Deck 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood: Two to Six Years

Question 1

_________________ are the most common method used by behavior genetics researchers to obtain heritability estimates.

A) Case studies
B) Cross-sectional studies
C) Twin studies
D) Longitudinal studies

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The field of ____________studies the nature of the relationship between genes and behavior.

A) behavior genetics
B) neurobiology
C) brain genetics
D) neuropsychology

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Albert Bandura's experiment with the Bobo doll illustrated

A) attachment parenting
B) the power of observation and modeling.
C) the innate need for children to respond to reinforcement
D) environmental conditions that give rise to attention disorders

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Fraternal twins are more likely than identical twins to share a particular behavioral characteristic.

Question 5

The _____________ represents the independent contribution of genes to differences seen between people in a given characteristic.

A) inheritance factor
B) chromosomal factor
C) heritability estimate
D) biological estimate

Question 6

Researchers who studied helping behavior among young boys reported that genetics explain approximately ____ of the differences they saw among 2-year-old boys.

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 7

______________________ is famous for saying: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor, lawyer, artist-regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors"

A) B.F. Skinner
B) J.B Watson
C) S. Freud
D) L. Vygotsky

Question 8

Bandura and his researchers found that children who had been exposed to aggressive adult models were less likely to behave aggressively than children who had witnessed no aggression.

Question 9

Social Learning Theory stresses the importance of

A) brain readiness.
B) parenting skills.
C) observation and modeling.
D) schooling.

Question 10

Dizygotic twins share up to ___ of their genes.

A) 50%
B) 60%
C) 70%
D) 90%

Question 11

___________________ believe that a child learns through imitating others.

A) Behavioral theorists
B) Psychoanalysts
C) Social cognitive theorists
D) Humanists

Question 12

The heritability estimate can be used to find out the genetic contribution to the prosocial behavior of any particular person in a study.

Question 13

Erik Erikson described the early childhood stage of psychosocial development as

A) trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus shame.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) identity versus role confusion.

Question 14

Researchers who studied helping behavior among 7-year-old boys reported that genetics explained approximately_____ of observed differences.

A) 20%
B) 4%
C) 70%
D) 100%

Question 15

_____________________is voluntary behavior that is intended to benefit another person.

A) Social behavior
B) Socioeconomic behavior
C) Prosocial behavior
D) Biological behavior

Question 16

Benjamin has a sunny disposition, while Fred tends to be somber. __________ are scientists who have the specific tools to help us determine the proportion of these differences due to genes versus environment.

A) Mothers
B) Doctors
C) Psychologists
D) Behavior geneticists

Question 17

Heritability estimates say nothing about the extent to which genes determine a personality trait within an individual.

Question 18

These theorists emphasize the expectation that societies expect individuals to make gains in self-control as their biological maturation allows.

A) Behavioral theorists
B) Psychoanalysts
C) Social cognitive theorists
D) Humanists

Question 19

Self-concept describes the

A) value one puts on personal traits.
B) factor that leads to conceit.
C) a child's self-perception of her unique traits, values, and personality style.
D) self-esteem a child gets from being praised by others..

Question 20

Twin studies fail to account for the effects of shared family environments.

Question 21

The emergence of a positive self-concept is fundamental to socioemotional development.

Question 22

It is not until ___________ that people can integrate separate and distinct attributes into an holistic, abstract representation of the self.

A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) late childhood
D) early adolescence

Question 23

Demanding parenting is correlated with negative outcomes, such as low levels of school achievement and behavioral control.

Question 24

Particularly within specific sub-cultures, such as middle-class families in Western societies, ______________________ parenting is associated with significantly more positive outcomes than the other parenting styles.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 25

Tommy describes himself by saying: "I am a boy with brown hair and freckles, and I can run fast." His self-description illustrates

A) self-absorption
B) the categorical self
C) accurate self esteem
D) inflated self-concept

Question 26

Bob did something wrong and feels guilty but does not feel ashamed of who he is. This suggests

A) insecure attachment.
B) poor self-regulation.
C) no conscience.
D) good parenting and good adjustment.

Question 27

____________________believed that children's emerging representations of self are directly tied to their early interactions with primary caregivers.

A) B.F. Skinner
B) J.B. Watson
C) J. Bowlby
D) L. Vygotsky

Question 28

Studies have found that responsive parenting correlates with social competence and positive adjustment.

Question 29

If 12-year-old Stevie was asked to describe himself, the description that most likely matches his self-description is:

A) I am not good at baseball.
B) I can climb higher than I did last year.
C) I'm really shy except around my friends.
D) I have blue eyes and I can run fast.

