning as an elitist movement.
D)advocated adult baptism, and if they had been baptized as children, a second baptism.
E)peacefully merged with the Calvinists and Lutherans.

Question 28

Luther's pamphlet, The Address to the Nobility of the German Nation​,

A)attacked the sacramental system of the church.
B)focused on the doctrine of salvation and promoted faith works.
C)called on the German princes to overthrow the papacy in German lands.
D)attacked abuses of the Greek Orthodox Church.
E)provided a defense of the doctrine of transubstantiation.

Question 29

In the eastern part of his empire, Charles V faced a threat to his power from

A)France.
B)the Austrian empire.
C)the League of Cambrai.
D)Muscovy.
E)the Ottoman empire.

Question 30

Though Luther was condemned at the Diet of Worms, he survived because he was protected by

A)the Emperor Charles V.
B)the chancellor of the University of Wittenberg.
C)a writ of habeas corpus.
D)Ulrich Zwingli.
E)the Elector of Saxony.

Question 31

Concerning the sacraments of the Catholic Church, Luther

A)accepted all seven.
B)rejected all of them except baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper.
C)claimed marriage as the only true sacrament.
D)eliminated extreme unction.
E)eliminated only clerical celibacy.

Question 32

Millenarianism is the belief that

A)all Christians go to heaven.
B)all priests are impious.
C)the end of the world is imminent.
D)private property among Christians is immoral.
E)the first millennium was superior to the second, from the vantage point of the 16th century.

Question 33

In the sixteenth century, Switzerland

A)was unified under the firm control of the Holy Roman Empire.
B)was a leader in promoting Renaissance humanist education.
C)became Europe's greatest economic power under the Swiss confederation.
D)was the principal source of religious books in all of Europe.
E)was made up of thirteen cantons, under the leadership of wealthy bourgeoisie.

Question 34

The Swiss religious reformer who established the Protestant Reformation in Zürich was

A)Philip Melanchthon.
B)Jacob Hutter.
C)Ulrich Zwingli.
D)Michael Servetus.
E)John Calvin.

Question 35

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's CHIEF rival was

A)Henry VIII of England.
B)Ludwig II of Bavaria.
C)Charles XII of Sweden.
D)Francis I of France.
E)Pope Clement VII.

Question 36

The Peasants' War of 1524-1525

A)was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon.
B)furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C)was praised by Luther, as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.
D)was strongly opposed by Luther, who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
E)had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs.

Question 37

The Edict of Worms

A)contained Luther's refutation of Johann Eck's accusations.
B)expressed Luther's rejection of Pope Innocent I's spiritual authority.
C)called Luther to appear before Emperor Charles V to recant his "heresies."
D)made Luther an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire.
E)led to Luther's forcible removal to Rome.

Question 38

The Peace of Augsburg brought an end to

A)the Peasants' War.
B)the Habsburg-Valois Wars.
C)Charles V's war with the Schmalkaldic League.
D)war between the Holy Roman Empire and the Turks.
E)the conflict between Luther and Zwingli.

Question 39

Luther's ideas were most readily accepted in

A)England.
B)France.
C)Italy.
D)Spain.
E)Scandinavia.

Question 40

Zwingli's interpretation of the Lord's Supper differed from Luther's in that

A)Luther held to the Catholic belief in transubstantiation.
B)Luther said that the ceremony was totally symbolic.
C)Zwingli said the ceremony was only symbolic and that no real transformation in the bread and wine occurred.
D)Luther claimed the ceremony was only symbolic and that no transformation in the bread and wine occurred.
E)Zwingli held to the Catholic belief in transubstantiation.

Question 41

"Bloody Mary" Tudor earned her nickname by executing more than 300

A)Irish aristocrats.
B)Protestants.
C)Catholics.
D)Welsh clergymen.
E)Scottish rebels.

Question 42

During the 1540s the turning point in the direction of the Catholic Reformation was exemplified by

A)Pope Paul III, who proved to be an ultra-conservative in refusing possible changes within the church.
B)the Roman Inquisition and the creation of the Index of Forbidden Books.
C)the Council of Trent, which invited Protestants to discuss their doctrines.
D)the pontificate of Paul IV, a moderate pope who proposed to adjudicate all Catholic-Protestant disputes.
E)the recognition that the Jesuits would serve as the ultimate authority in the Catholic Church.

Question 43

Ignatius of Loyola was the founder of

A)the Capuchin Order.
B)the Brothers of the Common Life.
C)the Society of Jesus.
D)the Swiss Brethren.
E)the Dominican Order.

Question 44

Calvin believed that salvation might be indicated by

A)a secret profession of faith.
B)a decent and godly life.
C)participation in the seven sacraments of the medieval church.
D)worldly success.
E)material wealth.

Question 45

The Reformation changed conceptions of the family by

A)substantially transforming women's subordinate place in society.
B)creating new career avenues for women outside the home.
C)extolling the superior state of marriage over celibacy.
D)encouraging women to take more dominant roles in religious life.
E)establishing exclusively Protestant nunneries.

Question 46

England's Queen Elizabeth could best be described as a

A)pious Catholic.
B)fervent Calvinist.
C)committed Lutheran.
D)passionate Puritan.
E)moderate Protestant.

