Deck 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood

Question 1

In women, bone density declines as a function of:

A) normative aging
B) menopause
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In middle adulthood, there remains opportunity to have a positive influence on one's own health by eating healthy and exercising.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

During middle adulthood, individuals begin to experience sarcopenia, age-related _______________________ loss.

A) muscle
B) bone
C) flexibility
D) range-of-motion

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Decreases in white matter in middle adulthood indicate a reduction in neural:

A) connectivity.
B) lateralization.
C) plasticity.
D) speed.

Question 5

Living at home after he graduated college, John wondered whether his mother was experiencing cognitive aging because she often:

A) felt flustered when there was more than one activity going on in the house at the same time.
B) had difficulty making decisions about when or where to go grocery shopping.
C) was angry when she realized she had made plans and then forgot.
D) all of the choices

Question 6

Poor health habits, for example, smoking, are associated with _______________ brain shrinkage in brain matter volume during middle adulthood.

A) greater
B) slower
C) accelerated
D) delayed

Question 7

Many middle-aged adults don't feel that they have a great deal of extra time, but they can achieve health benefits via weight-bearing exercise, such as:

A) doing yard work.
B) working from home.
C) doing aqua aerobics.
D) cycling to work.

Question 8

If developmentalists can learn how to stimulate neurogenesis in middle adulthood, we may be able to find new ways to _________________ cognitive diseases, such as, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

A) prevent
B) predict
C) double
D) understand

Question 9

Compared to women, men maintain higher levels of bone density in middle adulthood because they achieve greater bone density prior to middle adulthood.

Question 10

____________ in middle adulthood is a health risk factor associated with cognitive aging.

A) Heroin use
B) Pregnancy
C) Gluten
D) Obesity

Question 11

In middle adulthood, bone loss begins to outpace bone repair.

Question 12

Brain scans through middle adulthood show evidence of decreases in:

A) white matter volume.
B) gray matter volume.
C) total brain volume.
D) all of the choices

Question 13

Muscle strength, particularly when measured by _______________, is an indicator of general health in middle adulthood.

A) weight a person can bench press
B) number of push-ups
C) grip strength
D) core strength

Question 14

Most people show some signs of physiological decline in their brain ________________ middle adulthood.

A) prior to
B) during
C) after
D) all of the choices

Question 15

The ages that correspond with middle adulthood are different between countries due to the fact that there are extreme differences in ___________________ between countries.

A) life stages
B) life expectancy
C) the lifespan
D) the life course

Question 16

While middle-aged adults may lose concentric strength, they may actually gain:

A) length.
B) flexibility.
C) density.
D) tone.

Question 17

An example of the type of activity that has the greatest potential to reduce bone density loss in middle adulthood is:

A) running.
B) cycling.
C) swimming.
D) none of the choices

Question 18

In middle adulthood, _________________ facilitates brain recovery following insult, such as mild stroke.

A) neurodevelopment
B) neuropathy
C) neurogenesis
D) neurostimulation

Question 19

Following the principle, "last to develop, first to disappear" adults who lose more brain volume in middle adulthood are most likely to show declines in:

A) regulatory functions.
B) executive functioning skills.
C) language.
D) creativity.

Question 20

Middle adulthood refers to the midpoint of one's life expectancy, the average number of years a person can expect to live.

Question 21

When a middle-aged adult is concerned about changes in her skin, there is no need to seek medical attention.

Question 22

In middle adulthood, individuals become more sensitive and better able to discriminate incoming stimuli.

Question 23

When the doctor diagnoses this middle-aged woman with presbyopia, this helps the woman understand why she has been having:

A) increased difficulty reading food labels at the grocery store.
B) difficulty reading road signs while driving.
C) difficulty hearing her husband over breakfast.
D) difficulty hearing the television.

Question 24

When a middle-aged woman complains to her hair stylist that the hair dye she is using is not as effective as it used to be, a hair stylist who understands aging processes can explain that aging hair has _______so hair requires _____________ hair dye.

A) more melanin; darker
B) less melanin; lighter
C) less melanin; more
D) more melanin; less

Question 25

When Juan, a doctor, attended his 40th high school reunion and received so many firm handshakes from his friends, he was able to feel good knowing that they:

A) didn't have any chronic diseases.
B) didn't have cancer.
C) had been exercising.
D) had many years of life to live.

Question 26

In middle adulthood, the elasticity of the skin:

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) remains the same.
D) fluctuates.

Question 27

Through middle age, individuals experience a decrease in sensitivity in their taste buds and olfactory cells, which results in a loss of sensitivity to the _____________ of food.