Question 30

Recent research has shown that secure attachment to one's caregiver is associated with neutral self-perceptions and self-esteem.

Question 31

Children with low self-esteem often hang back and sit on the sidelines due to a lack of confidence in the ability to initiate activities that will interest other children.

Question 32

Which parenting style describes parents who explain the rules they do have for their children and are warm and responsive to the needs of their children.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 33

Children who experience responsive and emotionally supportive caregiving are more likely to view themselves as lovable and worthy of such support.

Question 34

Self-esteem describes

A) how children describe themselves.
B) a child's judgment about his personal worth.
C) how a child views himself in terms of traits, values, and personality.
D) An evaluation of the self that is not present until puberty.

Question 35

Jacob's parents have high standards and strict rules that his parents expect to be obeyed without question and with total obedience. Jacob has ______________parents.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 36

The type of parenting associated with the most developmentally-healthy outcomes is ___________________________.

A) authoritarian.
B) authoritative.
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 37

Children of parents who are highly responsive but convey few rules report lower social competence than peers whose parents are highly responsive and communicate clear rules.

Question 38

Keisha's parents don't believe in making demands but instead encourage her to make her own decisions. Keisha has _____________ parents.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 39

Bill, 5, and his sister Toni, 4, are arguing over a favorite chair. An authoritative parent will

A) ignore them.
B) settle it for them by taking turns for 10 minutes each.
C) show them how to reason and negotiate with each other.
D) let them work it out and only get involved if one is injured.

Question 40

Which type of parent is more likely to use corporal punishment?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) indulgent
D) permissive

Question 41

The majority of research studies examining the effects of non-parental childcare tend to focus on these two characteristics:

A) quantity and cost
B) quantity and quality
C) cost and quality
D) quality and level of discipline.

Question 42

_______ refers to teaching children to control their behavior and follow rules, whereas ___________ refers only to the unpleasant consequences of failing to follow the rules.

A) Discipline, punishment
B) Punishment ,discipline
C) induction, discipline
D) time out, induction

Question 43

In the United States, each and every day __ kids die as a result of maltreatment.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 6

Question 44

Children's movies, videos, and television shows contain, on average, ____ violent acts per hour.

A) 2
B) 6
C) 14
D) 28

Question 45

The accuracy of the proportion of children in non-parental childcare is debatable.

Question 46

In the United States, maltreatment is the cause of death of at least _____ children every year.

A) 586,000
B) 686,000
C) 750,000
D) 800,000

Question 47

The positive outcomes of ____________________ appear to persist throughout childhood and well into adolescence.

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 48

A 40-year longitudinal study on the impact of children viewing violence on television concluded that that there is:

A) no correlation between watching violent TV and aggressive behavior
B) a negative correlation between violent TV and aggression
C) a cause-effect relationship between watching violent television and aggressive behavior
D) a clear correlation between watching violent television and aggressive behavior

Question 49

Young children who experience early, extensive, and continuous non-maternal care are at risk for experiencing less harmonious parent-child relations and showing higher levels of aggression in toddlerhood through the school years.

Question 50

Findings from research studies indicate that the use of corporal punishment has been shown to be a major risk factor for physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.

Question 51

As of January 2014, 35 countries around the world had implemented policies or laws that protect children from ___________________________.

A) poor nutrition
B) all forms of corporal punishment
C) child maltreatment by caregivers
D) child maltreatment by parents

Question 52

In the United States, the government has confirmed that over 1,500 U.S. children die annually as a result of maltreatment and that nearly 75% of these children are under age ___.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 53

These two styles of parenting may lead to better outcomes in non-Western cultures than in Western cultures.

A) authoritarian and authoritative
B) authoritarian and permissive
C) permissive-indulgent and authoritative
D) permissive-neglectful and authoritative

Question 54

Research on violent television viewing indicates an association with

A) increases hostile behaviors in children.
B) no differences in the behavior of children.
C) a desire to protect others
D) a sophisticated ability to distinguish fantasy and reality.

Question 55

Findings from empirical studies of television violence indicates that children's exposure to media violence desensitizes them to real violence.

Question 56

According to your text, by the time a child who regularly watch television reaches age 19, that child will have witnessed approximately ___________ acts of televised violence. ______

A) 150,000
B) 175,000
C) 200,000
D) 250,000,

Question 57

The most likely perpetrator of physical abuse against a child is a

A) stranger
B) parent
C) neighbor
D) babysitter

Question 58

Findings from the NICHD childcare study concluded that that quality of early childcare is unrelated to later academic achievement.

