Deck 19: Animalia

Question 1

With the exception of the sponges,all animals develop embryologically in one of two ways; the chordates and echinoderms,as deuterostomes,

A) are the only radially symmetric groups.
B) are the only bilaterally symmetric groups.
C) derive the anus from the blastopore.
D) derive the mouth from the blastopore.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Most animals have evolved a body cavity; in the coelomates,the cavity is characterized by a

A) fluid-filled space lined with tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm.
B) fluid-filled space located between the endoderm of the gut and mesoderm-derived layers of the body wall.
C) central space partitioned by bands of muscle that creates multiple, but relatively small, fluid compartments.
D) None of the above describe the coelom.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The presence of what features(s)would exclude the cnidarians and ctenophores as possibilities for the identity of a newly discovered animal?

A) Nervous tissue-it is absent in cnidarians and ctenophores.
B) A mouth that develops from the blastopore-in cnidarians and ctenophore, the blastopore becomes the anus.
C) A body constructed from three tissue layers-in cnidarians and ctenophores, the body wall is constructed from two tissue layers.
D) A body exhibiting bilateral symmetry-cnidarians and ctenophores are radially symmetrical.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Most animals reproduce sexually; fertilization begins a developmental sequence that progresses from

A) zygote to blastula to gastrula.
B) gastrula to zygote to blastula.
C) blastula to zygote to gastrula.
D) zygote to gastrula to blastula.

Question 5

One of the most poisonous marine organisms known is the cnidarian,commonly called the sea wasp or box jellyfish; the motile adult organism is best described as a(n)

A) polyp.
B) medusae.
C) cnidocyte.
D) anthozoan.

Question 6

Cephalization describes a body plan that is characterized by

A) a fluid-filled space lined with tissue derived from embryonic mesoderm.
B) a complete digestive system with mouth and anus.
C) the anterior location of feeding and sensory structures.
D) the organization of muscle into bands with perpendicular alignments.

Question 7

The head,thorax,and abdomen of the insect body plan developed as individual segments fused; because each segment originated one pair of appendages,a reasonable hypothesis is that the thorax developed when ________ segments fused.

A) 3
B) 6
C) 12
D) 24

Question 8

Cnidarians have a gastrovascular cavity rather than a complete gut; in what way(s)would this arrangement be less functional in comparison to a complete digestive system like that in the rotifer?

A) A blind-ended cavity increases the probability of parasite attachment within the cavity.
B) Gastrovascular digestion is less efficient because the more powerful digestive chemicals seen in advanced animals, like stomach acids, would be destructive with this type of organization.
C) Lacking a mouth and the capacity for chewing greatly reduces the potential prey items available for cnidarians in comparison to other animals.
D) Because undigestible materials must pass out through the same opening used to enter the cavity, a single item must be completely digested and expelled before digestion of a new food item can begin.

Question 9

Modern sponges produce spicules to deter predation,but as the earliest animals,they existed before any predators evolved; which of the following hypotheses regarding the formation of spicules is the least likely?

A) Spicules were probably absent in the earliest sponges and evolved later as predation began.
B) Spicules performed other tasks in early sponges, possibly structural support, and were later modified for defense.
C) Spicules were present in some sponge species and absent in others; predation became a selection pressure that eliminated some species entirely.
D) Much like the acquisition of cnidocytes by nudibranchs, some sponges incorporated the spicules they consume into their bodies rather than digesting them.

Question 10

In the following diagram of the flatworm,various organs are labeled; which combination of organs forms the flatworm's nervous system?

A) ADHI
B) BEFG
C) BCDH
D) ACHI

Question 11

Which group's adult body plan is properly matched with symmetry it displays?

A) The sponges are bilaterally symmetrical.
B) The arthropods are radially symmetrical.
C) The cnidarians are radially symmetrical.
D) The ctenophores are asymmetrical.

