Deck 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Emerging and Young Adulthood

Question 1

One feature of emerging adulthood, __________________, is evidenced by numerous changes young people make in where they live, the jobs they have, and the people with whom they are in relationships during these years.

A) instability
B) identity exploration
C) feeling in-between
D) a time of possibilities

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In every culture, the transition to adulthood involves crossing the line from adolescence into adulthood.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Broadly speaking, cultures vary in the extent to which becoming adult is a shared social event or is determined by:

A) parents.
B) local authorities.
C) religious leaders.
D) individuals.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The Japanese seijen seiki is a ____________ ceremony that unites the culture in a shared understanding of the age at which young people make the transition to adulthood.

A) religious
B) rite of passage
C) childhood
D) school

Question 5

Based on what you know about global employment trends, in response to a news article that reads "Emerging adults refuse to work," an informed response to the article might be that unemployment in emerging adulthood is not an active choice; rather, the trend is influenced by:

A) large amounts of student loan debt.
B) a lack of job opportunities.
C) social policies that deter employment.
D) social pressure to do volunteer work.

Question 6

Research on emerging adulthood around the globe reveals variation between _____________ in the criteria that define what it means to be an adult.

A) men and women
B) religious groups
C) cultural groups
D) political groups

Question 7

If non-Western countries follow in the path of changes that have taken place in the United States, we can expect to see a global ________ in __________.

A) increase; age at first birth
B) decrease; age at first birth
C) increase; high school graduation rates
D) decrease; high school graduation rates

Question 8

College and work training are ________________________ processes culturally designed to prepare young people for the transition to adulthood.

A) socialization
B) acculturation
C) assimilation
D) accommodation

Question 9

Cote's counterargument to the theory of emerging adulthood fundamentally debates Arnett's assertion that emerging adulthood:

A) is unique to the twenty-first century.
B) is a distinct stage of lifespan development.
C) involves a developmental crisis.
D) is evidence of delayed development.

Question 10

Spending longer periods of time in the transition to adulthood before getting married and living with a spouse has led to a significant increase in new living arrangements such as:

A) cohabitation.
B) coresidence.
D) living together apart.
E) living together away.

Question 11

______________________ is the name of the new, twenty-first century stage of lifespan human development proposed to fall in between adolescence and young adulthood.

A) Early adulthood
B) Postadolescence
C) Late adolescence
D) Emerging adulthood

Question 12

Globally, the transition to adulthood has changed dramatically since the 1950s due to:

A) economic recession.
B) economic expansion.
C) social liberalism.
D) social and economic forces.

Question 13

Emerging adulthood is a new developmental stage discovered to exist only in the United States.

Question 14

Emerging adulthood is an economically vulnerable period of the lifespan due to the fact that during periods of economic stress, they are more likely to experience _________________ compared to older adults.

A) long work hours
B) overnight shifts
C) unemployment
D) poor management

Question 15

In societies that have been influenced by rapid economic and social change since the 1950s, the transition to adulthood is now:

A) shorter.
B) longer.
C) earlier.
D) faster.

Question 16

The transition to adulthood is the same in every culture.

Question 17

Five features of emerging adulthood distinguish this developmental stage from others that come before and those that follow.

Question 18

The following question summarizes a point of debate concerning the influence of emerging adulthood on lifespan human development: Does the increase in the number of years spent in emerging adulthood represent a normal stage of development or:

A) privileged adulthood?
B) failed adulthood?
C) atypical adulthood?
D) delayed adulthood?

Question 19

If recent changes in the transition to adulthood were to dramatically swing in the opposite direction, what would we see?

A) Average age at high school graduation would decrease.
B) Average age at college graduation would increase.
C) The age at marriage would increase.
D) The age at birth of first child would decrease.

Question 20

The new transition to adulthood reflects broad changes in social:

A) motives.
B) norms.
C) standards.
D) statuses.

Question 21

Evidence of pruning in the prefrontal cortex through the 20s may be observed watching emerging adults:

A) use their executive system more efficiently.
B)stress response
C) manage their basic regulatory processes less efficiently.
D) manage their basic regulatory processes more efficiently.

Question 22

Which of the following role commitments is reached last by the majority of young adults?

A) financial independence
B) residential independence
C) commitment to a partnership
D) becoming a parent

Question 23

From a developmental perspective, self-focus in emerging adulthood should be interpreted as a sign of _________________ adjustment.

A) delayed
B) accelerated
C) unhealthy
D) healthy

Question 24

An executive functioning deficit in activation makes _______________ challenging for a college student.

A) sustaining attention to complete assignments that aren't intrinsically interesting
B) staying engaged and alert during a lecture
C) defining a project goal and managing the steps it takes to successfully complete the project
D) tolerating frustration and negative emotions that arise during an exam

Question 25

An intervention program designed to support emerging adult development would focus on supporting:

A) exploration of opportunities.
B) commitment to a value system.
C) educational achievement.
D) relationship stability.

Question 26

On average, progress toward adult roles and responsibilities ________________from the late teens through the late 20s.