A) texture
B) flavor
C) temperature
D) nutritional value

Question 28

In middle adulthood, hair changes include:

A) accelerated hair loss.
B) reduction in pigmentation.
C) slower hair regrowth.
D) all of the choices

Question 29

Due to a reduction in the efficiency of processes that contribute to skin health, aging skin:

A) has more wrinkles.
B) begins to droop.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 30

Sight, hearing, smell, and taste all change during middle adulthood.

Question 31

Vision becomes less accurate in middle age, but hearing becomes less accurate only in later adulthood, after age 60.

Question 32

In middle adulthood, hearing decline is:

A) absolute.
B) unavoidable.
C) slow.
D) fast.

Question 33

In middle adulthood, skin changes in the ________________ are visible to self and others.

A) dermis
B) epidermis
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 34

Elasticity of the skin changes due to decreased productivity in the __________ glands.

A) collagen
B) adrenal
C) exocrin
D) sebaceous

Question 35

In middle adulthood, hair color changes are due to aging processes that produce _________________ melanin after each hair loss cycle.

A) less
B) more
C) lighter
D) darker

Question 36

If a middle-aged adult wants to keep her skin soft and elastic, the most benefit is derived from:

A) flexibility exercise, such as yoga.
B) water exercise, such as swimming.
C) exercise that produces sweat.
D) exercise that does not produce sweat.

Question 37

When Shelley, a nurse, recognized that her father was having difficulty picking up the toy his infant granddaughter dropped on the floor and also had difficulty holding on tightly to the coffee pot, she recognized this as a sign of:

A) poor grip strength and diabetes.
B) poor grip strength and impaired general health.
C) impaired ability to focus on a task.
D) impaired ability to provide self-care.

Question 38

Midlife is a life stage when adults are likely to first notice changes to their skin, for example, age spots, liver spots, and solar lentigines.

Question 39

With respect to middle adulthood, aging results in skin changes in the:

A) dermis.
B) epidermis.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 40

When the doctor diagnoses his middle-aged patient with myopia, this helps the man understand why he:

A) can see things close to his face but not far.
B) cannot see things close to his face, but can see things that are far to his face, but an easy time seeing things far.
C) needs glasses to see near and far.
D) no longer needs glasses.

Question 41

Fluid intelligence refers to reasoning ability and logic.

Question 42

Managers should recognize a significantly greater potential for middle-aged adults to outperform emerging adults on work that benefits from:

A) use of reasoning and logic.
B) application of accumulated knowledge.
C) reliance on perceptual speed.
D) reliance on numeric ability.

Question 43

Stress in middle adulthood has the capacity to undermine cognitive functioning.

Question 44

Middle-aged adults have the potential to influence their own cognitive ability by selecting into experiences that either enhance or undermine their capacities.

Question 45

Crystallized intelligence increases through emerging and young adulthood and then _____________________________ through middle adulthood.

A) continues to increase
B) decreases rapidly
C) decreases slowly
D) fluctuates

Question 46

According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when individuals were followed across time, findings indicated that general cognitive ability remained the same until about age:

A) 45.
B) 50.
C) 55.
D) 60.

Question 47

One single theory of intelligence dominates our understanding of differences in cognitive ability in middle adulthood.

Question 48

In Baltes's SOC model the "S" refers to the process of _________________________, depending on one's capacities.

A) identifying goals that are reasonable
B) establishing healthy connections
C) achieving a high level of education
D) earning a high income

Question 49

We can find numerous examples of __________________ contributing to successes in middle adulthood.

A) crystallized intelligence
B) fluid intelligence
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 50

According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when different age groups are compared in a cross-sectional analysis, two types of cognitive abilities peak in middle adulthood before decreasing:

A) inductive reasoning and spatial orientation.
B) spatial orientation and perceptual speed.
C) numerical and verbal ability.
D) numerical ability and verbal memory.

Question 51

In Baltes's SOC model, the "O" refers to the process of _____________________in a way that moves a person closer to selected goals.

A) identifying goals that are reasonable
B) achieving a high level of education
C) applying effort and investment of resources
D) earning a high income

Question 52

Development through middle adulthood involves gains and losses.

Question 53

When Sally, age 57, was referred to an auditory specialist for more comprehensive evaluation and education about her hearing loss, she learned that:

A) there are various types of hearing loss.
B) some hearing loss can be corrected and some cannot.
C) many people choose not to have their hearing corrected.
D) all of the choices

Question 54

To meet the needs of a vacation cruise designed to support the health and well-being of middle-aged adults, the chef prepared food that is:

A) highly seasoned, very low salt.
B) highly seasoned, relying mostly on salt.
C) bland, low seasoning including low salt.
D) bland, low seasoning, optional salt.

