Deck 1: Understanding Human Development: Theories and Approaches

Question 1

The psychodynamic perspective assumes that the _______ contains basic instincts and seeks to secure pleasure.

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) all of these choices

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Lifespan human development is the field of study devoted to mapping an understanding of normal _________________ from conception through death.

A) growth and maturation
B) growth and achievement
C) achievement and optimization
D) growth and optimization

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Freud's psychodynamic stage theory attributes personality development largely to:

A) unconscious sources in the mind.
B) conscious sources in the mind.
C) environmental factors.
D) none of these choices

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The intercontinental spread of the ebola virus and associated fear can be considered

A) nonnormative event.
B) normative history-graded event.
C) nonnormative cultural event
D) normative cultural event

Question 5

If you take some information from one theory and combine it with information from another theory, you are working from a(n) _________________perspective

A) psychodynamic
B) eclectic
C) integrated
D) complex

Question 6

Developmental scientists rely on _________________ to refine our understanding of human development across the lifespan

A) observations of people's behaviors
B) theories
C) interviews
D) all of these choices

Question 7

Choose the answer that is true regarding the major domains of development.

A) Physical development is independent.
B) Cognitive development is independent.
C) Socioemotional development is independent.
D) All domains of development are interdependent.

Question 8

Researchers use _______________to explore research questions by organizing observations and systematically testing hypotheses

A) experiments
B) research
C) the research design
D) the scientific method

Question 9

___________ perspective rests on the working assumption that specific human traits and behaviors develop over the lifespan and are maintained throughout history because those characteristics are adaptive for survival

A) The developmental
B) The evolutionary
C) The developmental
D) The psychosocial

Question 10

Developmental maturation is:

A) continuous.
B) discontinuous.
C) both
D) neither

Question 11

Developmental scientists identify three primary domains of development across the lifespan

A) physical, cognitive, and socioemotional.
B) physical, spiritual, and emotional.
C) physical, emotional, and neurological.
D) physical, moodiness, and cognitive.

Question 12

If you believe that you are the same person now as you were in childhood, your self-system is organized by the rule of _____________ in development.

A) continuity
B) discontinuity
C) flexibility
D) inflexibility

Question 13

Sarah argues that she matured in discrete stages, independent of one another. This view overemphasizes ____________________ in development.

A) continuity.
B) discontinuity
C) self-actualization
D) self-determination

Question 14

According to Freud, which of the following makes a significant contribution to personality?

A) id
B) ego
C) superego
D) all of these choices

Question 15

Emma is getting ready for the first day of school. Developmental psychologists refer to this as a

A) normative event.
B) nonnormative event.
C) developmental milestone.
D) sociocultural milestone.

Question 16

The______________ perspective stresses the significance of early life experiences in shaping and determining adult personality and behavior

A) developmental
B) neo-Freudian
C) psychosocial
D) psychodynamic

Question 17

Freud's theory of psychosexual development is based on his.

A) own experiences growing up with cold and disconnected parents.
B) knowledge of the eight conflicts individuals need to resolve at various stages.
C) understanding of associations between the emotional problems of adults and the problems they experienced in childhood.
D) observations of his own children and of children in his neighborhood.

Question 18

The three main goals of using the scientific method in developmental science are to.

A) control, predict, and explain.
B) describe, explain and optimize.
C) describe, predict and explain.
D) gather data, analyze, and publish.

Question 19

Developmental science is a field of study dedicated to helping individuals reach their potential by

A) providing universal preschool.
B) optimizing development.
C) exploring cultural differences
D) informing educational practices.

Question 20

Freud developed his theory based on his work with patients who were primarily members of ___________________ Viennese society.

A) lower-class
B) middle-class
C) upper-class
D) a wide range of social classes in

Question 21

According to Freud, maturation through developmental stages is driven by a life force, or ______________ energy

A) libidinal
B) sexual
C) orgasmic
D) reproduction

Question 22

Information-processing theory attempts to explain the acquisition, comprehension, and retention of information..

Question 23

According to Piaget, organization and adaptation are inseparable.

Question 24

One strength of information-processing theory is that it

A) offers a specific and practical model useful for helping children to learn.
B) provides a broad interpretation of the learning process.
C) enhances already confirmed techniques of teaching.
D) assumes that students are born with the basic building blocks of knowledge.

Question 25

Freud believed that early life experiences

A) have no relationship to adult personality.
B) can only cause problems in childhood.
C) can only cause problems in adulthood.
D) determine adult personality.

Question 26

Identify the correct chronological order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development.

A) genital, latency, phallic, anal, oral
B) phallic, latency, anal, genital, oral
C) oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency
D) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 27

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, is it possible for children to experience developmental regression?

