Deck 37: Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Question 1

The two cells in a mature pollen grain are formed by

A) one meiotic division and one mitotic division.
B) two meiotic divisions and one mitotic division.
C) one meiotic division and two mitotic divisions.
D) two meiotic divisions and two mitotic divisions.
E) one meiotic division in which one of the four cells degenerates.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The microgametophyte of a flowering plant is

A) a flower.
B) an egg.
C) a pollen grain.
D) an anther.
E) the entire plant.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which statement about the stamen and the carpel or pistil is true?

A) The stamen has two named parts, whereas the pistil has three.
B) The stamen produces microgametophytes, whereas the carpel produces megagametophytes.
C) The carpel is yellow and the stamen is brown.
D) The stamens are long, whereas the pistil is short.
E) The stamen is always taller than the pistil.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An angiosperm megagametophyte with 110 cells would be a highly unusual specimen because the flowering plant typically has a megagametophyte consisting of

A) one pollen grain.
B) a pollen tube.
C) an embryo sac with eight haploid nuclei.
D) microspores.
E) a megasporangium and the cells within it.

Question 5

Which processes are required in order for a megasporocyte to produce an egg cell?

A) Meiosis followed by mitosis
B) Mitosis followed by meiosis
C) Several meiotic divisions only
D) Several mitotic divisions only
E) Several nuclear fusion events

Question 6

Suppose you are studying fertilization in petunias.From what part of the flower would you extract material to study?

A) Petal
B) Ovule
C) Stigma
D) Sepal
E) Style

Question 7

List the correct order of events in female gametophyte development.

A) Megagametophyte $\rightarrow$ megasporocyte $\rightarrow$ megaspore
B) Megagametophyte $\rightarrow$ megaspore $\rightarrow$ megasporocyte
C) Megasporocyte $\rightarrow$ megaspore $\rightarrow$ megagametophyte
D) Megaspore $\rightarrow$ megasporocyte $\rightarrow$ megagametophyte
E) Megaspore $\rightarrow$ megagametophyte $\rightarrow$ megasporocyte

Question 8

A flower that is wind-pollinated would be least likely to

A) have numerous anthers.
B) have sticky or feathery stigmas.
C) produce large numbers of pollen grains.
D) have a colorful corolla.
E) have unscented flowers.

Question 9

The embryo sac is also called the

A) megaspore.
B) megasporangium.
C) megasporocyte.
D) megasporophyll.
E) megagametophyte.

Question 10

Refer to the figure showing the typical life cycle of a plant. Suppose a botanist is studying a part of a flowering plant represented on the blue part of the figure.What is she studying?

A) The male gametophyte
B) The female sporophyte
C) The roots
D) The petals
E) The sepals

Question 11

Which cells do not participate in double fertilization in apples?

A) Tube cells
B) Synergids
C) Eggs
D) Central cells
E) Antipodal cells

Question 12

A newly discovered plant is thought to be wind-pollinated because of its exposure to regular, strong wind in spring and the lack of insect pollinators in its habitat.The presence of which characteristic would confirm this assumption?

A) Colorful petals
B) Smooth stigmas
C) Large quantities of pollen
D) Large quantities of nectar
E) Pollination before the opening of the flower bud

Question 13

Which list represents the correct evolutionary order, from earliest to most recent evolution?

A) Wind-pollinated plant $\rightarrow$ plant with swimming sperm $\rightarrow$ animal-pollinated plant
B) Plant with swimming sperm $\rightarrow$ animal-pollinated plant $\rightarrow$ wind-pollinated plant
C) Animal-pollinated plant $\rightarrow$ wind-pollinated plant $\rightarrow$ plant with swimming sperm
D) Animal-pollinated plant $\rightarrow$ plant with swimming sperm $\rightarrow$ wind-pollinated plant
E) Plant with swimming sperm $\rightarrow$ wind-pollinated plant $\rightarrow$ animal-pollinated plant

Question 14

Perfect and imperfect flowers differ from each other in that perfect flowers have all four types of flower parts but imperfect flowers are missing

A) either stamens or petals.
B) either sepals or carpels.
C) either stamens or carpels.
D) either petals or sepals.
E) sepals.

Question 15

A scientist has perfected a technique, using a microcapillary, for catching sperm as they leave the pollen tube.At which structure should the microcapillary be placed for studying the earliest steps in sperm release?

