Deck 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850

Question 1

Klemens von Metternich

A)supported much of the revolutionary ideology after Napoleon's defeat.
B)thought that a free press was necessary to maintain the status quo.
C)had little influence because of his extreme conservatism.
D)was anti-religious and supported atheistic causes.
E)believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.

Answer 1

believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.

Question 2

Because of the increased employment opportunities resulting from the Industrial Revolution, the early nineteenth century experienced a significant decrease in crime, especially crimes against property.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Giuseppe Garibaldi founded the organization Young Italy.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

In his Reflections on the Revolution in France, Edmund Burke

A)wrote in support of the French Revolution
B)suggested the importance of spreading revolution throughout Europe.
C)suggested that sudden change was an important means of renewing society.
D)condemned the radical republican and democratic ideas of the French Revolution.
E)argued against the idea that the state should be considered a partnership agreement.

Question 5

At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism

A)sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.
B)became the most popular political philosophy in Russia.
C)sought above all else the achievement of individual rights.
D)was never popular among the political elite of Europe.
E)championed individual rights and laissez-faire government.

Question 6

All nineteenth-century conservatives, from Edmund Burke to Joseph de Maistre, opposed any change whatsoever in the traditional political and social structures of society, and argued that a hereditary monarchy must be maintained at all costs.

Question 7

The Congress of Vienna's treatment of Poland

A)demonstrates the application of the principle of legitimacy.
B)reveals the overshadowing of the principle of legitimacy by more practical considerations of power.
C)resulted in Austrian domination of Poland.
D)allowed for complete Polish autonomy.
E)shows the emergence of Poland as a great European power.

Question 8

​Thomas Malthus advocated government intervention to ease the plight of the poor.

Question 9

The initially successful Revolutions of 1848 ultimately failed because the revolutionaries were divided by political aims and nationalistic aspirations.

Question 10

Britain's New Poor Law of 1834 established workhouses for the unemployed where the living conditions were designed to be intentionally miserable and cruel so that people would be encouraged to leave the workhouse and find employment.

Question 11

The Monroe Doctrine, promulgated by the United States, asked for European intervention in Latin America to prevent the revolutionary impulse from spreading northward.

Question 12

Metternich's "principle of legitimacy" refers to

A)freedom of religion.
B)the adoption of laissez-faire economics.
C)the sanctity of marriage.
D)proper justification for revolution.
E)the restoration of legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions.

Question 13

The leader of the Congress of Vienna was

A)Tsar Alexander I.
B)Napoleon.
C)Viscount Castlereigh.
D)Prince Talleyrand.
E)Klemens von Metternich.

Question 14

Johann Wolfgang von Werther's The Sorrows of Young Werther served as an important model for Romantic writers.

Question 15

​The Congress of Vienna placed much of Italy under Austrian domination.

Question 16

The man long regarded as the George Washington of Latin America is

A)José de San Martín.
B)Simón Bolívar.
C)Guillermo Pelgrón.
D)Simón Carreño.
E)Pancho Villa.

Question 17

Romanticism as an ideology and a mood embraced emotionality but avoided individualism, emphasizing notions of collectivity instead.

Question 18

The Congress of Vienna

A)gave Prussia complete control over Polish lands.
B)created policies that would maintain the European balance of power.
C)failed to achieve long-lasting peace among European nations.
D)treated France leniently following Napoleon's One Hundred Days.
E)sanctioned the political power of the bourgeoisie.

Question 19

Napoleon's escape from exile and return to France delayed the negotiations of the Congress of Vienna and resulted in the Congress's decision to return France's borders to those of 1790.

Question 20

Early socialism embraced the belief that the competition bred by early industrial capitalism would dramatically improve society and create a new model of progress.

Question 21

The most successful nationalistic European revolution in 1830 was in

A)Poland.
B)Germany.
C)Italy.
D)Russia.
E)Belgium.

Question 22

Which of the following statements best applies to Thomas Macaulay's thoughts on reform in Britain?

A)He opposed giving political concessions to the middle class.
B)He was convinced that reforms were largely unnecessary due to Britain's democratic heritage.
C)He supported reforms as a means of preventing more radical revolutionary movements.
D)He was afraid reforms would cause the collapse of the current Parliament and the political domination of the landed elite.
E)He adamantly opposed any and all political and social reforms.

Question 23

The author of Essay on the Principles of Population was

A)Adam Smith.
B)David Ricardo.
C)Joseph de Maistre.
D)Edmund Burke.
E)Thomas Malthus.

Question 24

The foremost social group embracing liberalism was made up by

A)factory workers.
B)the industrial middle class.
C)radical aristocrats.
D)army officers.
E)the landed gentry.

Question 25

During its period of dominance in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, Britain's Tory government

A)embarked on a massive program of electoral reform.
B)passed the Corn Law of 1815, which drastically reduced tariffs on foreign grain.
C)allowed for large public meetings and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor as a sign of good will.
D)enacted policies that sparked mass protests, including the Peterloo Massacre of 1819.
E)dramatically improved the conditions of the working classes by guaranteeing cheap bread.