Question 12

Relationships among the animals having body cavities can be easily determined by examination of embryonic development; vertebrates and echinoderms are grouped together because in each group,the

A) infolding that forms the body cavity eventually becomes the anus.
B) zygote divides repeatedly to become a blastula.
C) death of specific cells creates the internal hollow that eventually becomes the body cavity.
D) embryonic coelom is lined with mesodermal tissues.

Question 13

Animal body structures and organ systems differentiate predictably from the various layers of the gastrula; which organ system and layer is properly matched?

A) nervous system-mesoderm
B) digestive system-endoderm
C) muscles and skeleton-ectoderm
D) reproductive organs-endoderm

Question 14

Neighboring plant or fungal cells share a common cell wall,making multicellularity relatively simple; how do animal cells remain connected to one another?

A) Animals cells share a common plasma membrane rather than a common cell wall.
B) Long interconnecting fibers extend from the nucleus of one cell to the nucleus of an adjacent cell.
C) Most animals produce a fiber-rich extracellular matrix to which their cells can attach.
D) Interdigitating pseudopodia form between adjacent cells, forming tight junctions.

Question 15

Sponge choanocytes collect food particles,but there is no food distribution system within a sponge; how might surface cells receive nourishment?

A) They do not; surface cells die and are regularly replaced by cell division of nourished choanocytes.
B) Nutrients must diffuse from the choanocytes to surface cells.
C) Amoebocytes transfer food from the choanocytes to the nonfeeding cells.
D) Nutrient-rich choanocytes periodically fuse with nonfeeding cells, transferring nutrients as the cytoplasm mixes.

Question 16

Radial symmetry occurs much less commonly than bilateral symmetry; the only radially symmetrical animal groups are the

A) protosomes and deuterosomes.
B) cnidarians and ctenophores.
C) annelids and mollusks.
D) echinoderms and nematodes.

Question 17

Adult sea stars are considered to be radially symmetrical because

A) their closest relatives are the radially symmetrical chordates.
B) at least five dissection planes (one through each arm) exist.
C) they have distinct dorsal and ventral surfaces.
D) they lack a notocord.

Question 18

Some mollusks feed on cnidarians,absorb intact cnidocytes,and migrate these cnidocytes into their body surface.What possible benefit could the mollusk derive from this behavior?

A) By disguising themselves as cnidarians, they can better approach their prey.
B) Because some cnidarians use cnidocytes for protection, their defensive functions could be transferred intact to the mollusk.
C) Mollusks with cnidocytes may increase their reproductive fitness by appearing more attractive to potential mates.
D) Cnidocyte toxin may incapacitate cnidarian prey species, allowing for quicker consumption and more efficient food gathering.

Question 19

Cephalization is clearly adaptive for the free-living planarians that must locate their food; why would the parasitic flukes and tapeworms retain cephalization?

A) Withal parasites have separate sexes and need to locate the appropriate gender when mating.
B) Parasites require a living, metabolizing host; if the parasite detects illness or the death of the host, it will seek out a healthy individual.
C) Most infections begin by ingesting the parasite; having a head allows the parasite to orient its body before being swallowed.
D) Parasitic infection is typically organ or tissue specific; parasites need to sense their location before attaching to or penetrating a body structure.

Question 20

A variety of tapeworms can infect humans,but two relatively simple measures can break the infective cycle

A) do not allow pets to sleep in your home and treat your house periodically with insecticide.
B) consume dairy products only if pasteurized and water only if chlorinated.
C) properly refrigerate all types of perishable foods, including meats, fruits, and vegetables.
D) avoid consuming raw meats and ensure sanitary management of human wastes.

Question 21

Many of the organ systems observed in vertebrates are present in the annelids,the simplest coelomates; an exception is the ________,which helps explain why earthworms leave the soil on rainy days.

A) digestive system
B) circulatory system
C) respiratory system
D) excretory system

Question 22

Mollusks have evolved a variety of defenses; which group is properly matched with its appropriate defensive strategy?

A) Gastropods shelter their soft bodies inside a hard, hinged shell.
B) Some nudibranchs advertise that they are poisonous with bright, highly visual coloration patterns.
C) Bivalves can contract their mantle cavity and create a strong flow of water that can jet propel them to safety.
D) Cephalopods release a toxic ink that kills potential predators.