Question 47

In France, the Protestant minority was known as

A)Anabaptists.
B)Huguenots.
C)Guises.
D)Anglicans.
E)Lutherans.

Question 48

In France, the politiques were

A)heads of various religious and political factions during the civil wars.
B)administrators in provincial towns, appointed by the king.
C)those who placed politics ahead of religion in an attempt to end the wars of religion.
D)advisors to Catherine de' Medici.
E)always the chief ministers to the kings.

Question 49

Calvin's success in which city enabled it to become the vibrant center of Protestantism?

A)Geneva.
B)Paris.
C)Edinburgh.
D)London.
E)Worms.

Question 50

The Council of Trent

A)compromised with the Protestants on the doctrine of justification by faith.
B)agreed with most Protestants that there were only two sacraments.
C)reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs against the Reformation.
D)asserted the importance of doctrine over ritual.
E)placed church councils above the authority of the popes.

Question 51

The Jesuit missionary who propagated Christianity in India, Malacca and the Moluccas, and Japan was

A)Ignatius of Loyola.
B)Thomas More.
C)Saint Teresa of Avila.
D)Francis Xavier.
E)Dominic Guzman.

Question 52

The Reformation successfully abolished all of the following from the lives of Europe's Protestant community EXCEPT for

A)indulgences.
B)the celebrations of religious saints' days.
C)taverns.
D)clerical celibacy.
E)monasteries and nunneries.

Question 53

All of the following is true of the Edict of Nantes EXCEPT that it

A)was an acknowledgment that Catholicism was the official religion in France.
B)expelled the Huguenots from France.
C)recognized the rights of the Protestant minority.
D)was a decision made out of political necessity.
E)was an attempt to reduce religious violence in France.

Question 54

The greatest advocate of militant Catholicism was

A)Philip II of Spain.
B)Henry VII of England.
C)Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.
D)Henry IV of France.
E)James IV of Scotland.

Question 55

Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn ended when he executed her for

A)speaking publicly against his reign.
B)heresy.
C)bigamy.
D)adultery.
E)infertility.

Question 56

Resistance to Spanish rule in the Netherlands was led by

A)the duke of Alva.
B)William of Orange.
C)the prince of Parma.
D)Philip II.
E)Henry of Nassau.

Question 57

Which of the following are among the chief characteristics of John Calvin's reform movement?

A)Calvin's acceptance of "justification by faith alone."
B)predestination and the absolute sovereignty of God.
C)the belief that humans must obey secular authorities.
D)a belief in congregational church covenant.
E)a tolerance for all forms of Christianity but none for other religions, including Judaism.

Question 58

England's break with the Roman church became official with the passage of the

A)Act of Union.
B)Six Articles.
C)Act of Toleration.
D)Act of Succession.
E)Act of Supremacy.

Question 59

The importation of silver from the New World to Spain resulted in

A)the Industrial Revolution.
B)the Commercial Revolution.
C)deflation.
D)the Agricultural Revolution.
E)inflation.

Question 60

The Reformation affected the development of education in Europe by

A)rejecting higher education as unnecessary in a faith dominated by works.
B)restricting access to Protestant schooling to the nobility and wealthier urban patricians.
C)eradicating all humanist influences in schooling.
D)expanding public access to primary schooling and improving secondary schooling through the gymnasium.
E)the exclusive use of textbooks in Latin.

Question 61

What impact did Reformation doctrines have on the family, education, and popular religious practices?

Question 62

What was the nature of Martin Luther's personal religious crisis, and how did he solve it? How did Luther's religious ideas differ from those of Catholicism?

Question 63

Would you characterize the Reformation and Counter-Reformation as popular movements or as the result of carefully orchestrated policies formulated by clerical and secular leaders? To what degree did the peoples of Europe make reform, and to what degree did figures of spiritual and temporal authority?

Question 64

How would you characterize the state of the papal church on the eve of Reformation? In what ways do manifestations of popular piety indicate a vibrant church, and in what ways do criticisms of the church indicate dissatisfaction with institutional religion?

Question 65

What was Christian humanism, and how did it help prepare the way for the Protestant Reformation? Did Erasmus' works pave the way for Luther's break with Rome and Catholicism? How?

Question 66

What role did politics play in the expansion of Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia?

Question 67

Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Calvinism and Lutheranism.What were their main points of similarity and dissimilarity? Why did Calvinism become the major international form of Protestantism?

Question 68

What were the contributions of the papacy, Council of Trent, and the Jesuits to the revival of Catholicism? In what ways are the titles "Catholic Reformation" and "Counter-Reformation" both accurate descriptors of the Catholic Church's sixteenth-century revitalization?

Question 69

Compare and contrast the chief ideas of Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Lutheranism.What did they have in common? How were they different?

Question 70

Victory over the Spanish Armada at the end of the sixteenth century was achieved by

A)France.
B)the Holy Roman Empire.
C)England.
D)the Ottoman Empire.
E)the Netherlands.

Question 71

How did the English Reformation differ from the course of religious reform in other countries? Be sure to mention specific monarchs and acts of Parliament.