A) The egg cell
B) The synergids
C) The integument
D) The antipodals
E) The central cell

Question 16

The first event that takes place after pollen is released from the anthers is the

A) fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei.
B) transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma.
C) development of the two-celled pollen grain.
D) growth of the pollen tube after pollen germination.
E) division of the generative nucleus to produce two sperm nuclei.

Question 17

In the mature embryo sac, the cells closest to where the pollen tube enters the ovule (the micropyle) are the

A) polar nuclei.
B) synergids.
C) polar nuclei and synergids.
D) egg cell and polar nuclei.
E) egg cell and synergids.

Question 18

In flowering plants, the only structure to which pollen is directly transferred is the

A) micropyle.
B) ovary.
C) style.
D) ovule.
E) stigma.

Question 19

Which list represents the correct order of events (from earliest to latest) in the reproduction of angiosperms?

A) Fertilization $\rightarrow$ meiosis $\rightarrow$ egg formation
B) Egg formation $\rightarrow$ fertilization $\rightarrow$ meiosis
C) Egg formation $\rightarrow$ meiosis $\rightarrow$ fertilization
D) Meiosis $\rightarrow$ egg formation $\rightarrow$ fertilization
E) Meiosis $\rightarrow$ fertilization $\rightarrow$ egg formation

Question 20

If an insect chews through a flower, from outside to center, in what order will it eat the flower parts?

A) Sepal $\rightarrow$ carpel $\rightarrow$ petal
B) Petal $\rightarrow$ sepal $\rightarrow$ carpel
C) Carpel $\rightarrow$ petal $\rightarrow$ sepal
D) Carpel $\rightarrow$ sepal $\rightarrow$ petal
E) Sepal $\rightarrow$ petal $\rightarrow$ carpel

Question 21

Refer to the figure showing the initial stage of double fertilization. The female cell physically closest to structure C in the figure is the

A) central cell.
B) egg cell.
C) synergid.
D) antipodal cell.
E) tube cell.

Question 22

The endosperm is formed by a fusion between the _______ and _______.

A) egg nucleus; a sperm nucleus
B) egg nucleus; two sperm nuclei
C) synergid nuclei; a sperm nucleus
D) polar nuclei; a generative nucleus
E) polar nuclei; a sperm nucleus

Question 23

What is the fate of the seven cells of the embryo sac?

A) All but one disintegrates upon fertilization.
B) Two become fertilized; the others disintegrate.
C) Two become fertilized; the others fuse to form endosperm.
D) All are involved in nuclear fusion events.
E) They all become part of the seed tissue.

Question 24

The advantage of cross-fertilization in plants is that

A) it results in increased genetic diversity.
B) meiosis can occur.
C) it increases the chances of successful pollination.
D) no flowering is needed.
E) it requires less energy than self-fertilization.

Question 25

If you wanted to breed a plant to introduce self-incompatibility, which of the following mechanism(s) would be least useful to target in your breeding program?

A) Pollen recognition proteins on the stigma
B) Pollen germination on the stigma
C) Pollen tube growth through the style
D) Sperm nuclei fusion with the egg
E) Introduction of novel S alleles

Question 26

A seed consists of a _______ embryo, a _______ endosperm, and a _______ seed coat.

A) diploid; triploid; diploid
B) haploid; triploid; diploid
C) diploid; triploid; haploid
D) diploid; diploid; diploid
E) haploid; diploid; haploid

Question 27

Which list represents the correct order of events (from earliest to latest) in the reproduction of angiosperms?

A) Pollination $\rightarrow$ seed dispersal $\rightarrow$ pollen formation
B) Pollen formation $\rightarrow$ pollination $\rightarrow$ seed dispersal
C) Seed dispersal $\rightarrow$ pollen formation $\rightarrow$ pollination
D) Seed dispersal $\rightarrow$ pollination $\rightarrow$ pollen formation
E) Pollen formation $\rightarrow$ seed dispersal $\rightarrow$ pollination

Question 28

In flowering plants, fertilization occurs

A) where pollen lands on the stigma.
B) where the pollen tube germinates.
C) inside the pollen tube.
D) at the base of the embryo sac.
E) inside the seed.