Question 23

The specifics of metamorphosis vary among the arthropods; when the life cycle is characterized by ________,complete metamorphosis has occurred.

A) the gradual change of juvenile into adult with each successive molting
B) females that can lay eggs with or without fertilization
C) juveniles with distinctly different appearances and habitat preferences than the adults
D) a small and sexually immature, but otherwise exact, replica of the adult

Question 24

How do biologists interpret the pattern of species richness shown in the following illustration?

A) Insects are the easiest organisms to collect and have been the most thoroughly evaluated.
B) The basic insect body plan is highly adaptive, allowing insects to occupy an extremely large number of niches and habitats.
C) Insects are less susceptible to the factors causing losses of biodiversity; other organisms were once proportionately more abundant.
D) Small organisms require less resources and are proportionately more diverse; as the smallest organisms, insects display the greatest species richness.

Question 25

During the algal blooms called red tides,consumption of bivalves is discouraged and harvesting may be prohibited; what aspect of bivalve life history is responsible for this association?

A) Bivalves live along coastlines and are exposed to the same pollutants that cause red tides.
B) Red tides reduce the populations of bivalves below critical quantities needed by their natural predators.
C) Bivalves filter algae and detritus from the water, causing them to concentrate the algal toxins.
D) Bivalves are the natural bioremediators for red tides; harvesting them prolongs the bloom.

Question 26

Which mollusk is properly matched with the correct class?

A) common garden slug-gastropod
B) nautilus-bivalve
C) scallop-gastropod
D) nudibranch-cephalopod

Question 27

Cephalopods are demonstrably the most intelligent invertebrate animals; most biologists suspect that their ________ best account(s)for their intellectual development.

A) exclusive distribution in marine habitats
B) loss of a protective shell
C) gill and improved metabolism due to oxygen availability
D) predatory lifestyle

Question 28

The life cycle for an insect whose developmental strategy is complete metamorphosis is shown in the following illustration.What advantages are evident from the illustration?

A) Predators adapted for larva would have poor success preying on adults.
B) Adults have less edible tissues and make a poor choice as a food item.
C) Eggs are too small and too effectively camouflaged to be found by predators.
D) The hard, protective pupal case allows individuals to become dormant until environmental conditions become favorable.

Question 29

Two phyla so dominate the diversity of marine ecosystems that any randomly collected animal is likely to be either a ________ or an arthropod.

A) bacterium
B) mollusk
C) rotifer
D) vertebrate

Question 30

What feature identifies the animal shown in the following diagram as an insect?

A) two body sections-a head and abdomen
B) three pairs of legs all originating from the thorax
C) the presence of an exoskeleton containing chitin
D) the presence of antennae

Question 31

Gastropods make extensive use of the radula; which letter on the following diagram indicates its location?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 32

Which of the following investigations would be the LEAST likely to provide useful information about the relationships within the kingdom Animalia?

A) which developmental sequences occur during embryonic growth
B) an examination of the construction of the cell membrane
C) a comparative examination of the proteins used in photosynthesis
D) in what way various organs and organ systems have become modified over time

Question 33

The vertebrates,which include organisms such as humans,birds,and frogs,illustrate that very different forms can evolve from one basic body plan.The observation that these diverse organisms share a general body plan supports the hypothesis that

A) they may simply be different variations of the same species.
B) evolution discovers and produces the most useful features for a given point in time.
C) they form a coherent lineage that began with a common ancestor.
D) highly adaptive traits have a high probability of evolving independently within otherwise unrelated groups.

Question 34

What occurs during ecdysis?

A) Mammals (for example, dogs and cats) shed hair.
B) Birds lose worn or damaged feathers from their bodies.
C) The cuticle of some invertebrate phyla is shed to accommodate additional growth.
D) Snakes discard their skins and grow new ones.

