Deck 29: The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Question 1

Under the right conditions, _______ organize into a fruiting structure for reproduction.

A) septa
B) mycelia
C) hyphae
D) coenocytic hyphae
E) rhizoids

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The fundamental simple filament unit of a multicellular fungus is called a

A) dikaryon.
B) hypha.
C) rhizoid.
D) mycelium.
E) haustorium.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The hyphae of a multicellular fungus are organized into profusely branching complexes called

A) dikaryons.
B) heterokaryons.
C) rhizoids.
D) mycelia.
E) arbuscules.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Secretion of digestive enzymes to break down food molecules and then absorption of the breakdown products through the plasma membrane is termed

A) flagella.
B) ingestive heterotrophy.
C) assimilation.
D) autotrophism.
E) absorptive heterotrophy.

Question 5

Which characteristics do coenocytic hyphae and septate hyphae have in common?

A) Multiple nuclei not separated by cross walls
B) Single nuclei enclosed by cell walls
C) Cell walls and nuclei
D) Septa and cell walls
E) Cells lacking a cell wall and enclosed only by a cell membrane

Question 6

Yeasts may be characterized as

A) primitive fungi of the phylum Zygomycota.
B) unicellular forms of several different fungal phyla.
C) the fungal components of lichens.
D) simple members of the fungal phylum Basidiomycota.
E) primitive fungi of the phylum Chytridiomycota.

Question 7

Which of the following is a synapomorphy for the fungi?

A) Parasitism
B) Spores
C) Heterotrophy
D) Chitin in the cell walls
E) Asexual reproduction

Question 8

In terrestrial ecosystems, a major role of saprobic fungi is to

A) trap atmospheric CO₂.
B) break down carbon compounds.
C) act as pathogens of plants and animals.
D) parasitize plants and animals.
E) release NH₄⁺ into the environment.

Question 9

Compared with a mycelium with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 3:1, a mycelium with a surface area-to-volume ratio of 4:1 will

A) lose water more quickly.
B) lose water more slowly.
C) take up nutrients more slowly.
D) take up nutrients more quickly.
E) become a different mating type.

Question 10

Rhizoids, which function to attach the fungus to a substrate, are a modified form of which of the following?

A) Septa
B) Mycelia
C) Hyphae
D) Coenocytic hyphae
E) Fruiting bodies

Question 11

Which environment would most likely harbor diverse and prolific fungal populations?

A) Rocky terrain, with few plants or animals
B) A hot, sunny desert with minimal annual rainfall
C) A shady and damp forest floor covered in leaf litter
D) A patch of soil exposed to constant fluctuations in moisture level
E) A bright and cool prairie with little animal disturbance

Question 12

Many fungi are _______, associating with photosynthetic organisms only after those organisms have died.

A) symbiotic
B) parasitic
C) saprobic
D) photosynthetic
E) predatory

Question 13

The primary biochemical component(s) of the fungal cell wall is/are

A) chitin.
B) glycogen.
C) cellulose.
D) a phospholipid bilayer.
E) calcium and magnesium pectates.

Question 14

In the life cycle of a fungus, the fruiting structure

A) attracts predators away from the underground mycelium.
B) carries out gas exchange with the atmosphere.
C) produces spores for reproduction.
D) absorbs light for photosynthesis.
E) supplies nutrients to the underground mycelium.

Question 15

The preference of saprobic fungi for sugars indicates their importance in the global cycling of

A) phosphorus.
B) sulfur.
C) nitrogen.
D) carbon.
E) water.

Question 16

The cell wall polysaccharide chitin differs from cellulose in that it contains

A) sulfur.
B) potassium.
C) phosphorus.
D) nitrogen.
E) silica.

Question 17

_______ are made of up multiple hyphae and may grow underground over a wide area.

A) Septa
B) Mycelia
C) Rhizoids
D) Coenocytic hyphae
E) Fruiting bodies

Question 18

An unknown organism can be identified as a fungus if it

A) is multicellular and photosynthetic.
B) lacks cell walls and reproduces by spores.
C) has prokaryotic cells and cell walls made of cellulose.
D) has cell walls made of chitin and obtains its food by absorptive heterotrophy.
E) is unicellular and eukaryotic.

Question 19

Like other opisthokonts, some fungi have _______ flagellum/flagella in a(n) _______ position.

