Deck 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894

Question 1

By the late nineteenth century, the distinction between the middle class and the lower class had completely disappeared.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The light bulb was invented independently by Thomas Edison and

A)Guglielmo Marconi.
B)Alexander Graham Bell.
C)August Bebel.
D)V.A.Huber.
E)Joseph Swan.

Answer 2

Joseph Swan.

Question 3

In the decades after 1870, most Western governments made elementary education mandatory through state-run systems.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

In a cartel

A)a vertically integrated company worked to monopolize all business in its industry.
B)independent enterprises worked together to control prices and fix production quotas.
C)independent associations of grocers cooperated to artificially drive down prices.
D)private militias orchestrated intelligence gathering to diminish the police powers of modern nation states.
E)dependent enterprises worked with an overseeing organization to lower tariffs.

Question 5

Although the German Reichstag was elected on the basis of universal male suffrage, it had little power because government ministers were responsible to the emperor rather than the parliament.

Question 6

In 1898, Spain defeated the United States in the Spanish-American War, hence breaking Cuba free from the United States.

Question 7

What type of new energy source powered the Second Industrial Revolution?

A)coal
B)hydroelectric
C)natural gas
D)electricity
E)fuel-cells

Question 8

The Second Industrial Revolution saw the advent of what new product?

A)textiles
B)steel
C)coal
D)railroads
E)factories

Question 9

Industrialization in Japan was the result of

A)private investment and initiative.
B)European colonization.
C)socialist planning on the Marxist model.
D)government planning and initiative.
E)ambitious former samurai.

Question 10

After 1870, Britain regained its position as the industrial leader of Europe.

Question 11

Between 1850 and 1900, Britain and Germany doubled, perhaps tripled, their national incomes, and real wages in Britain increased by two-thirds during that period.

Question 12

Henry Ford revolutionized the car industry with the mass production of the

A)Make F.
B)Ford Rocket.
C)Bullet.
D)Eagle.
E)Model T.

Question 13

Some socialists believed that Karl Marx was wrong in advocating violent revolution, arguing instead that forming political parties and participating in the democratic political process could achieve socialism.

Question 14

In most European countries, government and municipal authorities licensed and regulated prostitution.

Question 15

Which one of the following was NOT a part of the emergence of the late nineteenth-century mass society?

A)the extension of voting rights to the lower classes
B)diminishment of the conditions of the lower classes
C)a better standard of living for the lower classes
D)mass leisure
E)the "weekend" as a time of fun

Question 16

​France's defeat by Prussia in 1870 ended the Third Republic.

Question 17

The mass society of the late nineteenth century primarily benefited the middle classes, with the lower classes reaping few if any rewards.

Question 18

The state that dominated the market for dyestuffs by 1900, controlling 90 percent of the market, was

A)Britain.
B)India.
C)France.
D)Germany.
E)Belgium.

Question 19

In the late nineteenth century, urban populations grew faster than the general population, despite the dramatic worsening of health and living conditions in cities.

Question 20

The leading industrial power in Europe after 1870 was

A)France.
B)Germany.
C)Italy.
D)Holland.
E)Britain.

Question 21

By 1914, what percentage of Britain's population lived in cities?

A)95 percent
B)50 percent
C)10 percent
D)40 percent
E)80 percent

Question 22

"Sweating" jobs for women involved

A)the subcontracting of piecework, usually in the tailoring trades.
B)working as a domestic servant.
C)hard physical labor on farms in the countryside.
D)competing for sales commissions in new department stores.
E)service as operators in the new telephone exchanges.

Question 23

By 1900, which of the following nations was the least advanced industrially?

A)Britain.
B)Germany.
C)France.
D)Belgium.
E)Spain.

Question 24

The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe

A)were composed mostly of shopkeepers and manufacturers who barely lived above the poverty line.
B)offered little opportunity for women in improving their lot.
C)were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality.
D)viewed progress with distrust, as they did not wish to lose their economic gains.
E)were sinking in economic and social security because of the increase of plutocrats.

Question 25

A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to

A)heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival.
B)greater public toleration of sex workers and abandonment of all municipal efforts to police the trade.
C)the acceptance by clergymen of the sex trade as an economic necessity for poorer women.
D)the declining interest of men and women to form families.
E)the decline in available husbands due to various STDs.

Question 26

The state with the most successful socialist party in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was

A)Britain.
B)France.
C)Germany.
D)Russia.
E)Italy.

Question 27

Between 1850 and 1910, European population

A)increased from 270 million to 460 million.
B)actually decreased slightly.
C)increased from 140 to 190 million.
D)stagnated, causing severe problems for the development of leisure industries.
E)declined significantly because of the pollution engendered by increasing urbanization.

Question 28

Initially, trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth century functioned primarily as

A)political parties.
B)militant anarchist societies.
C)supporters of middle-class liberalism.
D)vehicles for leisure activities.
E)mutual aid societies.

Question 29

Which one of the following pairings does NOT accurately present a nation of origin with its leading export item bound for Europe?