Question 29

After fertilization of the egg, the integument of the megasporangium develops into the

A) cotyledons.
B) embryo.
C) endosperm.
D) fruit.
E) seed coat.

Question 30

Double fertilization in flowering plants results in the production of

A) one diploid embryo and a diploid endosperm.
B) one diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm.
C) two diploid embryos.
D) two diploid embryos and a haploid endosperm.
E) two diploid embryos and a diploid seed coat.

Question 31

Refer to the figure showing the initial stage of double fertilization. Identify the cell from the microgametophyte that will form the sperm.

A) Tube cell (B)
B) Central cell (G)
C) Generative cell (C)
D) One of the synergids (F)
E) One of the antipodal cells (A)

Question 32

The egg can be fertilized by

A) one tube nucleus.
B) one sperm cell.
C) two sperm nuclei.
D) one generative nucleus.
E) two synergid nuclei.

Question 33

Refer to the figure showing the initial stage of double fertilization. Identify the cell(s) of the embryo sac or pollen tube that do(es) not participate in double fertilization.

A) Antipodal cells (A)
B) Synergids (F)
C) Egg cell (E)
D) Tube cell (B)
E) Generative cell (C)

Question 34

Which characteristic is representative of all angiosperms?

A) Double cotyledons
B) Fleshy cotyledons
C) Seeds with stored nutrients
D) Double fertilization
E) Pollen production

Question 35

How do the seed and the embryo sac differ from each other?

A) One is made from the embryo; the other is the embryo.
B) One is found inside the ovary; the other is inside the sepals.
C) One is made by fertilization; the other is made by apomixis.
D) One is microscopic; the other is submicroscopic.
E) One has parts of varied ploidy; the other is all haploid.

Question 36

After pollination, which of the following events is crucial for fertilization?

A) Sperm must swim to the egg and the polar nuclei.
B) Petals must close around the reproductive parts.
C) Meiosis must occur within the pollen grain.
D) A pollen tube must grow from the stigma to the ovule.
E) An insect must deliver pollen to the stigma.

Question 37

Which statement about a genetically self-incompatible species of plant is false?

A) It has many S alleles.
B) Its self pollen germinates poorly.
C) Its self pollen tubes grow poorly.
D) Its self pollen attaches poorly to pollinators.
E) Its recognition of self pollen involves proteins.

Question 38

In the seed, nutrients for the seedling are generally stored as

A) macromolecules.
B) monomers in solution.
C) monomers in fat storage.
D) cellular enzymes.
E) cellular organelles.

Question 39

The advantage of self-fertilization in plants is that

A) it results in increased genetic recombination.
B) meiosis can occur.
C) it increases the chances of successful pollination.
D) no flowering is needed.
E) only asexual reproduction is necessary.

Question 40

A scientist has perfected a technique for capturing individual cells during the process of reproduction.What will she capture along with one of the synergids just before fertilization?

A) Sperm cells
B) Generative nuclei
C) Tube nuclei
D) Pollen nuclei
E) Microspores

Question 41

The fruit generally develops from which part of the flower?

A) Petals
B) Sepals
C) Ovary
D) Stamens
E) Pedicel

Question 42

Which of the following is a temporal pattern of plant flowering?

A) Annual
B) Biannual
C) Monopausal
D) Diapausal
E) Peregrine

Question 43

The ability of plants to measure night length was determined by experiments in which

A) plants were grown in 12 hours of darkness alternating with 12 hours of light.
B) plants were grown in continuous light.
C) plants were grown in dark periods that were interrupted with brief pulses of light.
D) flowering was measured in plants of different ages that had been placed on the same light-dark schedule.
E) plants were grown in a 24-hour cycle in which the length of the light period was increased gradually.

Question 44

Technically, short-day plants flower when the _______ period _______ a critical period.

A) light; exceeds
B) light; is less than
C) light; equals
D) dark; exceeds
E) dark; is less than

Question 45

The seeds of a new kind of mangrove are not viviparous, which is unusual for that kind of tree.How do these seeds differ from other mangrove seeds?

A) They produce roots.
B) They die if not germinated within one season.
C) They are released from the fruit.
D) They become dormant.
E) They are protected from animal predators.

Question 46

The integuments of the ovule develop into the _______, and the carpels ultimately become the wall of the _______.