Question 59

Which of the following parenting styles is most aligned with the philosophy:, "Spare the rod, spoil the child"?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive-indulgent
D) permissive-neglectful

Question 60

Findings from research studies indicate that the use of corporal punishment increases children's risk of internalized aggression, anger, withdrawal, and criminal behavior.

Question 61

Physical play, such as wrestling, tumbling, and running is __________________ play.

A) brawl and bramble
B) tough boy
C) rough and tumble
D) girly

Question 62

Emotion-regulation is the ability to

A) control the bowels.
B) control the behavior one displays in response to an emotional state
C) change behavior based on the situation.
D) express thoughts.

Question 63

The distinction between 'sex differences' and 'gender differences' is that the former refers to differences due to _______________ and the latter refers to differences due to ________________.

A) biology; social norms
B) social norms; biology
C) biology as determined at birth; biology as determined at puberty
D) social norms of a culture; social norms of a peer group

Question 64

Alvin watches Power Rangers and Theodore watches Sesame Street. Based on what you have learned about media exposure and television violence, who is more likely to engage in prosocial behavior?

A) Theodore because he learned about positive relationships
B) Alvin because he is more likely to model the behaviors
C) Both will exhibit equal amounts of relational aggression
D) Neither child will exhibit relational aggression

Question 65

The condition known as ____________ is failure to develop adequate emotion vocabularies.

A) dyslexia
B) alexithymia
C) dystonia
D) akathisia

Question 66

Mom takes David to the toy store. David refuses to walk down the "pink, Barbie" aisle. David hi communicating a

A) phobia.
B) behavior problem.
C) gender stereotype.
D) gender fear.

Question 67

Sid thinks if he puts on a dress he will become a girl. Sid is lacking gender

A) schema
B) constancy
C) identity
D) role

Question 68

Boys typically display stronger same-sex toy preferences.

Question 69

If Sam, age 3, wears pink and likes to play dress up, it means that he

A) is likely to be homosexual
B) has effeminate tendencies.
C) is a normal preschooler who likes to wear the color pink.
D) is rebellious.

Question 70

A gender stereotype is

A) a parent's preference for having a male or female child
B) the opinion of others about a child's gender
C) one's self-concept of being male or female.
D) a rigid determination of appropriate dress and action based on sex.

Question 71

Young children begin to develop a(n)___________ when they can label their own and others' emotions.

A) emotion vocabulary
B) friendship
C) word literacy
D) moral thinking

Question 72

Relational aggression is behavior that children engage in that

A) harms another by damaging a relationship through humiliation or gossip.
B) harms another by injury or threats.
C) is intended to hurt others
D) primes children to be victims of bullying.

Question 73

Alvin watches Power Rangers and Theodore watches Sesame Street. Based on what you have learned about media exposure and television violence, who is more likely to engage in relational aggression?

A) Theodore because he learned about positive relationships
B) Alvin because he is more likely to model the behaviors
C) Both will exhibit equal amounts of relational aggression
D) Neither child will exhibit relational aggression

Question 74

Gender identity refers to knowledge _________________.

A) that one's sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions.
B) that one's gender does not change with age.
C) of one's self as male or female.
D) Of social norms for male and female behavior.

Question 75

By age ____ , typically children have begun to form stereotypes about gender-typed play and gender stereotypes for toys.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6

Question 76

If Betsy's mother has rigid stereotypes and Betsy wants to play the trumpet in the band, her mother will say:

A) Sure! That is a cool instrument.
B) No! Only boys play the trumpet.
C) You can play the drums or guitar instead.
D) She really doesn't care what Betsy does.

Question 77

Gender constancy refers to knowledge

A) that one's sex remains the same regardless of clothing or actions.
B) that gender does not change with age.
C) of one's self as male or female.
D) of social norms for male and female behavior.

Question 78

Gender schema refers to

A) cultural differences in males and females.
B) biological differences in males and females.
C) the mental categories children develop to tell the difference in males and females.
D) the knowledge that gender does not change.

Question 79

Feminine-stereotyped toys encourage,

A) competition, aggression ,and movement in space
B) communicative play and collaborative role playing
C) gender neutral play
D) no specific type of play; toys are not gender stereotyped, people are.

Question 80

Five-year-old Mason knows his brother is still a boy when he dresses as a girl for fun. Mason is exhibiting

A) a secure brother attachment.
B) gender identity.
C) gender constancy.
D) gender orientation.