Question 26

The early socialist who advocated a system of cooperative communities called phalansteries was

A)Flora Tristian.
B)Robert Owen.
C)Louis Blanc.
D)Charler Fourier.
E)the comte de Saint-Simón.

Question 27

By 1824, which one of the following Latin American states had not become independent?

A)Peru
B)Paraguay
C)Uruguay
D)Colombia
E)Panama

Question 28

Central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century was

A)the passage of child labor laws.
B)the preservation of law and order.
C)an emphasis on individual freedom.
D)the buildup of a nation's military.
E)the creation of a socialist community.

Question 29

The July Ordinances of Charles X in 1830

A)represent Charles's acceptance of political liberalism.
B)reduced the French electorate and imposed rigid censorship of the press.
C)resulted in the king's assassination by radicals.
D)enacted the socialist ideals of Flora Tristan.
E)redefined the relationship between the French state and the Catholic Church.

Question 30

The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were exemplified by the

A)increased liberal reforms of Frederick William III of Prussia between 1815 and 1840.
B)national affinity and unity felt by the many Austrian ethnic groups under Frederick II.
C)liberal constitutions of the states of the German Confederation.
D)Burschenschaften, the student societies of Germany.
E)the enlightened leadership of central European political elites.

Question 31

The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by

A)France.
B)Prussia.
C)Austria.
D)Russia.
E)Britain.

Question 32

The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 did all of the following EXCEPT

A)disband the Burschenshaften.
B)impose censorship on the German press.
C)place most German universities under close government supervision.
D)dissolve several smaller German states.
E)place restrictions upon university activities.

Question 33

King Louis-Philippe in France

A)did all he could to help the impoverished industrial workers.
B)cooperated with François Guizot and the Party of Resistance against the Party of Movement.
C)allowed for great reforms in the electoral system.
D)was the son of the former reactionary King Charles X.
E)died peacefully in France.

Question 34

After the Congress of Vienna, Italy

A)was entirely unified as a single country.
B)had been divided into nine states, subject to the domination of other European powers.
C)was divided into two states, one in the north and the other in the south.
D)was annexed by Austria, a move confirmed by the Congress.
E)sank into complete anarchy and chaos.

Question 35

Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russian society under Nicholas I became

A)the most liberal of the European powers.
B)rapidly industrialized.
C)an industrial power after the abolition of serfdom.
D)increasingly influenced by ultra-conservative societies, such as the Northern Union.
E)a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals.

Question 36

The growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe

A)was resisted by liberals, who felt that all ethnic groups should live together harmoniously.
B)advocated the formation of one European nation to end economic and military conflicts.
C)was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers.
D)found its best expression in the writings of John Stuart Mill.
E)declined after the Congress of Vienna.

Question 37

Louis-Philippe became known as the

A)"bourgeois monarch."
B)"the man of the people."
C)"the nobles' champion."
D)"diplomat king."
E)"utopian king."

Question 38

The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was

A)European economic collapse.
B)the Monroe Doctrine guiding American foreign policy.
C)the sheer size of South America.
D)growing support for pacifism in Europe.
E)British naval power.

Question 39

David Ricardo's iron law of wages stated that

A)wages would rise as competition eliminated inefficient producers.
B)wages would decline as productivity drove prices down.
C)wages would fall when the population of workers increased.
D)wages would rise as workers organized into unions.
E)wages were irrelevant; only commodities like pig iron mattered.

Question 40

J.S.Mill's On the Subjection of Women stated that

A)women should be kept in the home to improve men's chances of finding work.
B)men and women did not possess different natures.
C)Parliament should admit women members immediately.
D)female convicts should be shipped out to colonize Australia.
E)God and nature had ordained the permanent inferiority of women.

Question 41

London's police were called "bobbies" because

A)on their horses they seemed to "bob" above the crowd like an apple in a barrel.
B)no one knows the reason.
C)the legislation to create them was introduced by Robert Peel.
D)the first officer sworn into duty was named Bob.
E)that way they would have a nickname.

Question 42

Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by

A)Chateaubriand, whose many paintings anticipated the Impressionist movement.
B)Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism.
C)Delacroix, who broke classical conventions by using only blacks and whites in his paintings.
D)Friedrich, whose "program" music played upon the listeners' emotions.
E)Bach, whose organ music inspired the hearer's feelings.

Question 43

The most important form of literary expression for the Romantics was

A)the essay.
B)poetry.
C)the novel.
D)the play.
E)the monograph.

Question 44

The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that

A)the poor were entitled to decent levels of support.
B)the rich had a moral obligation to support the poor.
C)if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment.
D)levels of state support for social welfare programs should be indexed to the cost of living.
E)indoor relief was better than outdoor relief.

Question 45

The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the

A)landed aristocracy.
B)peasants.
C)working class.
D)clergy.
E)upper middle-class.

Question 46

Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, Young Italy,

A)liberated Italy's northern provinces from Austrian control.
B)failed to achieve his goal of "resurgence" by 1849.
C)helped inspire successful liberal constitutions throughout Italy.
D)used the liberals in governments to extend suffrage to Italy's working classes.
E)allied itself with the papacy to drive France out of Italy.