A) cotyledons; endosperm
B) seed coat; fruit
C) cotyledons; seed coat
D) endosperm; seed coat
E) cotyledons; fruit

Question 47

Refer to the figure. What function is this dog serving for the plant whose fruits are stuck to its head?

A) Consumption
B) Fertilization
C) Pollination
D) Seed dispersal
E) Disposal

Question 48

A plant's transition to a flowering state is often marked by a(n)

A) increased rate of photosynthesis.
B) decrease in vegetative growth.
C) increase in root development.
D) decreased rate of respiration.
E) increase in lateral bud growth.

Question 49

A vegetative meristem must _______ in order to begin switching to floral development.

A) experience determinate growth
B) be influenced by meristem identity genes
C) experience indeterminate growth
D) be influenced by other meristems
E) be exposed to long nights

Question 50

Flowers can occur singly or in an orderly cluster known as a(n)

A) inflorescence.
B) flower cluster.
C) head.
D) grouping.
E) daisy chain.

Question 51

Refer to the figure. After an apical meristem has been redirected toward developing into a floral meristem, _______ are responsible for further refinement of the floral development pathway.

A) unknown hormones
B) light signals
C) floral identity genes
D) other, more mature floral meristems
E) abscisic acids

Question 52

If a seed is dormant, it likely contains high concentrations of

A) abscisic acid.
B) auxin.
C) cytokinin.
D) ethylene.
E) gibberellin.

Question 53

When a vegetative apical meristem ceases production of leaves and axillary buds and instead produces structures such as bracts, it has become a(n)

A) axillary meristem.
B) inflorescence.
C) inflorescence meristem.
D) leaf.
E) branch.

Question 54

Angiosperm seeds develop

A) on a normal leaf.
B) in a fruit.
C) at the base of the flower next to sepals.
D) in the style.
E) in the stalk of the stamen.

Question 55

A conifer is found with homologs of the genes that determine the location of floral parts in the flower.These are homologs of _______ genes.

A) meristem identity
B) whorl
C) flowering time
D) apical meristem
E) floral organ identity

Question 56

Some wind-dispersed seeds use _______ to help them travel.

A) animal fur
B) bird feathers
C) winglike structures
D) velcro-like attachment structures
E) air sacs

Question 57

A newly discovered fruit has a thick, sweet flesh that is relished by bears.This fruit wall is

A) nourishing the embryo.
B) attracting seed eaters.
C) attracting pollinators.
D) attracting seed dispersers.
E) ensuring that the seeds fall close to the parent plant.

Question 58

Which characteristic is representative of some wind-dispersed seeds?

A) Abundant pollen
B) Hooked extensions
C) Fleshy fruit
D) Air chambers
E) A winglike structure

Question 59

A new kind of mustard plant is found to flower with any length of day or night as long as it is at least 2 months old.What kind of plant is this?

A) Biennial
B) Long-day plant
C) Long short-day plant
D) Short long-day plant
E) Short-day annual plant

Question 60

Suppose you are stranded on a desert island that is devoid of vegetation.One day at low tide, you notice a coconut that was not present the day before.It was most likely dispersed from its parent plant by

A) monkeys.
B) the wind.
C) fruit bats.
D) water.
E) birds.

Question 61

Which characteristic is a benefit of sexual reproduction in plants?

A) The great number of progeny that result
B) Ease of pollination
C) The creation of new combinations of genes and diverse phenotypes
D) The creation of a diploid plant from a haploid plant
E) Greater dispersal of progeny

Question 62

A horticulturalist who wants to induce flowering in a crop of short-day plants should carry out the induction

A) in the spring.
B) when day length is below a critical maximum.
C) in midsummer.
D) when day length is above a critical maximum.
E) throughout the summer.

Question 63

Which protein(s) is/are most directly and physically involved in turning on gene expression for the transition to flower production?

A) FT
B) CO
C) FD
D) AP1
E) Both FT and FD

Question 64

Which mechanism is not used by plants that flower independent of an external stimulus?

A) An internal clock
B) An unknown internal signal
C) A genetic program insensitive to the environment
D) A signal pathway dependent on bud position
E) A photoreceptor

Question 65

Self-pollination results in progeny that

A) are identical to the parent.
B) are somewhat different from the parent because mutations are common.
C) can express only alleles that were present in the parent.
D) may be heterozygous in a locus where the parent is homozygous.
E) may be as varied as progeny resulting from cross-pollination.