Question 35

Of the four animals shown in the following pictures,which is believed to be most closely related to humans?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D

Question 36

Fruit flies,blow flies,and black flies share a similar life history strategy; they first appear as larvae (commonly known as maggots),pupate,and eventually emerge as adult flies.This type of development is called

A) incomplete metamorphosis.
B) complete metamorphosis.
C) somatic differentiation.
D) hermaphroditic development.

Question 37

Most gardeners are pleased to discover earthworms in their gardens because earthworms improve the soil when they

A) consume herbivorous grazers that would otherwise damage the garden plants.
B) improve soil aeration by burrowing from the surface into deeper soil layers.
C) die after mating and enrich the soil as their bodies decay.
D) burrow the pathways that the roots of garden plants follow to reach deeper nutrient-rich soil layers.

Question 38

Chitin occurs in several kingdoms and numerous animal phyla,but its greatest adaptive expression is seen in the:

A) annelid tube worm cases.
B) tunicate notocord.
C) echinoderm water vascular system.
D) arthropod exoskeleton.

Question 39

Which arthropod is properly matched with the correct class?

A) spider-insects
B) scorpion-crustacean
C) grasshopper-arachnids
D) centipede-myriapods

Question 40

Rather than mandibles that can be used in chewing,spiders,like most arthropods,have tubelike or fanglike mouthparts,which explains why most spiders

A) spin webs.
B) liquefy their prey with an injectable toxin.
C) have a protective cuticle.
D) have compound rather than simple eyes.

Question 41

Although some exceptions exist,the majority of mollusks are protected within a shell that is secreted by the animal's ________.

Question 42

The mesoglea in a cnidarian is not considered a true tissue because it originates as a ________ rather than from cell division.

Question 43

The swim bladder illustrates how an adapted characteristic can be used for a secondary function when environmental pressures change; although first used for buoyancy,it later served as a primitive ________.

Question 44

Except for the hagfish,lamprey,and their close relatives,all vertebrates have paired jaws; how did jaws evolve within an evolutionary clade that already had a skeleton?

A) A mutation causing extraskeletal cell division allowed the extra cells to form the jaws.
B) A modification of an existing skeletal element occurred; in this case, the gill arch was modified.
C) Reproduction between a nonjawed chordate and a jawed arthropod produced jawed offspring.
D) To date, biologists have been unsuccessful in explaining the origin of jaws.

Question 45

Sponges are considered the most ancient of animals; although multicellular,sponges have not developed the ________ present in all other animals.

Question 46

The following figure shows the vertebrates and arthropods as being distantly related,yet each has features,such as limbs and jaws,seen in no other groups.How can such obvious similarities be disregarded in favor of embryological development as a basis for classification?

A) The decision to overlook certain features reveals the arbitrary nature of classification and explains why there is so little agreement among taxonomists.
B) Taxonomists have not disregarded limbs; they were likewise inherited from a common ancestor but secondarily lost by the mollusks, annelids, and echinoderms.
C) Embryos are securely protected during development and experience little selection pressure; shared inherited features are best explained by a common ancestor.
D) Examination of the embryos of all animals with body cavities reveals limbs, but they are unnecessary for some lifestyles and so they degenerate.

Question 47

The evolutionary tree of the vertebrates supports which conclusion?

A) The blacktip reef shark, Carcharhinus melanopterus, evolved before any mammals existed.
B) The DNA of humans and turtles will show more similarities than any comparison involving any fish or amphibian.
C) The embryos of fish, amphibians, and reptiles would be indistinguishable from those of a human.
D) The genes responsible for milk production in mammals are the same as those responsible for yolk formation in the amniotic egg of reptiles and birds.

Question 48

The conservation organization Ocean Blue has developed a seafood recommendation list that advises avoiding many captive-reared species; why might seafood captured from sustainable wild stocks be more desirable?

A) Aquaculture often diverts food production away from staples to an exported crop.
B) Aquaculture's intense biological activity often degrades local water and land quality.
C) Captive-reared species may be exposed to pollution like heavy metals that can be difficult to detect.
D) Species harvested sustainably improve local economies.