A) increases unsteadily
B) increases linearly
C) increases and then decreases
D) decreases then increases

Question 27

With respect to the age at which young adults make commitments to adult roles, family socioeconomic status, gender, and race ________________ the age at which transitions occur.

A) delay
B) accelerate
C) influence
D) determine

Question 28

Senescence refers to a gradual decline in:

A) memory systems.
B) cognitive systems.
C) physical systems.
D) neurological systems.

Question 29

If a young person has graduated and is steadily employed, we can assume that he is:

A) making progress toward establishing intimate relationships.
B) failing to make progress establishing intimate relationships.
C) overfocused on career advancement.
D) underfocused on establishing intimate relationships.

Question 30

The 20s are described as a period of peak vitality, which suggests that young people in their 20s:

A) are in worse physical condition than in any other life stage.
B) are in better physical condition than in any other life stage.
B) have the potential to gain strength needed to be in top physical condition in middle adulthood.
C) have the potential to lose strength needed to be in top physical condition in middle adulthood.

Question 31

By age 30, approximately what percentage of young adults are financially independent?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 90%

Question 32

Unintentional injury in emerging adulthood may be associated with an executive function deficit in action, manifesting as heightened:

A) impulsivity.
B) inattentiveness.
C) initiative.
D) indecisiveness.

Question 33

Trajectories describing the ages at which young people achieve markers of increasing responsibility for self (e.g., graduating, getting a job, partnering, having a baby) indicate that young people take ___________ pathways to young adulthood.

A) similar
B) different
C) straight
D) predictable

Question 34

Young adulthood is defined by commitments to adult roles and responsibilities.

Question 35

By age 30, approximately what percentage of young adults has married?

A) 25%
B) 50%
C) 75%
D) 90%

Question 36

Individuals continue to physically develop into their 20s.

Question 37

Entry into young adulthood is marked by:

A) turning 25.
B) turning 30.
C) commitments to adult roles and responsibilities.
D) completion of the school-to-work transition.

Question 38

By definition, making progress toward adult roles and responsibilities involves an increase in independence and a decrease in __________ dependence on parents.

A) emotional
B) instrumental
C) financial
D) cognitive

Question 39

In the United States, the vast majority of individuals have made the transition to young adulthood by age:

A) 20.
B) 25.
C) 30.
D) 35.

Question 40

Vitality refers to the capacity to:

A) prevent disease.
B) die.
C) recover from disease.
D) live.

Question 41

In emerging adulthood, the rate at which we gain bone tissue is _____________ the rate at which we lose bone tissue.

A) about equal to
B) unrelated to
C) higher than
D) lower than

Question 42

Emerging adults can directly influence the health of their own brain development by:

A) regulating the expression of their genes.
B) making decisions not to abuse substances.
C) following the advice of their parents.
D) accepting advice of their peers.

Question 43

The reproductive system is mature by emerging adulthood.

Question 44

The skeletal system is completely mature for the average person by age:

A) 18.
B) 21.
C) 25.
D) 30.

Question 45

Brain maturation in emerging adulthood primarily results in:

A) less communication within the right hemisphere.
B) more communication within the right hemisphere.
C) more communication between brain regions.
D) less communication between brain regions.

Question 46

_______________ of the epiphyseal plates explains why height is determined in emerging adulthood.

A) Softening
B) Hardening
C) Lengthening
D) Merging

Question 47

When adult height is reached, sex differences in height reflect the developmental norm; on average:

A) men are taller than women.
B) women are taller than men.
C) men reach full height in adolescence; women reach full height in emerging adulthood.
D) women reach full height in adolescence; women reach full height in emerging adulthood.

Question 48

Loss of gray matter in the brain through the 20s indicates:

A) decreased functioning the temporal lobe.
B) decreased functioning in the parietal lobe.
C) continued maturation in the occipital lobe.
D) continued maturation in the frontal lobe.

Question 49

For all emerging adults, accumulation of bone mass through age 30 is valuable against loss of bone mass due to:

A) normative aging in the future.
B) bone disease in the future.
C) overexertion in emerging adulthood.
D) substance use in emerging adulthood.

Question 50

The reproductive system reaches full maturity in:

A) adolescence.
B) emerging adulthood.
C) young adulthood.
D) middle adulthood.

Question 51

The skeletal system is _______________ around age 25.

A) fully mature
B) partially mature
C) rapidly aging
D) rapidly maturing

Question 52

Reproductive health is determined by:the:

A) availability of free health care for medical treatment related to conception and child birth.
B) freedom to conceive and terminate pregnancies without social judgment.
C) freedom to conceive and terminate pregnancies without legal restriction.
D) capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do so.

Question 53

The fact that the brain is not fully mature until emerging adulthood has implications for laws that dictate minimum age requirements for:

A) employment.
B) receiving unemployment benefits.
C) driving.
D) any law that dictates the minimum age requirement to gain a legal right.

Question 54

Programs designed to slow skeletal aging in later adulthood see emerging adulthood as an age period during which healthy eating, regular exercise, hormonal balance, and _______________ are key elements of successful prevention efforts.