A) Yes
B) No
C) It depends on a number of factors.
D) Not enough information is given. '

Question 28

Resolution in each of Erikson's stages of development results in the accumulation of specific

A) knowledge.
B) strengths.
C) coping strategies.
D) defense mechanisms.

Question 29

Information-processing theory focuses on how children

A) pay attention to information.
B) remember information.
C) store information.
D) all of these choices

Question 30

According to Erikson, at each stage of psychosocial development, an individual is challenged to resolve a normative

A) turmoil.
B) unrest.
C) crisis.
D) confusion.

Question 31

According to Erikson's psychosocial stage theory, 5-year-old Steven is initiating activities and mastering new tasks. He is working toward successful resolution of which task

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame, doubt
C) initiative versus guilt
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 32

According to _________, all children pass through the same four stages of cognitive development and in the same order.

A) Piaget
B) Freud
C) Erikson
D) Vygotsky

Question 33

True/False: The superego struggles to find compromise between the id and the ego.

Question 34

One criticism of Piagetian theory is that

A) development is more continuous than Piaget's stage theory suggests.
B) Piaget underestimated the abilities of younger children.
C) Piaget did not use a large enough sample when testing his theory.
D) all of these choices

Question 35

Psychosocial theory emphasizes the

A) impact of one society on another.
B) interaction of individuals adjusting to the social world.
C) isolation of the individual from society.
D) impact of socialization.

Question 36

Schemas change slowly over time via the process of:

A) adaptation.
B) assimilation.
C) accommodation.
D) integration

Question 37

Piaget's stage theory proposes continuous development.

Question 38

Schemas are

A) mental structures that represent experiences.
B) abstract images of events yet to occur.
C) documented accounts of events that one has experienced.
D) none of these choices

Question 39

The term assimilation refers to the process of:

A) fitting information or experiences into a mental structure that already exists.
B) adopting the ideas of another person.
C) adapting to new surroundings.
D) fusing one's ideas with those of another.

Question 40

Freud believed that our mind is primarily controlled by the.

A) conscious.
B) subconscious.
C) unconscious.
D) preconscious.

Question 41

Negative reinforcement reduces the likelihood of a previously associated response in the future.

Question 42

Using operant conditioning, the introduction of something that a person finds unpleasant is referred to as

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.

Question 43

It is more effective to _______ unwanted behaviors by ignoring them than to use _________

A) extinguish; punishment
B) punish; extinction
C) punish, reinforce
D) ignore, punishment

Question 44

Learning theory focuses attention on the power of an association between ________________ to be reinforced and become automatic.

A) trauma and response
B) trauma and avoidance
C) stimulus and response
D) stimulus and schema

Question 45

In operant conditioning, the term positive means that

A) behavior increases.
B) something good happens.
C) something is added to a situation.
D) something is withheld or taken away.

Question 46

According to Bronfenbrenner's model, which system does not directly involve the child, but has the strongest influence on child development

A) microsystem
B) mesosystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question 47

Developmental systems theory identifies interactions at what level?

A) genetic
B) neural
C) environmental
D) all of these choices

Question 48

__________ is a general principle that describes why a satisfying, comforting feeling in response to a situation is likely to occur again under the same conditions

A) The first law of neural wiring
B) The second law of neural wiring
C) The law of effect
D) The law of association

Question 49

If you believe that it is essential to study child development "in context," you are working from the _______________________ perspective.

A) psychodynamic
B) psychosocial
C) behavioral
D) ecological

Question 50

The most well-known theorist associated with contemporary evolutionary psychology is

A) Charles Darwin.
B) David Buss.
C) Konrad Lorenz.
D) Albert Bandura.

Question 51

The concept of _____________ describes the general rule: living things are born with "prewired" features that guide survival

A) ethology
B) imprinting
C) evolutionary psychology
D) developmental perspective

Question 52

From a behavioral perspective, when you stop at a red light and go at a green light, you are

A) generalizing.
B) discriminating.
C) obeying.
D) behaving.

Question 53

__________ results from observation and imitation

A) Operant learning
B) Social learning
C) Classical learning
D) Evolutionary learning

Question 54

__________ occurs when the same response is elicited by a variety of different stimuli

A) Generalization
B) Discrimination
C) Behaviorism
D) Conditioning

Question 55

Watson demonstrated the principle of ___________ in teaching Little Albert to fear rats and other furry animals.

A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 56

Lorenz is associated with

A) behaviorism.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) ethology.
D) social learning.

Question 57

Whose work on child development significantly influenced the framework used to design the national Head Start program

A) Jean Piaget
B) Uri Brofenbrenner
C) Gilbert Gottlieb
D) Erik Erikson

Question 58

Who introduced the law of effect

A) B. F. Skinner
B) J. B. Watson
C) I. Pavlov
D) E. Thorndike

Question 59

Identify the appropriate order of the scientific method.