A) two; anterior
B) two; posterior
C) two; lateral
D) one; anterior
E) one; posterior

Question 20

Pores in the surfaces of _______ allow cell organelles and cytoplasm to pass through.

A) septa
B) mycelia
C) hyphae
D) coenocytic hyphae
E) fruiting bodies

Question 21

Refer to the figure. The figure shows a

A) fast-growing lichen able to thrive on exposed surfaces with minimal nutritional input.
B) lichen that does not yet possess a partnership with photosynthetic bacteria or algae.
C) fungus experiencing a loss of chlorophyll due to high light exposure.
D) crustose lichen tightly adhered to its rocky substrate.
E) foliose lichen growing parallel to its substrate.

Question 22

Which human disease is not caused by a fungus?

A) Pneumonia
B) AIDS
C) Athlete's foot
D) Ringworm
E) Esophagitis

Question 23

Approximately _______ percent of fungal species form lichens.

A) 2
B) 12
C) 20
D) 50
E) 80

Question 24

Hyphae of Arthrobotrys dactyloides that form a constricting ring to trap, invade, and digest nematodes are considered

A) saprobic.
B) competitive.
C) predatory.
D) parasitic.
E) mutualistic.

Question 25

Fungi that grow in association with the roots of eucalyptus, providing the plants with minerals, are considered

A) saprobic.
B) competitive.
C) predatory.
D) parasitic.
E) mutualistic.

Question 26

Which of the following is likely to be associated with parasitic relationships between plants and fungi?

A) Formation of haustoria on the fungal hyphae
B) A lack of chlorophyll in the plants
C) Absence of fungal fruiting structures
D) Formation of arbuscular structures within the plant root
E) Production of alkaloids that are toxic to animals within the plant leaf

Question 27

Lichens acquire energy via

A) decaying matter.
B) photosynthesis.
C) parasitism.
D) minerals in the air and precipitation.
E) chemosynthesis of minerals in rocks.

Question 28

Fungi that break down a fallen tree are considered

A) saprobic.
B) competitive.
C) predatory.
D) parasitic.
E) mutualistic.

Question 29

Which statement about how fungi obtain nitrogen is false?

A) They can use atmospheric nitrogen directly.
B) They can use nitrate ions.
C) They can obtain nitrogen from ammonium.
D) They can obtain nitrogen from proteins.
E) They can absorb nitrogen from decomposing organic material.

Question 30

Which statement regarding the spread of fungi is true?

A) As environmental conditions become unfavorable, fungi invest less energy in the production of spores.
B) Because fungal spores are so small, they can be carried by wind or water far from the parent organism.
C) Fungal spores are a product of karyogamy and contain twice the genetic information of the parent organism.
D) Fungal spores cannot germinate into new individuals until they are fertilized by a spore of a different mating type.
E) Most fungi depend on animals to disperse their spores.

Question 31

Which component is part of the fungal partner in a lichen?

A) Chitin
B) Chlorophyll
C) Calcium carbonate
D) Keratin similar to that found in fingernails
E) Cellulose

Question 32

A lichen, in which both partner organisms benefit, is considered

A) saprobic.
B) competitive.
C) predatory.
D) parasitic.
E) mutualistic.

Question 33

Why is it difficult to develop drugs that specifically target parasitic fungi in human hosts?

A) There are insufficient numbers of test subjects for developing drugs because parasitic fungi are lethal to humans.
B) Fungal haustoria are embedded within human cells and are therefore difficult for drugs to reach.
C) Thick cell walls composed of chitin prevent drugs from being absorbed by the fungus.
D) Most antibiotics are obtained from fungi, making them resistant to these compounds.
E) The relatively close relationship between fungi and animals makes it difficult to find drugs that target unique features of fungal metabolism.

Question 34

Lichens are _______ associations involving an alga or bacterium, usually with a fungus of the group _______.

A) symbiotic; Basidiomycota
B) saprobic; Glomeromycota
C) parasitic; Basidiomycota
D) symbiotic; Ascomycota
E) parasitic; Zygomycota

Question 35

Black stem rust that draws nutrition from a wheat plant and damages the plant is considered

A) saprobic.
B) competitive.
C) predatory.
D) parasitic.
E) mutualistic.

Question 36

Within lichens, fungal hyphae tightly press against their photosynthetic symbiont, sometimes breaching the cell wall to invade these cells and encourage the "leak" of photosynthetic products.Despite the effect fungi have on their photosynthetic counterparts, what evidence supports the claim that lichens are an example of mutualism?