Question 47

Professional civilian police forces known as serjents first appeared in 1829 in

A)Germany.
B)Russia.
C)Italy.
D)Bavaria.
E)France.

Question 48

Suffrage had been extended to almost all white adult males in the United States by the

A)1780s.
B)1790s.
C)1820s.
D)1830s.
E)1840s.

Question 49

The Romantic movement can be viewed as

A)a reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason.
B)a continuation of Enlightenment ideals and practices.
C)an attempt to create a socialist society.
D)a movement of lower-class, less literate people.
E)a fascination with war and conflict.

Question 50

Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward

A)the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies.
B)appeasing the public outcry against the barbarism of the ordeal and the rack.
C)protecting the poor from exploitation by rich businessmen.
D)adding an element of fear to society for psychological manipulation of mass populations.
E)ensuring the continuance of oligarchic government.

Question 51

The writer who argued that historical events were largely determined by the deeds of Romantic heroes who transformed society was

A)Edgard Allen Poe.
B)Hans Christian Andersen.
C)Thomas Macauley.
D)Thomas Carlyle.
E)William Wordsworth.

Question 52

Neo-Gothic buildings exhibited the nineteenth-century revival of

A)medieval architecture.
B)Greek architecture.
C)Roman architecture.
D)Byzantine architecture.
E)Renaissance architecture.

Question 53

Political caricatures during the 1830s and 1840s in France often depicted Louis-Philippe with a pear-shaped head in part because the French word for pear had the slang meaning of

A)autocratic.
B)cruel.
C)lascivious.
D)corrupt.
E)simpleton or fool.

Question 54

Louis Blanc's "national workshops" in France

A)became a vital part of the French economy.
B)were extremely important to the French radical aristocracy.
C)became little more than unemployment compensation units through public works projects.
D)built many national parks in France.
E)turned the city of Paris into the "City of Lights."

Question 55

The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher was

A)Ralph Waldo Emerson.
B)Thomas Carlyle.
C)Edgar Allan Poe.
D)Herman Melville.
E)Henry David Thoreau.

Question 56

In 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly

A)unanimously adopted a Grossdeutsch solution for the Germanies.
B)succeeded in making Prussia's Frederick William IV president of a united Germany.
C)failed in its attempt to create a united Germany.
D)gained the support of Austria.
E)declared its solidarity with revolutionary France.

Question 57

Which of the following were major themes/subjects of Romantic artists?

A)portraits.
B)Madonnas and religious scenes.
C)landscapes and depictions of nature.
D)scenes from aristocratic family life.
E)urban scenes.

Question 58

The revolution of 1848 in France ultimately resulted in

A)the continued rule of Louis-Philippe but with radical reforms.
B)new elections to the national Assembly, resulting in the dominance of the radical republicans.
C)Europe's first socialist state under the guidance of Blanc's workshops.
D)a new French empire under Louis Napoleon.
E)the triumph of the Paris Commune.

Question 59

Mazzini's risorgimento

A)was largely successful in political terms.
B)failed due to opposition of the French, the Austrians, and the pope.
C)became the basic ideology of contemporary German liberals.
D)was most popular among the Italian middle classes.
E)succeeded in establishing a socialist society.

Question 60

All of the following were characteristics of Romanticism EXCEPT

A)a strong, pantheistic worship of nature.
B)the rejection of the supernatural and unfamiliar.
C)a preoccupation with sentiment, suffering, and self-sacrifice.
D)a reverence for history that inspired nationalism.
E)a reaction to the excesses of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 61

What were the major characteristics of Romanticism? How did Romanticism shape the European society and culture during the nineteenth century?

Question 62

Why was Britain able to avoid the upheavals of revolution in the 1830s and 1840s?

Question 63

Did the goals of the Congress of Vienna attempt to reassert old traditions or to create a new idea of order for Europe?

Question 64

What were some of the means that governments attempted to maintain order in the nineteenth century? Which were most successful, and why?

Question 65

What similarities do the revolutions of Latin America have with the revolutions of Europe during the early to middle decades of the nineteenth century? How did they differ?

Question 66

The Romantic artist whose paintings were described as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam" was

A)Friedrich.
B)Turner.
C)Delacroix.
D)Watteau.
E)Berlioz.

Question 67

How do the ideas of Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill represent the various elements of the ideology of liberalism?

Question 68

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideology of conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth century? How were these ideas put into practice between 1815 and 1830?

Question 69

What caused the revolutions of 1848 in France, central Europe, and Italy, and why did the revolutionary forces fail? What did the revolutions actually achieve?

Question 70

Religion in the age of Romanticism experienced

A)a Catholic revival, especially in Germany.
B)loss of faith among many artists and intellectuals.
C)a decline in Protestantism in England.
D)the mass popularization of eastern mystery religions in Europe.
E)a return to Deism.

Question 71

In what specific ways did Europe respond to the need for order in society in the first half of the nineteenth century?

Question 72

What were the chief ideas associated with the ideologies of liberalism, nationalism, and early or utopian socialism? Why were liberalism, nationalism, and early socialism considered revolutionary by many people? How were these ideologies similar? How were they different?