Deck 2: Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

Eye color is an example of

A) a genotype.
B) a phenotype.
C) a karyotype.
D) gametes.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

About how many ripened ova does a woman carry through her reproductive life

A) 400
B) 4000
C) 40,000
D)400, 000

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The primary role of the chromosome is to

A) carry on the mother's genes.
B) carry on the father's genes.
C) store and maintain nutrients essential for health.
D) store and transmit genetic information.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following is TRUE about sex chromosomes

A) The X chromosomes carry most of the genetic material.
B) Both boys and girls have several pairs of X and Y chromosomes.
C) X and Y separate into different cells in females.
D) The baby's sex is determined by the presence of an X or Y in the fertilizing sperm.

Question 5

Which of the following is the result of dominant alleles

A) hemophilia
B) Huntington's disease
C) thyroid disease
D) anemia

Question 6

If the alleles from both parents are alike, their child will be

A) monozygotic.
B) female.
C) homozygous.
D) heterozygous.

Question 7

Which of the following determines female sex

A) XX
B) XY
C) XXY
D) XYY

Question 8

DNA is an abbreviation for ________ acid.

A) diethylnucleic
B) deneural
C) diribionucleic
D) deoxyribonucleic

Question 9

A student's twenty-third pair of chromosomes is XY. This person

A) is male.
B) is female.
C) has PKU.
D) has Down syndrome.

Question 10

Which gender is associated with a greater number of sex-linked inherited disorders

A) male
B) female
C) Both are the same.
D) No one knows.

Question 11

The combination of genetic information that uniquely identifies an individual presents itself to others via ________________expression.

A) phenotypic
B) genotypic
C) allelic
D) autosomic

Question 12

Twenty-two matched pairs of chromosomes are called

A) duodnosomes.
B) nucleosomes.
C) allelesomes.
D) autosomes.

Question 13

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about sex differences

A) Miscarriage of girls is more common, and birth defects are more common in boys.
B) Rates of miscarriage and birth defects are higher for boy fetuses.
C) Rates of miscarriage and birth defects are higher for girl fetuses.
D) A total of 106 girls are born worldwide for every 100 boys.

Question 14

The process of ______________involves reducing the number of chromosomes in body cells by half.

A) mitosis
B) meiosis
C) osmosis
D) autosomes

Question 15

.
Explain the differences in genotype and phenotype.

Question 16

Why do developmental scientists believe that the male sex is associated with a higher number of sex-linked inherited disorders

A) because they have a matched pair of sex chromosomes
B) because they have an unmatched pair of sex chromosomes
C) because men are more fragile
D) because females are hardier

Question 17

A heterozygous person who has one recessive allele

A) will pass the dominant trait to his or her children.
B) will pass the recessive trait to his or her children.
C) may be a carrier of the trait.
D) cannot pass on the trait.

Question 18

Which sex chromosome carries more genes

A) male
B) female
C) Both sexes carry the same number of genes.
D) The answer is unknown.

Question 19

DNA duplicates during; A. mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) osmosis.
D) gamete formation.

Question 20

Directly observable characteristics manifest as an individual's

A) phenotype.
B) genotype.
C) karyotype.
D) gametes.

Question 21

Cell division in gametes is achieved by

A) mitosis.
B) meiosis.
C) They don't divide.
D) It depends on the sex.

Question 22

More than 50% of fertilized eggs fail to implant on the wall of the uterus.
A True

Question 23

Fertilization usually occurs in the

A) uterus.
B) cervix.
C) Fallopian tube.
D) cilia.

Question 24

The mother's genes predominantly determine the gender of the baby.
A True

Question 25

A man releases about _______________ sperm in each ejaculation.

A) 300
B) 3000
C) 30,000
D) 300,000,000

Question 26

From which layer does the nervous system develop

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) embryoblast

Question 27

Which layer gives rise to the heart and circulatory systems

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) embryoblast

Question 28

Which of the following chromosomal patterns determines female sex

A) XX
B) XY
C) XXY
D) XYY

Question 29

Biologically, ova and sperm are known as

A) ovatum.
B) gametes.
C) meiotic.
D) mitotic.

