Deck 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between the Wars 1919-1939

Question 1

Mussolini came to power and made Italy the first Fascist nation in 1922 as the result of a violent civil war that drove King Victor Emmanuel III into exile.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

During the worst year of the depression, 1932, German unemployment stood at

A)80 percent of the workforce.
B)65 percent of the workforce.
C)45 percent of the workforce.
D)25 percent of the workforce.
E)20 percent of the workforce.

Answer 2

45 percent of the workforce.

Question 3

The Decline of the West, which emphasized the decadence of Western civilization, was written by

A)Johan Huizinga.
B)Oswald Spengler.
C)Adolf Hitler.
D)Benito Mussolini.
E)Erich Maria Remarque.

Answer 3

Oswald Spengler.

Question 4

In Great Britain, the government brought the country out of the worst of the Great Depression by 1936 using the new and radical economic ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who advocated public works and deficit spending as the solution for unemployment and economic depression.

Question 5

Adolf Hitler lived in Vienna from 1908 to 1913 after his acceptance to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts.

Question 6

Lenin's New Economic Policy saved the Russian economy.

Question 7

After the failure of his Beer Hall Putsch of 1923, Hitler made the decision to establish a political party that could compete in Germany's democratic election process.

Question 8

A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe was

A)Weimar Germany's high tariff policies that prohibited trade with other nations.
B)the recall of American loans from European markets.
C)the underproduction and high prices of agricultural goods in eastern and central Europe.
D)the inability of the League of Nations to set complementary economic policies in different global markets.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 9

Following Germany's failure to pay its war reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr valley, resulting in

A)a policy of passive resistance by the German government and German resort to printing money to pay war debts.
B)an alliance concluded between Germany and Russia.
C)the election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924.
D)an increase in the size of the German military.
E)Germany's decision to leave the League of Nations.

Question 10

The settlement in 1925 by which Germany agreed to accept its border with France was known as the

A)Berne Protocol.
B)Treaty of Versailles.
C)Rapollo Agreement.
D)Geneva Accord.
E)Treaty of Locarno.

Question 11

Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included

A)a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic.
B)the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations.
C)an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente.
D)increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs.
E)the belated United States decision to join the League of Nations.

Question 12

After 1929, Stalin adopted the policy of world revolution, thus reversing Lenin and Trotsky's aim of establishing "socialism in one country."

Question 13

The first Popular Front government in France

A)solved the depression by eliminating workers' benefits.
B)gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits including a minimum wage.
C)was able to end the problems of economic depression.
D)collapsed in 1926, allowing Raymond Poincaré's Cartel of the Left to take power.
E)remained in power until the German invasion of 1942.

Question 14

Functionalism refers to the belief that art had a social function and could help create a new civilization.

Question 15

The United States joined the League of Nations but refused to abide by its decisions and so had its membership revoked in 1922.

Question 16

Which one of the following did NOT characterize the weakness of the League of Nations?

A)the failure of the United States to join.
B)U.S.determination to be less involved in European affairs.
C)U.S.determination to be more involved in European affairs.
D)economic sanctions as the League's sole weapon.
E)failure of the League to reprimand member states for acts of aggression.

Question 17

Turkish forces created a new republic of Turkey in 1923 under the leadership of General Mustafa Kemal.

Question 18

The Dawes Plan

A)gave formal American approval to the French occupation of the Ruhr valley.
B)increased Germany's reparation payments in the face of fear Germany would default.
C)was a failed treaty between Germany and Austria over Germany's southern border.
D)granted a $200 million loan for German recovery.
E)was a treaty guaranteeing the border between Germany and Poland.

Question 19

Sixty-three nations pledged "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" in the Treaty of Locarno in 1925.

Question 20

One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was

A)the complete destruction of Communist parties.
B)huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain.
C)the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s.
D)the rise of dictatorial movements in many areas of Europe.
E)the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery.

Question 21

The totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union

A)pursued vastly different foreign policies.
B)held each other in disdain.
C)hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives.
D)retained power due to the charisma of their leaders.
E)established a formal alliance directed against laissez-faire liberal capitalism.

Question 22

The city in which Hitler spent his formative years and developed his fundamental ideas was

A)Berlin.
B)Munich.
C)Frankfort.
D)Hamburg.
E)Vienna.

Question 23

After World War I, Italy

A)was satisfied with the peace agreement, having received all of the territory it demanded.
B)was the only European state not plagued by inflation.
C)achieved full employment.
D)possessed an efficient and effective government.
E)believed it had been cheated of its just rewards by the other victors.

Question 24

Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship included all of the following EXCEPT

A)a secret police force.
B)highly popular and well attended Fascists youth organizations.
C)press laws that censored publications that challenged the state.
D)the degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s.
E)control of the Italian parliament after 1924.

Question 25

Mein Kampf

A)depicted Hitler's plan to take power through a massive rebellion.
B)was autobiographical, setting forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism.
C)excluded any trace of Hitler's anti-Semitism.
D)was immediately seen by German politicians as the dangerous work of a madman.
E)immediately became a best-seller throughout Europe, including the Soviet Union.