A) Some fungi involved in these associations can grow independently of their photosynthetic partners.
B) The fungal component protects the photosynthetic counterpart from accumulating too much sugar from photosynthesis.
C) In many places where lichens grow, the photosynthetic counterparts would be unable to survive without the fungal association.
D) The fungal component provides the photosynthetic cells with carbon, while the photosynthetic cells process this carbon into sugar for the fungus.
E) Genome sequencing of these photosynthetic counterparts shows key metabolic genes are missing, suggesting a dependence on the fungus to provide these metabolites.

Question 37

The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is of current ecological concern because of its effect on

A) atmospheric warming.
B) nutrient cycling in temperate forests.
C) amphibian populations in various parts of the world.
D) the health of aquarium fish.
E) immunocompromised humans, such as those infected with the AIDS virus.

Question 38

Refer to figure. Which statement best describes the relationship between the nematode and the fungus shown?

A) The fungus and nematode have a symbiotic relationship in which both benefit from each other.
B) The fungus acts as a predator, trapping the nematode and invading it with hyphae to extract nutrients.
C) The nematode is a parasite that takes nutrients from the fungus.
D) The fungus acts as a parasite, invading the nematode and living within the host, causing only minimal harm.
E) The nematode is a pathogen of fungi and consumes the hyphae as a source of carbon.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a source of carbon for saprobic fungi?

A) Cellulose
B) Calcium carbonate
C) Keratin
D) Complex polysaccharides such as lignin
E) Sugars

Question 40

Refer to the figure, which shows a fungal interaction with a plant cell. Which statement is an accurate description of this interaction?

A) The fungal hyphae have penetrated the plant cell and have broken through the cell membrane in order to obtain nutrients from the plant.
B) The fungus has formed haustoria that push directly against the plant plasma membrane in order to absorb nutrients secreted from the plant cell.
C) The fungal hyphae are ectomycorrhizae and have entered the plant cell in order to provide nitrogen in exchange for carbon compounds.
D) The fungus and plant cell have joined together in a symbiotic association to form a lichen.
E) The fungal hyphae are part of an arbuscular mycorrhizal network in which the fungus provides carbon to the plant in exchange for nitrogen.

Question 41

How do budding and fission differ?

A) Both are asexual forms of reproduction, but budding results from an asymmetrical division whereas fission produces two relatively equal daughter cells.
B) Both are asexual forms of reproduction, but budding results in two relatively equal daughter cells whereas fission produces an asymmetrical division.
C) Budding is asexual, while fission occurs as a result of sexual reproduction.
D) Fission is asexual, while budding occurs as a result of sexual reproduction.
E) Both are asexual forms of reproduction, but budding occurs during the multicellular stage whereas fission occurs during the single-cell stage of a fungus.

Question 42

Soredia are reproductive structures found in some

A) zygospore fungi.
B) yeasts.
C) Basidiomycota.
D) mycorrhizae.
E) lichens.

Question 43

In ectomycorrhizae, the fungal hyphae

A) enter the roots and penetrate the cell walls of the root cells.
B) form treelike growths on the outside of plant roots.
C) wrap around the root tips of the plant.
D) cause plant roots to become stunted and malformed.
E) invade the spaces between the vascular tissue cells of the plant roots.

Question 44

Mycorrhizae involve the formation of a fungal connection with the

A) leaves of a plant.
B) roots of a plant.
C) flowers of a plant.
D) photosynthetic apparatus of a plant.
E) epidermis of an invertebrate.

Question 45

Which statement about some chytrid fungi is true?

A) They have a dikaryotic stage in the life cycle.
B) They form rhizoids.
C) They have a cell wall made of cellulose.
D) They have mitosomes instead of mitochondria.
E) Their life cycle does not include a stage of swimming gametes with flagella.

Question 46

Which evolutionary hypothesis best explains why microsporidia lack mitochondria?

A) They became photosynthetic and could manufacture their own energy.
B) They became chemosynthetic and could manufacture their own energy.
C) They are primitive eukaryotes that never evolved this organelle.
D) They are prokaryotes like bacteria and thus lack nuclei and organelles.
E) They rely on a host organism for energy.

Question 47

Based on the features present in the chytrids, what is the most likely ancestral habitat of this fungal group?