Question 55

According to findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study, when different age groups are compared in a cross-sectional analysis, most cognitive abilities are highest in ________________ compared to middle adulthood.

A) adolescence
B) emerging adulthood
C) young adulthood
D) later adulthood

Question 56

In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, the most dramatic decrease in a specific domain is in ____________________ which actually begins to significantly decrease in emerging adulthood.

A) inductive reasoning
B) perceptual speed
C) verbal ability
D) numeric ability

Question 57

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence describe the different ways that middle-aged men and women process information, respectively.

Question 58

Because emerging adults are more likely to use _______________ compared to middle-aged workers, managers are smart to look to emerging adults when they are looking for novel solutions to work problems.

A) fluid intelligence
B) crystallized intelligence
C) general intelligence
D) multiple intelligences

Question 59

Findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study indicate that cognitive losses in middle age are ___________________ relative to cognitive declines that we see in later adulthood.

A) significant
B) mild
C) neither a nor b
D) both a and b

Question 60

Baltes's meta-theory identifies these processes associated with optimal aging: selection:

A) operation and cooperation.
B) operation and compensation.
C) optimization and cooperation.
D) optimization and compensation.

Question 61

Mental health promotion programs for middle-aged adults may train them to use SOC strategies to:

A) set retirement goals.
B) make healthy choices about how to spend their time and money.
C) neither a nor b
D) both a and b

Question 62

According to the American College of Sports Medicine, middle-aged adults should exercise for a minimum of ___ minutes a day 5 days a week or vigorously for ___minutes 3 days a week.

A) 60; 30
B) 45; 30
C) 30; 20
D) 30; 15

Question 63

In order, the four stages of knowledge attainment an individual must pass through to achieve expertise are: novice, initiate, apprentice, journeyman.

Question 64

According to researcher Peter Fadde, the key ingredient in expertise is:

A) recognition-based goal setting.
B) recognition-based decision making.
C) recognition-primed decision making.
D) recognition-primed goal setting.

Question 65

Changes in hormones have a significant influence on well-being in middle adulthood.

Question 66

In Baltes's SOC model, the "C" refers to the process of _____________________ goals so that they are a better match with one's ability to achieve them.

A) identifying goals that are reasonable
B) achieving a high level of education
C) applying effort and investment of resources
D) earning a high income

Question 67

In response to the stress associated with being part of the "sandwich generation," SOC can be particularly useful in helping middle-aged adults deal with the competing demands of:

A) work and plans for retirement.
B) caring for children and parents.
C) work and household chores.
D) household chores and marriage.

Question 68

An adult who is considered an expert has reached a high level of skills and knowledge in a specific area or on a specific topic.

Question 69

Rates of obesity in adults _______________ from 1990 to 2010.

A) fluctuated
B) stayed the same
C) decreased
D) increased

Question 70

Experts are able to do __________________tasks effortlessly.

A) complex
B) stressful
C) routine
D) simple

Question 71

If middle-aged Ellison, now a successful lawyer, wants to change careers to become a master chef, she has the potential to do that if she:

A) can tolerate being a novice in a new field.
B) is willing to appreciate what she'll learn from being an initiate, despite the low prestige.
C) is able to learn from others who know more than she does.
D) all of the choices

Question 72

Globesity refers to the trend describing ___________________ around the globe.

A) variation in rates of obesity
B) high rates of obesity
C) overreporting health stories about obesity
D) overreacting to health stories about obesity

Question 73

In middle adulthood, rigorous physical exercise:

A) improves cognitive functioning.
B) strengthens the cardiovascular system.
C) both a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 74

In the United States, more than two-thirds of adults are overweight.

Question 75

Which of the following can we predict as an outcome of skillful ability to use SOC strategies in middle adulthood?

A) mental health
B) healthy relationships
C) feeling financially prepared for the retirement years ahead
D) all of the choices

Question 76

In terms of developing expertise, "Master" is the highest stage.

Question 77

According to "What's on My Plate" guidelines for middle-aged adults, 50% of each meal should come from:

A) fruits.
B) vegetables.
C) both fruits and vegetables.
D) a majority of vegetable and a few fruits.

Question 78

Recognition-primed decision making refers to the ability of an individual to make decisions quickly due to the ability to _____________________ about a situation.

A) recognize the most relevant features
B) recognize the least relevant features
C) ignore others' opinions
D) integrate others' opinions

Question 79

Obesity is a health crisis in middle adulthood, a health statistic that is unique to the United States.

Question 80

For the majority of individuals, in middle adulthood, the life domain most important to them is:

A) family.
B) health.
C) work.
D) friends.