Question 26

Squadristi were

A)the closest advisors of Mussolini.
B)armed bands of Fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies.
C)elite soldiers of the Fascist state.
D)officers in the Italian military.
E)military opponents of Mussolini.

Question 27

Women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy were

A)coerced into factory work to aid industrial production.
B)regarded as equal to men in social status.
C)largely forced through government legislation to become homemakers.
D)aided by the government's emphasis on birth control.
E)required under pain of imprisonment to join the Blackshirts.

Question 28

Which one of the following was NOT true of modern totalitarian states?

A)They expected active loyalty from citizens.
B)They used modern mass propaganda techniques.
C)They aimed to control economic and political aspects of life.
D)They largely ignored cultural aspects of life.
E)They were led by a single leader and a single party.

Question 29

The Lateran Accords of 1929

A)nationalized all church property.
B)recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of Italy.
C)marked the Catholic church's official condemnation of the Fascist state.
D)eliminated government support for the Catholic church.
E)turned the property of the Vatican over to the Italian government in exchange for tax reductions.

Question 30

The two Western nations most affected by the Great Depression were

A)Germany and France.
B)France and Sweden.
C)the United States and Great Britain.
D)Germany and Belgium.
E)Germany and the United States.

Question 31

During the 1920s, Germany's Weimar Republic

A)possessed outstanding politicians.
B)suffered from uprisings by both left and right.
C)was able to enact major reforms to Germany's basic governmental structure.
D)managed to win support for the republic by leaders of powerful business cartels.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 32

All of the following are indications of Turkey's adoption of Western culture after World War I EXCEPT

A)the establishment of a democratic system of government.
B)the introduction of popular education.
C)the creation of a state-run industrial system.
D)the use of the Latin alphabet.
E)the mandate that all Turkish citizens embrace Christianity.

Question 33

Mohandas Gandhi was referred to as Mahatma, which means

A)"Disobedient One."
B)"Revolutionary Leader."
C)"Great Soul."
D)"Mighty King."
E)"Father India."

Question 34

The most famous and spectacular of the Nazi mass demonstrations were held in the city of

A)Berlin.
B)Munich.
C)Augsburg.
D)Hamburg.
E)Nuremberg.

Question 35

All of the following are correct about the European nations and their colonial empires during the interwar years EXCEPT

A)despite World War I, the Europeans had maintained their colonial empires.
B)Britain and France had added to their empires by dividing up many of Germany's colonial possessions.
C)the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was strengthened during the 1920s and 1930s.
D)the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was undermined during the 1920s and 1930s.
E)there was a rising tide of unrest in the colonial world against Western imperialism.

Question 36

The growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement was aided by

A)the reaction against Italy's communist government, formed after World War I.
B)popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I.
C)crop failures in 1920 and 1921.
D)economic cooperation between Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union.
E)the fall of the Italian monarchy and the establishment of a workers' dictatorship.

Question 37

The author of Facing Mount Kenya, which argued that British rule was responsible for the destruction of the traditional culture of the peoples of black Africa, was

A)W.E.B.Du Bois.
B)Marcus Garvey.
C)Jomo Kenyatta.
D)Haile Selassie I.
E)Ladipo Solanke.

Question 38

The Nazis proved to be effective in the realm of politics by

A)securing many small donations from large German corporations.
B)making the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society.
C)persuading the average German that their program was the only alternative to the inept Weimar regime.
D)forcing the poorer Germans to vote for Nazi candidates through intimidation.
E)unconstitutionally seizing power by force.

Question 39

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States

A)were successful by 1932.
B)virtually eliminated unemployment.
C)brought about government ownership of most industries.
D)brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament.
E)were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Question 40

Hitler brought Germany out of the Great Depression

A)by staging mass rallies.
B)by printing money.
C)through rearmament and public works.
D)by implementing price controls.
E)by nationalizing key industries.

Question 41

The only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s was

A)Bulgaria.
B)Yugoslavia.
C)Poland.
D)Hungary.
E)Czechoslovakia.

Question 42

Among the social policies of the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union was all of the following EXCEPT

A)the outlawing of abortion.
B)a marked decline in higher education.
C)heavy fines for fathers who did not support their children.
D)the declaration of homosexuality as a criminal activity.
E)None of these are correct.

Question 43

Culture in Nazi Germany centered around

A)the use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order."
B)the functionalism of the Bauhaus school.
C)petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans.
D)religious scenes influenced by Catholic dogma.
E)military themes at the expense of all other subjects.

Question 44

Nazi ideas about appropriate work for women encouraged them to pursue occupations in

A)heavy industry.
B)medicine.
C)university teaching.
D)social work.
E)law.

Question 45

The Dada movement in art was known for all of the following EXCEPT

A)an expressed contempt for Western culture.
B)an effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life.
C)"anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression.
D)a celebration of chaos and the absurd, often expressed in bizarre performances and collages of unrelated objects.
E)being popular in Berlin during the Weimar years.