Question 30

The embryoblast transforms into the placenta.

Question 31

Twins result from two sperm penetrating an egg at the same time.

Question 32

_________________ is the early process of differentiation that results in the maturation of the internal organs such as the lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal systems.

A) The cephalocaudal pattern
B) Organogenesis
C) The proximodistal pattern
D) Semmatogenesis

Question 33

Explain why males have a harder time making it to adulthood than females.

Question 34

Only about _________ fertilized eggs develop to maturity.

A) 1 in 10
B) 2 in 20
C) 3 in 10
D) 4 in 20

Question 35

On average, how long do sperm survive in the female body

A) 2 hours
B) 24 hours
C) 48 hours
D) 72 hours

Question 36

A fertilized egg is a zygote.

Question 37

Of the sperm released during intercourse, about __________ reach the egg.

A) 20
B) 200
C) 2000
D) 2

Question 38

The fetal period spans from

A) 2 to 8 weeks.
B) 9 to 30 weeks.
C) 9 to 24 weeks.
D) 9 weeks to birth.

Question 39

The __________period refers to the first 2 weeks after fertilization.

A) fetal
B) embryonic
C) germinal
D) zygotic

Question 40

Which of the following is closest to an average human gestation

A) 40 weeks
B) 32 weeks
C) 45 weeks
D) 49 weeks

Question 41

The mother can feel her baby move in her uterus; that is, ______________ can be felt early in pregnancy, as early as 14 weeks.

A) lanugo
B) quickening
C) vernix
D) butterflies

Question 42

Mary's baby was born with distinctive facial features, short stature, and intellectual disabilities that were entirely preventable. The baby most likely has

A) Down syndrome.
B) fetal alcohol syndrome.
C) second-hand smoke exposure.
D) a cocaine-addicted mother.

Question 43

A ____________________ is a substance that introduces risk to the developing organism during pregnancy.

A) poison
B) habituation
C) monster
D) teratogen

Question 44

The ________________________ pattern of physical growth proceeds from the center of the body through the appendages.

A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) umbilical
D) fetal

Question 45

One of the first senses the baby develops is

A) vision.
B) taste.
C) smell.
D) hearing.

Question 46

How much alcohol exposure is associated with significant risk for fetal alcohol syndrome

A) 1 drink per day
B) 2 drinks per day
C) 3 drinks per month
D) The dosage risk is uncertain.

Question 47

.
Explain the differences in critical and sensitive periods and include the concept of plasticity.

Question 48

Prior to the twentieth week of pregnancy, the unexpected death and delivery of the embryo or fetus is known as:

A) developmental arrest.
B) miscarriage.
C) blastocyst.
D) sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 49

A ____________ period is an interval of heightened plasticity, when environmental influences are most efficient at affecting an organism's development.

A) critical
B) sensitive
C) malleable
D) teratogenic

Question 50

The fetal period is a distinct period of prenatal development.

Question 51

A _____________ period is a finite window of opportunity for development, outside of which environmental influences are said to have no effect.

A) critical
B) sensitive
C) malleable
D) teratogenic

Question 52

Which technique uses sound waves to check on the developing baby

A) amniocentesis
B) ultrasound
C) fetal monitoring
D) chorionic villi sampling

Question 53

The only way to prevent fetal alcohol syndrome is to ___________________ during pregnancy.

A) drink alcohol in moderation
B) ask the doctor before drinking
C) abstain from drinking alcohol
D) drink alcohol made specifically for consumption

Question 54

Two factors that determine the extent of risk a teratogen represents to a developing organism are

A) timing and dosage.
B) dosage and age of fetus.
C) response and dosage.
D) threshold and timing.

Question 55

Kristen's pregnancy has been complicated with placenta previa, a pregnancy risk commonly associated with:

A) a male-dominant genetic profile.
B) a female-dominant genetic profile.
C) smoking during pregnancy.
D) alcohol use during pregnancy.

Question 56

By the 8th week, when the woman usually realizes she is pregnant, all the baby's essential organs are in place, including heart, brain, nose, lips, ears, and limbs, and the baby is responsive to touch.