A) Rhizoids present in the majority of chytrid groups indicate that they likely evolved on land and anchored to rocky substrates.
B) Flagellated spores and gametes indicate that chytrids first evolved in an aquatic environment.
C) The role of chytrids as mycorrhizae indicates that this group of fungi must have evolved on land in close association with plant roots.
D) Because of the morphological differences between male and female gametes, chytrids must have evolved as parasites within animals that share this trait.
E) Because of their ability to tolerate hot temperatures, chytrids most likely evolved near oceanic thermal vents.

Question 48

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.One nucleus in a cell immediately after plasmogamy has occurred has _______ chromosomes.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

Question 49

In contrast to plants and animals, sexual reproduction in fungi

A) is ubiquitous and has been demonstrated in all of the major fungal groups.
B) produces morphologically distinct male and female mating structures.
C) results from the fusion of genetically distinct mating types, rather than morphologically distinct gametes.
D) can only happen between individuals with the same mating type.
E) is not observed; all fungi reproduce only asexually.

Question 50

Which of the following is the best evolutionary explanation for the presence of flagellated cells in the life cycles of chytrids and their absence from other fungi?

A) Chytrids are specialized fungi that evolved this trait from fungal ancestors that lacked flagellated cells.
B) Presence of flagellated cells in chytrids shows that they are more closely related to animals and choanoflagellates than to actual fungi.
C) Chytrids evolved flagellated cells as an adaptation to living in water.
D) Flagella have evolved repeatedly in many different eukaryotic groups, and their presence is evolutionarily meaningless.
E) Flagellated cells in chytrids are a remnant of the common ancestry of fungi, animals, and choanoflagellates that has been lost in other fungi.

Question 51

Which process is involved in maintaining genetic diversity within a fungus population?

A) Fission
B) Formation of conidia
C) Budding
D) Plasmogamy
E) Formation of a monokaryotic mycelium

Question 52

Which of the following is the sister group to Basidiomycota?

A) Glomeromycota
B) Zygospore fungi
C) Chytrids
D) Lichens
E) Ascomycota

Question 53

The most reliable ways to distinguish between fungal groups are based on DNA analyses and

A) sexual reproduction structures.
B) modes of nutrition.
C) life cycle patterns.
D) vegetative structures.
E) cell wall composition.

Question 54

Two kinds of plants found in nitrogen-poor habitats that depend upon mycorrhizal associations with fungi in order to complete their life cycles are

A) maples and lilies.
B) orchids and cranberry bushes.
C) wheat and oats.
D) dandelions and crab grass.
E) sundews and pitcher plants.

Question 55

Which statement about the role of the flagellated spore in the life cycle of chytrid fungi is true?

A) It allows the spore to be dispersed by animals rather than by the wind.
B) It can grow directly into a multicellular haploid stage.
C) It can be carried on the wind for thousands of miles from its point of origin.
D) It can undergo meiosis.
E) It fuses with another spore to produce a zygote.

Question 56

Which is not a form of asexual reproduction in fungi?

A) Production of conidia
B) Budding
C) Production of a basidiospore
D) Simple breakage of the mycelium
E) Fission

Question 57

Refer to the figure. The structures in the show in the figure are

A) conidia, a means of asexual reproduction used by filamentous sac fungi.
B) ascospores, a product of sexual reproduction used by club fungi.
C) zygospores, which give rise to the male and female gametes of zygospore fungi.
D) produced by the gametangia of chytrids after fertilization occurs.
E) soredia, a form of asexual reproduction used by some lichens.

Question 58

Which structures and/or processes allow(s) a lichen to disperse to a new location?

A) Hyphae and mycelia
B) Mycelia and spores
C) Soredia and fragmentation of the thallus
D) Fragmentation of the thallus and mycelia
E) Hyphae and soredia

Question 59

Which group is not monophyletic?

A) Sac fungi
B) Chytrids
C) Club fungi
D) Dikarya
E) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Question 60

_______ produce gametes of two different sizes.

A) Zygospore fungi
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 61

Rhizopus is a type of mold that has coenocytic hyphae and only one diploid cell (the zygote) during its life cycle.It is therefore likely to belong to which of the following groups?

A) Basidiomycota
B) Yeasts
C) Zygospore fungi
D) Chytrids
E) Microsporidia

Question 62

All gill-forming mushrooms are

A) zygospore fungi.
B) chytrids.
C) Ascomycota.
D) Basidiomycota.
E) Glomeromycota.