A) auditory health
B) vision health
C) mental health
D) dental health

Question 55

Calcium levels are important in emerging adulthood because adequate intake during these years is essential for optimizing:

A) skeletal vitamin density.
B) skeletal mineral density.
C) bone vitamin density.
D) bone mineral density.

Question 56

Growth of the skeletal system continues at the same pace through childhood, adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Question 57

In emerging adulthood, healthy behaviors that promote skeletal health are _____ those that maintain the muscular system.

A) different from
B) the same as
C) more important than
D) less important than

Question 58

In emerging adulthood, bone growth ceases as a function of the reduction in _________________, a primary catalyst in bone production.

A) hormones, primarily estrogen
B) hormones, primarily testosterone
C) enzymes, primarily lactase
D) enzymes, primarily protease

Question 59

Unlike many other biological systems, there are significant differences in the reproductive systems of male and female emerging adults.

Question 60

Adult height is primarily determined by:

A) muscle-to-bone ratio.
B) muscle mass.
C) bone length.
D) bone density.

Question 61

Learning to ___________________ is a sign of developmental maturation, that is, a signal that the emerging adult is taking responsibility for directing his or her own life.

A) enjoy sexual activity
B) abstain from sexual activity
C) seek advice from peers about sexuality
D) prevent unwanted sexual activity outcomes

Question 62

Emerging adults demonstrating evidence of cognitive development in the direction of postformal thinking will be able to express a growing awareness for and appreciation of:

A) the universality of cultural belief systems.
B) the diversity of cultural belief systems.
C) the dominance of certain cultural belief systems,.
D) clashing belief systems between cultures.

Question 63

Worldview refers to the lens an emerging adult develops, through which he or she sees and interprets the world.

Question 64

According to advances in theories of cognitive development, cognitive development continues into and through emerging adulthood.

Question 65

In emerging adulthood, sexual activity is ________________ than in young adulthood.

A) more closely tied to emotional health
B) less closely tied to emotional health
C) more closely tied to reproductive goals
D) less closely tied to reproductive goals

Question 66

Gerontologists are developmental scientists who study emerging adult cognitive development.

Question 67

During emerging adulthood, individuals develop either an accurate or inaccurate worldview.

Question 68

One indicator of cognitive regression during emerging adulthood is:

A) increased rigidity.
B) decreased rigidity.
C) increased avoidance.
D) decreased avoidance.

Question 69

Postformal thought develops in emerging adulthood:

A) under conditions of opportunity.
B) under all conditions.
C) among those who attend college after high school.
D) among those who enter the labor force after high school.

Question 70

Infertility is a serious reproductive health issue for couples who desire a pregnancy. Relatively speaking, infertility problems are often due to:

A) unexplained biological causes.
B) nonbiological causes.
C) multiple, complex biological causes.
D) simple, identifiable causes.

Question 71

An emerging adult who makes significant gains in postformal thinking is more likely to operate from the core belief that her beliefs are:

A) not absolute truths, but rather one way of seeing the world.
B) not absolute truths, but educated opinions valued only by educated people.
C) educated opinions that should be taught to others.
D) educated opinions that should be kept private.

Question 72

Comparing emerging and young adults who are in committed partnerships to those who are single, sexual activity is ______________ among those who are in committed partnerships.

A) less frequent
B) more frequent
C) less planned
D) more planned

Question 73

The stage of cognitive development most associated with emerging adulthood is:

A) formal operational.
B) formal constructivist.
C) postformal.
D) constructivist.

Question 74

Findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study changed the way we understand cognitive development in emerging adulthood by challenging Piaget's assertion that cognitive development:

A) continued through the 60s.
B) continued through the 30s.
C) was complete by adolescence.
D) continued through emerging adulthood.

Question 75

To optimize natural fertility and reduce the likelihood that she will have difficulties associated with age-related infertility, a woman should plan to have children before age:

A) 30.
B) 35.
C) 40.
D) 45.

Question 76

As postformal thinking is developing, parents are likely to describe the thinking of their emerging adult children as:

A) more accurate and less opinionated.
B) more accurate and more opinionated.
C) less flexible and more practical.
D) more flexible and more practical.

Question 77

By the beginning of emerging adulthood, approximately _________ are sexually active.

A) 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 90%

Question 78

In her work that led her to challenge Piagetian theory, Labouvie-Vief recognized that adults were reasoning from ________________ when they provided an incorrect answer on a Piagetian task.

A) emotion-focused memories
B) cognitively distorted memories
C) life experiences
D) abstract experiences

Question 79

Exploring possibilities and opportunities in emerging adulthood accelerates cognitive maturation toward thinking that heavily relies on:

A) magical thinking.
B) life experiences.
C) emotional intelligence.
D) abstract thinking.

Question 80

Delayed prenatal care and premature birth are two risk factors associated with emerging adult pregnancies, directly associated with the fact that the majority of pregnancies are:

A) undetectable.
B) difficult to detect.
B) intentional.
C) unintentional.