A)Argentina and beef
B)Brazil and coffee
C)Chile and gold
D)Algeria and iron
E)Java and sugar

Question 30

Early anarchists believed all of the following EXCEPT

A)people were inherently good.
B)state and society were responsible for corrupting people.
C)violence was the best means of achieving true freedom.
D)the state and all existing social institutions should be abolished.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 31

Octavia Hill's housing venture was designed to

A)give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves.
B)give the poor charity since they could never help themselves.
C)let the wealthy know what it was like to be poor.
D)break down class barriers in London.
E)make the upper classes feel better and improve their self-esteem by doing something for the downtrodden of society.

Question 32

In late nineteenth-century Europe, increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to

A)the elimination of trade restrictions like tariffs.
B)a strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations.
C)greater economic instability and a sequence of ever deeper economic depressions.
D)closer economic cooperation among the great powers.
E)greater investment by the United States in the European economy.

Question 33

During the Second Industrial Revolution, working-class organizations emphasized the gender role of women as

A)doctors.
B)teachers.
C)housewives.
D)industrial managers.
E)breadwinners.

Question 34

The upper classes in the late nineteenth century included all of the following EXCEPT

A)the landed aristocracy.
B)the professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, and engineers.
C)the upper middle classes.
D)wealthy upper middle classes.
E)industrial plutocrats.

Question 35

Eduard Bernstein, in his book Evolutionary Socialism, claimed that

A)the only hope for the workers was a violent revolution.
B)socialism could best be achieved through the democratic process.
C)unions should bargain with employers and avoid politics.
D)the poor were too ignorant to be allowed to vote.
E)true communism would take hundreds of years to evolve.

Question 36

An issue that brought socialists together in the nineteenth century was

A)nationalism.
B)revisionism.
C)the need for military action.
D)the desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers.
E)a fear that Marxism would submerge the socialist alternatives.

Question 37

Which one of the following did NOT account for the increasing population in Europe between 1850 and 1880?

A)a rising birthrate.
B)the development of vaccinations.
C)the eradication of polio.
D)improved elimination of sewage.
E)improved nutrition.

Question 38

Reforms in urban living included all of the following EXCEPT

A)the development of pure water and sewerage systems.
B)model homes built for the poor by wealthy philanthropists.
C)the demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive walls, replaced by wide avenues.
D)a successful effort to clean up all polluted rivers and lakes.
E)some increases in governmental regulations.

Question 39

The trade union movement prior to World War I

A)was strongest in France after the dissolution of the Second International in 1890.
B)occurred despite trade unions being banned by most governments.
C)varied from country to country, but was generally allied with socialist parties.
D)was primarily for unskilled laborers, especially the New Model unions.
E)focused entirely on wages and working conditions negotiated directly with employers without any government involvement in the process.

Question 40

Emigration from Europe was spurred by

A)economic opportunities in the Americas.
B)cheap shipping fares.
C)religious persecution.
D)the persecution of ethnic minorities.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 41

All of the following were used to limit family size in the late nineteenth century except

A)coitus interruptus.
B)birth control pills.
C)abortion.
D)abandonment.
E)infanticide.

Question 42

Which of the following statements best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?

A)Both Austria and Hungary had working parliamentary systems.
B)The Magyars dominated politics in Austria under Emperor William II.
C)The nationality problem remained unresolved.
D)Prime minister Count Edward von Taafe was ousted in 1893 by the Slavic minorities for his failure to make concessions to them.
E)By 1900 it had become a federal state, with seven different constitutional regions enjoying domestic self-rule.

Question 43

Between 1890 and 1914, family patterns among the working class

A)emphasized child labor as an important necessity for family survival.
B)required all women to work outside the home.
C)allowed for dependence on the income of husbands and the wages of grown children.
D)experienced almost no change from the earlier industrial period.
E)were shaped by growing rates of infant mortality.

Question 44

Under the chancellorship of Bismarck, Germany

A)realized the growth of a real democracy through universal male suffrage.
B)passed social welfare legislation to woo workers away from the Social Democrats.
C)engaged in the Kulturkampf or crusade to make Catholicism Germany's national religion.
D)maintained a military second only to that of France on the Continent.
E)continued to threaten to invade its neighbors.

Question 45

The English Reform Act of 1884

A)enfranchised women.
B)gave English agricultural workers the right to vote.
C)did not dramatically increase the size of the electorate.
D)increased the total number of members in the House of Commons.
E)increased middle-class representative in Parliament.

Question 46

The Boulanger Crisis in France had the end result of

A)strengthening the monarchists.
B)rallying French citizens to the cause of the Republic.
C)splitting the support and allegiance of the army.
D)causing the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871.
E)toppling the Third Republic.

Question 47

The largest segment of European society in the nineteenth century was composed of

A)skilled artisans such as cigar makers and cabinet makers.
B)peasant landholders, unskilled day laborers, and domestic servants.
C)semi-skilled laborers such as carpenters and bricklayers.
D)urban workers in eastern Europe and peasants in western Europe.
E)lower middle class urbanites.