Question 46

Walter Gropius was best known for his

A)"socialist realism" paintings.
B)atonal, experimental music.
C)revolutionary directions in theater.
D)post-modern architectural designs.
E)ideas of functionalism in architecture.

Question 47

The collectivization of agriculture under Stalin was characterized by

A)failure, and the peasants quickly returned to their private plots.
B)the cooperation of kulaks.
C)the destruction of the collective farms.
D)immediate financial benefits for most of the peasants.
E)widespread famine.

Question 48

The physicist Walter Heisenberg was most noted for

A)proposing that uncertainty was at the bottom of all physical laws.
B)being among the first team to split the atom.
C)resurrecting the scientific predictability of classical physics.
D)the development of the atomic bomb.
E)correcting Einstein's errors in the latter's theory of relativity.

Question 49

Artistic and intellectual trends in the interwar years reflected

A)a rejection of the avant-garde.
B)a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I.
C)realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists.
D)an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia.
E)a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West.

Question 50

James Joyce's famous novel featuring "stream-of-consciousness" was

A)Ulysses
B)Steppenwolf.
C)Mrs.Dalloway.
D)Jacob's Room.
E)Demian.

Question 51

The film Triumph of the Will, which serves as an example of the propaganda potential of film, is a product of

A)Stalin's Soviet Union.
B)Mussolini's Italy.
C)Franco's Spain.
D)Hitler's Germany.
E)Salazar's Portugal.

Question 52

In 1936 Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union signed a Nonintervention Agreement that declared they would not get involved in the civil war that had erupted in

A)Portugal.
B)Hungary.
C)Bulgaria.
D)Spain.
E)Yugoslavia.

Question 53

Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s

A)included the Nuremberg laws, which centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany.
B)were emulated in France by the Popular Front.
C)did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions.
D)would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II.
E)reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.

Question 54

The dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s was

A)authoritarianism.
B)Russian Soviet-style Communism.
C)parliamentary democracy.
D)Christian Socialism.
E)republicanism.

Question 55

"Strength through Joy"

A)was one of the most effective Nazi propaganda films to be made by German actors, producers, and directors corrupted by Hitler's ideology.
B)was Fascist Italy's most popular national recreation agency.
C)monitored and homogenized the leisure time of the German workers.
D)failed miserably in its attempts to draw German workers to vacation package tours.
E)was Spain's Franco's attempt to emulate the popular propaganda movements of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.

Question 56

The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed

A)the decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture.
B)real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically.
C)millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps.
D)an abundance of permissive social legislation.
E)an activist foreign and military policy, bent upon immediately making Eastern Europe a satellite region to the Soviet Union.

Question 57

Lenin's New Economic Policy was designed to

A)increase the production of food and consumer goods.
B)eliminate all private enterprise in Russia.
C)increase production in heavy industry.
D)fully initiate economic communism.
E)reduce political controls such as censorship.

Question 58

All of the following concepts were central to the psychological theories of Carl Jung EXCEPT

A)the collective unconscious.
B)the process of individuation.
C)the uncertainty principle.
D)universal archetypes.
E)the importance of universal myths.

Question 59

Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party was aided by

A)Lenin's recommendation that he become sole leader.
B)his alliance with Trotsky and the Right in the Politburo.
C)his position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party.
D)strong support of the left in the Politburo, which favored the spread of Communism abroad.
E)the support of the Soviet military.

Question 60

The most famous of the Surrealistic painters was

A)Arnold Schonberg.
B)Pablo Picasso.
C)Walter Gropius.
D)Jackson Pollack.
E)Salvador Dali.

Question 61

What crises and changes did the democratic states in Europe and the United States face during the interwar years? How successful were they in resolving their challenges?

Question 62

What were the causes of the Great Depression? How did the European states respond to the Great Depression?

Question 63

What were Hitler's core ideas or assumptions? What were the methods used to implement them once he and the Nazis had established the Nazi state in Germany?

Question 64

What are the chief characteristics of totalitarianism? Compare and contrast totalitarianism in Soviet Russia, Nazi Germany, and Fascist Italy.Were all successful at fulfilling the goals of totalitarianism?

Question 65

Other than the Great War having ended, about what was there to be hopeful as the 1920s dawned?

Question 66

What impact did the growth of mass culture and mass leisure have upon European society in the 1920s and 1930s?

Question 67

What explains the collapse of Weimar Germany? What does the Weimar Republic's failure suggest about the fragility of democracy in western Europe after World War I?

Question 68

How do the cultural and intellectual trends of the 1920s and 1930s reflect a crisis of confidence in Western civilization?

Question 69

Compare and contrast the Stalinist with the Bolshevik state established after the Russian Revolution in 1917.How and why did economic, social, and political policies change over time?

Question 70

Using Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia as the models, what were the philosophical and practical differences between communism and fascism?