Question 57

By the time a woman realizes she has missed her period, most of the baby's major organs are in place and the brain has developed into five components.

Question 58

The _____________________ pattern of physical growth proceeds from the head down through the long axis of the body.

A) cephalocaudal
B) proximodistal
C) umbilical
D) fetal

Question 59

The age of viability refers to the maturation point marked by the

A) heart beating.
B) onset of brain development.
C) baby's ability to survive outside of the womb.
D) baby's ability to breathe on his or her own.

Question 60

One of the most common, yet preventable, birth syndromes is an outcome of fetal exposure to

A) cocaine.
B) alcohol.
C) heroin.
D) nicotine.

Question 61

How long does labor last from beginning to end

A) 5 hours
B) 12 hours
C) 24 hours
D) It varies.

Question 62

When the placenta detaches from the wall of the uterus, it is known as

A) placenta previa.
B) placenta abruptio.
C) placenta displacement.
D) placenta dislodgement.

Question 63

A(n) ______ in Cesarean delivery has contributed to a(n) __________ in infant mortality.

A) increase; reduction
B) decrease; increase
C) decrease; reduction
D) increase; increase

Question 64

Levels of oxytocin increase during the ______ trimester(s).

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) first and third

Question 65

During which phase of labor are contractions strongest and most frequent

A) transition
B) descent and birth
C) dilation
D) both A and C

Question 66

What is the low end of the normal range of a human gestation

A) 32 weeks
B) 37 weeks
C) 39 weeks
D) 42 weeks

Question 67

Babies born to women who smoked heavily during pregnancy are at an increased risk for being born at a low birth weight, fewer inches in length, with a smaller than normal head circumference.

Question 68

Identify the order of the stages of labor from beginning to end.

A) delivery of the placenta, dilation, descent, and birth
B) dilation, delivery of the placenta, descent, and birth
C) descent and birth, dilation, delivery of the placenta
D) dilation, descent and birth, delivery of the placenta

Question 69

Between 20% and 30% of the births in the United States are delivered via

A) induced labor.
B) assisted vaginal delivery.
C) Cesarean section.
D) natural delivery.

Question 70

A ________ is a type of delivery that involves the surgical removal of the baby from the mother's uterus via an incision in the mother's abdomen.

A) natural delivery
B) Cesarean delivery
C) medical delivery
D) none of the choices

Question 71

Dilation begins with/when __________ and ends when _____________.

A) regular contractions; the cervix is completely open
B) the cervix is dilated; the baby is born
C) the baby is born; the placenta is expelled
D) dilation of the cervix; the placenta is expelled

Question 72

Which of the following substances will prime an infant to experience withdrawal both during pregnancy and after birth

A) heroin
B) cocaine
C) alcohol
D) nicotine

Question 73

Joe was born with tremors, irritability, and problems with sleeping, and was difficult to soothe. It is likely that his mother _________________________ during pregnancy.

A) smoked cigarettes
B) used crack cocaine
C) drank alcohol
D) used heroin

Question 74

Ashley is an average-size woman. Her doctor tells her that she should expect to gain __________ pounds during her pregnancy.

A) 5 to 10
B) 15 to 25
C) 25 to 35
D) 28 to 40

Question 75

Which of the following is a typical symptom of pregnancy

A) fatigue
B) nausea, heartburn
C) feet swelling, shortness of breath
D) all of the choices

Question 76

Sarah's doctor tells her that she is experiencing a(n) _________________ pregnancy; her uterus has grown 20 times its normal size, and her heart has enlarged nearly 12%.

A) high-risk
B) low-risk
C) abnormal
D) normal

Question 77

Which regulatory system triggers the onset of labor

A) endocrine system
B) lymphatic system
C) reproductive system
D) cardiovascular system

Question 78

A "premature infant" is a baby born

A) before 37 weeks of gestation.
B) at any time before the planned delivery date.
C) in the first trimester.
D) after 37 weeks of gestation.

Question 79

Labor consists of ____ stage(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four

Question 80

For most women, what is the longest stage of labor

A) dilation
B) descent and birth
C) delivery of the placenta
D) birth