Question 63

Refer to the figure. The figure shows a magnified image of structures lining the gills found on the underside of a mushroom.Which statement correctly describes the structures labeled A?

A) These structures are a product of asexual reproduction in sac fungi.
B) These structures contain a dikaryotic arrangement of nuclei.
C) These structures are a product of sexual reproduction in club fungi.
D) These structures arise from karyogamy and are diploid.
E) These structures result from plasmogamy and generate new gametes.

Question 64

"Dikaryotic" refers to cells of fungal hyphae that contain

A) two haploid nuclei.
B) two nuclei, either haploid or diploid.
C) one diploid nucleus.
D) one nucleus, either haploid or diploid.
E) one diploid nucleus, which splits into two haploid nuclei.

Question 65

The fungi for which there is no direct evidence of sexual reproduction are the

A) chytrids.
B) zygospore fungi.
C) Ascomycota.
D) Basidiomycota.
E) Glomeromycota.

Question 66

The sexual reproductive structure of club fungi is the

A) basidium.
B) zygospore.
C) chytridiospore.
D) glomerospore.
E) ascus.

Question 67

Karyogamy in a fungal life cycle involves

A) the fusion of two hyphal nuclei.
B) the formation of a motile sperm cell that swims to an egg cell.
C) the fusion of the cytoplasmic contents of two hyphae but not the nuclei.
D) the formation of multinucleate hyphae in which the nuclei are not separated by cell walls.
E) asexual reproduction.

Question 68

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.At the zygote stage, the fungus has _______ chromosomes.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

Question 69

_______ include molds, parasites such as the Dutch elm disease fungus, and epicurean delights such as morels and truffles.

A) Zygospore fungi
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 70

The Ascomycota are a diverse group of fungi with a characteristic reproductive structure called an ascus.The ascus is most equivalent to the _______ in the Basidiomycota.

A) sporangiophore
B) conidia
C) basidium
D) zygosporangium
E) basidioma

Question 71

Which statement about the dikaryotic stage of the life cycle of some fungi is true?

A) The dikaryon has swimming gametes with flagella.
B) The dikaryon is the only true diploid structure.
C) Meiosis occurs in the monokaryotic hyphae of the dikaryon.
D) The dikaryon is effectively neither diploid nor haploid.
E) Fungi with a dikaryon stage lack a true zygote stage.

Question 72

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.At the basidiospore stage, the fungus has _______ chromosomes.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

Question 73

Which species is an example of a club fungus?

A) The Dutch elm disease fungus
B) The chestnut blight fungus
C) Powdery mildew
D) Green fruit mold
E) Smut fungus

Question 74

_______ are the fungi within arbuscular mycorrhizae.

A) Zygospore fungi
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 75

_______ are found in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats; their spores form inside a microscopic sac, and they include baker's, or brewer's, yeast.

A) Zygospore fungi
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 76

Assume that one haploid nucleus of a fungus with a dikaryotic life cycle contains 16 chromosomes.At the ascospore stage, the fungus has _______ chromosomes.

A) 4
B) 8
C) 16
D) 32
E) 64

Question 77

_______ have asexual reproduction-no direct evidence of sexual reproduction has been found.

A) Zygospore fungi
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 78

In dikaryotic fungal hyphae, which event takes place between the events of plasmogamy and karyogamy?

A) Nuclear fusion
B) Meiosis
C) Formation of spores
D) Formation of a fruiting body
E) Differentiation of mating types

Question 79

Which of the following represents the sequence of genetic stages in the sexual life cycle of a sac fungus, that is, the ploidy of the (1) zygote, (2) ascospores, (3) mycelia (after plasmogamy), and (4) zygote again?

A) Haploid, diploid, dikaryotic, haploid
B) Diploid, haploid, dikaryotic, diploid
C) Diploid, dikaryotic, haploid, diploid
D) Dikaryotic, diploid, haploid, dikaryotic
E) Haploid, dikaryotic, diploid, haploid

Question 80

During sexual reproduction in fungi, which structures are dikaryotic?

A) Ascomata, basidiomata, zygosporangia
B) Gametangia, zygospores, ascospores
C) Gametangia, asci, basidia
D) Basidiospores, ascomata, zygosporangia
E) Basidiomata, asci, zygospores