A) Develop a hypothesis. Formulate a question. Choose a method for testing the hypothesis. Analyze the data collected. Draw conclusions. Disseminate the results of the study.
B) Formulate a question. Develop a hypothesis. Choose a method for testing hypothesis. Analyze the data collected. Draw conclusions. Disseminate the results of the study.
C) Formulate a question. Develop a hypothesis. Choose a method for testing hypothesis. Analyze the data collected. Disseminate the results of the study. Draw conclusions.
D) Disseminate the results of the study. Draw conclusions. Analyze the data collected. Choose a method for testing hypothesis. Develop a hypothesis. Formulate a question.

Question 60

What is classical conditioning?

A) the eliciting of a response from the pairing of two stimuli, one neutral and one conditioned
B) the eliciting of a response regardless of stimuli
C) a common technique used to train children how to behave in society
D) the pairing of a dependent variable and independent variable in eliciting a response

Question 61

To draw scientific conclusions based on assessments, data must be

A) reliable.
B) valid.
C) consistent.
D) all of these choices

Question 62

Julia has decided to conduct a study that will involve participants younger than 10 years of age. Before she can begin her study, she must first

A) ensure that the study will cause no harm to the participants.
B) obtain informed consent.
C) maintain confidentiality.
D) all of these choices

Question 63

One weakness of the cross-sectional approach to research is as follows:

A) This approach does not allow us to make conclusions about intraindividual development.
B) This approach does not allow us to draw conclusions about interindividual differences
C) Groups cannot be studied using this method.
D) Individuals cannot be studied using this method.

Question 64

Validity refers to the degree to which a(n)

A) instrument measures what it is intended to measure.
B) instrument fails to measure what it is intended to measure.
C) researcher implements an instrument.
D) hypothesis is proven.

Question 65

Brent studied a group of 100 athletes from fifth to twelfth grade, each year assessing the same features of physical and cognitive development. What type of study did Brent conduct?

A) cross-sectional
B) time-segmented
C) longitudinal
D) cross-sequential

Question 66

What is one weakness of observational studies

A) Parents can influence the observer.
B) Children will behave normally when being observed.
C) Children may alter their behavior because they are being observed.
D) Researchers will seek to validate their hypothesis rather than remain unbiased.

Question 67

Collecting observational data must be

A) random.
B) systematic.
C) both random and systematic.
D) none of the choices.

Question 68

Before publication, Laura's article must be peer reviewed or evaluated by individuals

A) of a similar age.
B) in the same area of research.
C) who originate from a similar background.
D) who have the same educational experience.

Question 69

A case study can utilize

A) test results.
B) Interviews.
C) observations.
D) all of these choices

Question 70

The dependent variable

A) is the outcome variable.
B) Is the criterion variable.
C) describes the interaction.
D) both A and B.

Question 71

In the context of data collection for a research study, observations involve

A) asking parents about a child's behavior at home.
B) watching what a child does.
C) having the child write down his or her thoughts.
D) modeling a behavior and having the child imitate it.

Question 72

A weakness of self-report data is one of the following

A) Researchers may maintain a biased approach to research.
B) Children never alter their typical behavior even if they know they are being observed.
C) Reporters are not always honest.
D) Reporters are always honest.

Question 73

Christy wants to determine the influence of sleep on academic performance. Blindly, she divides her volunteers into two groups-a control group that will sleep the standard 8 hours a night and a second group that will sleep 5 hours a night. What type of study is Christy conducting

A) a microgenetic study
B) a quasi-experiment
C) a randomized controlled trial
D) a correlational study

Question 74

Researchers should not report their results if their hypotheses are not supported by the data.

Question 75

Reliability refers to

A) validity.
B) consistency.
C) accuracy.
D) accountability.

Question 76

Place the following correlation coefficients in order from strongest to weakest: 0.59, 0.87, -0.86, -1.0.

A) -1.0, 0.87, -0.86, 0.59
B) 0.87, 0.59, -0.86, -1.0
C) -1.0, 0.87, -0.86, 0.59
D) 0.59, -0.86, 0.87, -1.0

Question 77

Amy studies a group of 3-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and 9-year-olds. What type of study is she conducting?

A) cross-sectional
B) time-segmented
C) longitudinal
D) cross-sequential

Question 78

Which statistic describes the degree of association between two variables?

A) ecological correlation
B) linear association
C) variable association
D) correlation coefficient

Question 79

Correlation does not equal causation.

Question 80

How do psychologists gather data about children's development

A) observational studies
B) assessments
C) self-reports
D) all of these choices