Question 48

A new development in the age of mass leisure was

A)the newspaper and novel.
B)the excessive consumption of alcohol.
C)the theater.
D)carnival.
E)professional sports.

Question 49

Charles Parnell, the leader of the Irish representatives in Parliament, called for

A)Ireland's complete separation from Britain.
B)the partition of Ireland into two states, one of which would be fully independent and the other of which would be joined to Britain.
C)Irish self-government through a separate parliament but not complete independence.
D)the union of Ireland and Scotland into a New United Kingdom.
E)the dominance of Ireland over all of Britain.

Question 50

Splits between the French working and middle classes

A)were largely solved by the liberal reforms of the Third Republic.
B)enabled the Third Republic to elect a new monarch in 1875.
C)led to a strong parliamentary system of government.
D)were further widened by the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871.
E)ended in the light of continued Prussian threats to France's national survival.

Question 51

Which of the following was a major development in British politics before 1914?

A)the continual growth of political democracy
B)the peaceful and successful settlement of the "Irish question"
C)the transformation of the Fabians into the Conservatives
D)the reduction of the power of the House of Commons
E)the strengthening of the monarchy after the death of Queen Victoria

Question 52

Which statement best applies to the Germany under chancellor Otto von Bismarck?

A)Prussia lost much of its influence on state politics.
B)Coalitions were used by Bismarck to get what he wanted and then he dropped them.
C)Socialism was almost completely stamped out by the Prussian army.
D)Almost all regional differences disappeared under the charismatic leadership of Bismarck.
E)The emperor became merely a figurehead and lacked any political power and influence.

Question 53

By 1900, most European educational systems

A)were free and compulsory at least at the primary level.
B)were expensive to operate, and charged high tuition.
C)were backward and lacked good teachers.
D)still taught a "medieval" variety of subjects.
E)had declined because of lack of governmental interest and support.

Question 54

By 1900, in which one of the following countries had full literacy not been achieved?

A)Germany
B)Great Britain
C)France
D)Denmark
E)Bulgaria

Question 55

Thomas Cook was a pioneer in

A)organizing professional team sports.
B)mass tourism.
C)building dance halls.
D)the creation of the department store.
E)the redesign of London's parks for weekend leisure activities.

Question 56

Elizabeth Poole Sanford argued that women should

A)avoid being self-sufficient.
B)strive to become equal to men.
C)accept their roles at home until new governmental reforms were instituted.
D)make it known to their husbands that they were dissatisfied.
E)take employment outside the home to become economically self-sufficient.

Question 57

Louis Napoleon's Second Empire was brought to an end by

A)France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
B)the emperor's financial policies.
C)his choice of poor administrators.
D)his defeat by the Austrians.
E)the unpopularity of his marriage to Empress Eugenie.

Question 58

European middle-class families during the late nineteenth century

A)were more concerned with displaying the work ethic than in displaying wealth and following proper decorum.
B)stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles.
C)prided themselves on doing the housework and cooking for their families.
D)increasingly became less cohesive, as togetherness was no longer an important value.
E)increased in numbers but were weakened structurally as men abandoned their family focus in order to advance their lives professionally.

Question 59

Which of the following statements best applies to Spain and Italy in the late nineteenth century?

A)Spain had returned to the status of a great power.
B)Italy's unification was vigorously supported by the pope.
C)Both countries were preeminent colonial powers, especially in Africa.
D)Both countries remained second-rate European powers, less transformed by the economic and cultural innovations of the age.
E)Both nations had joined the nations of northern Europe by creating powerful industrial middle-class societies.

Question 60

The Liberal political leader who introduced two home rule bills was

A)William Gladstone.
B)William Butler Yeats.
C)Edward Fitzgerald.
D)Wolfe Tone.
E)Charles Parnell.

Question 61

What policies and practices created mass politics in western European states? Did these changes fulfill the aims of earlier nineteenth-century liberals? Why or why not?

Question 62

Discuss the structure of European society between 1870 and 1894.Why do historians focus so much attention on the middle class during this period?

Question 63

What advantages did the Second Industrial Revolution offer to women? What changed and did not change for women between 1870 and 1894?

Question 64

Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families.How do you explain the similarities and the differences?

Question 65

How were the promises and problems of the new mass society reflected in education and leisure?

Question 66

To what extent did the emergence and development of socialist parties and trade unions meet the needs of the working classes between 1871 and the end of the century?

Question 67

Compare and contrast political policies pursued in eastern and western Europe in the final quarter of the nineteenth century.

Question 68

Between 1871 and 1894, two major domestic political issues involved the achievement of liberal practices and the growth of political democracy.To what extent were these realized in Great Britain, France, Spain, and Italy?

Question 69

What characteristics are exhibited by mass society in the later nineteenth century, and how did the urban environment shape those characteristics?

Question 70

How did the Second Industrialization Revolution differ from its predecessor? How did it impact various aspects of life for Europeans of all classes?

Question 71

During the reign of Alexander III, ethnic Russians constituted what percentage of the population of the Russian Empire?

A)25.
B)40.
C)55.
D)70.
E)80.