Question 66

A new variety of oats that requires vernalization must _______ before it will produce seeds.

A) be exposed to cold
B) have a source of soil calcium
C) experience a minimal day length
D) have sufficient moisture for a minimum period
E) experience a full year of growth

Question 67

Winter wheat can be planted in the spring for fall harvest if it is

A) sprayed with gibberellins.
B) vernalized.
C) planted under a full moon.
D) stored in the dark for 50 days.
E) soaked in water.

Question 68

You are given an extract of DNA from vernalized winter wheat seeds and asked to decide whether vernalization has gone on long enough for flowering to occur.In order to make this judgment, you should examine an extract of the cell nucleus under an electron microscope and look for

A) signs of degradation.
B) contamination with lipids.
C) compacted chromatin.
D) extra protein coating the DNA.
E) increased binding of histones.

Question 69

Asexual reproduction is the best strategy for plants

A) that are well adapted to a stable environment.
B) as winter approaches.
C) when new genes must be introduced.
D) that have underground stems.
E) that have low seed production during a particular season.

Question 70

Even if a plant receives an inductive stimulus that would normally lead to flowering, the flowering may be prevented by immediate removal of the

A) floral meristem.
B) vegetative apical meristem.
C) stems.
D) leaves.
E) roots.

Question 71

Flowering is known to be triggered by

A) phytochrome.
B) NO.
C) ethylene.
D) abscisic acid.
E) florigen.

Question 72

You are asked to identify the version of florigen found in carnivorous sundew plants.You decide to start by using biochemical methods to isolate the florigen molecule, which is a(n)

A) RNA molecule.
B) nucleotide.
C) DNA molecule.
D) protein.
E) lipid.

Question 73

Experiments have shown that when a short-day plant (SDP) and a long-day plant (LDP) are grafted together and the SDP is exposed to a photoperiod that causes it to flower, the LDP flowers as well.This observation supports the theory that a specific flower-initiating hormone is produced in plants.A properly controlled experiment would repeat the grafting procedure but

A) graft together the two plants and not induce the SDP.
B) omit the LDP.
C) omit the SDP.
D) shorten the SDP photoperiod.
E) include an LDP photoperiod.

Question 74

For plants that flower in response to photoperiodic stimuli, the most critical determinant in the light-dark cycle is the

A) temperature.
B) length of the dark period for short-day plants and length of the light period for long-day plants.
C) length of the light period for short-day plants and length of the dark period for long-day plants.
D) length of uninterrupted dark.
E) length of uninterrupted light.

Question 75

A horticulturalist who is producing strawberry plants clonally is relying on which biological process?

A) Cross-hybridization
B) Forced seed germination
C) Apomixis
D) A runner system
E) Vernalization

Question 76

In a short-day plant like cocklebur with a critical day length of 15 hours, flowering can be induced by _______ hours of light alternating with _______.

A) 12; 12 hours of darkness
B) 16; 8 hours of darkness
C) 14; 8 hours of darkness
D) 8; 8 hours of darkness
E) 15; 9 hours of darkness, interrupted by one short burst of white light

Question 77

Short-day plants bloom

A) in the spring only.
B) in the fall only.
C) in the summer.
D) only after the second year of life.
E) in the spring or in the fall.

Question 78

Refer to the figure showing two tobacco plants. The large plant on the right has failed to flower in summer as normal tobacco plants do.A genetic mutation caused it to become a(n) _______ plant.

A) long-day
B) short-day
C) infertile
D) short-day-long-day
E) long-day-short-day

Question 79

To stage long-day plants so they will produce blooms for a flower show, what can a greenhouse manager provide to the plants to prevent flowering?

A) A long, uninterrupted period of darkness
B) A period of daylight interrupted by a dark period
C) A period of daylight interrupted by a prolonged period of red light
D) A period of darkness interrupted by a period of far-red light
E) A period of daylight interrupted by a brief period of red light

Question 80

What could be expected from a mutant plant that lacks expression of the FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene?

A) Earlier flowering than in the wild type
B) More leaves than in the wild type
C) More flower petals per flower than in the wild type
D) Fewer leaf hairs than in the wild type
E) Taller growth than in the wild type