Question 49

Snakes can often be found resting on asphalt highways at dusk; what biological factor motivates them to engage in this behavior?

A) Ectothermy-a snake's body temperature will match the environment; rocks and asphalt cool more slowly than the surrounding ground.
B) Predation-as higher-level consumers, snakes need to hunt continuously and are more successful on the smooth surface of a roadbed at night.
C) Camouflage-the background color of asphalt makes detection by owls and other nocturnal predators difficult.
D) Mating-locating compatible mates can be difficult among the grasses, brush, and shrubs of typical snake habitat.

Question 50

Reptiles display many adaptations supporting a terrestrial lifestyle; the most significant in reducing their dependency on an aquatic habitat is ________.

A) keratinized scales
B) ectothermy
C) the amniotic egg
D) the three-chambered heart

Question 51

An animal having radial symmetry,a complete gut,and mesoglea would be a(n)________.

Question 52

For the insects that undergo complete metamorphosis,the larva matures to form a ________.

Question 53

Fossil evidence suggests that feathers existed prior to the development of a flight-capable skeleton; because these feathered animals could not fly,biologists suspect that the initial adaptive value for feathers was related their ability to

A) serve as insulation.
B) reduce an animal's suitability as prey.
C) create an enlarged body contour and discourage predators.
D) accept metabolic waste and reduce the need of water for urine production.

Question 54

The myriapods are a relatively small group of arthropods; its most common members are the ________ and ________.

Question 55

Following gastrulation,most animal embryos develop three embryonic tissue layers; the endoderm forms the ________ layer.

Question 56

The vertebrates are grouped into a lineage because all members possess an internal ________.

Question 57

The periodic cicadas start life as a fertilized egg,hatch to become a nymph that burrows underground for 13 or 17 years,emerge as a nymph,and molt to become an adult.Which term best describes this life cycle?

A) Ametamophic-a life cycle in which metamorphosis does not occur
B) Gradual metamorphosis-the newly hatched insect has all adult characteristics but is very small; each molt results in a slightly larger individual.
C) Incomplete metamorphosis-the larval and pupa stages are absent.
D) Complete metamorphosis

Question 58

During cephalization,the structures that develop at the anterior margin of a bilateral animal are primarily associated with ________ and ________.

Question 59

The success of mammals is due in large part to several highly effective reproductive strategies,which includes all of the following EXCEPT

A) the mammary gland for nourishing their young.
B) the placenta for supporting the growth of the embryo.
C) internal fertilization.
D) endothermy and body temperature regulation.

Question 60

In addition to embryonic similarities,the chordates and echinoderms also each possess a hollow nerve cord located on the ________ side of the body.

Question 61

Mammals are classified as endothermic homeotherms; if exposed to hot or cold temperatures,their body temperature will remain relatively stable.

Question 62

The periodic cicadas have evolved reproductive cycle lengths with prime number patterns; since prime numbers have no common multiples,it's very unlikely that high predator densities will correspond with a hatching event.

Question 63

The success of the amniotic egg was the development of a completely water- and airtight shell that prevented moisture loss.

Question 64

Because of their abundance and the relative scarcity of other types of vertebrates,the ________ era is often called the Age of Reptiles.

Question 65

The longer incubation period observed with the egg of reptiles and birds,resulting in a more functional individual after hatching,is possible because of the addition of a ________ to the egg.

Question 66

In all eutherians and some marsupials,offspring develop internally in association with the ________.

Question 67

The similarity in the cell-adhesion proteins seen in many animal embryos and the colonial choanoflagellates is most reasonably explained as a shared trait and indicates kinship with that group of protists.

Question 68

Conservation biologists estimate that 20 percent of the world's bird species that existed 2,000 years ago are now extinct.

Question 69

Only about 5 percent of extant mammals are classified either as marsupials or monotremes; the remaining 95 percent are classified as ________.

Question 70

Ctenophores can be distinguished from cnidarians because they do not possess a complete digestive system,while cnidarians do.

Question 71

Relative brain size (brain weight/total body weight)tends to be larger in the monotremes than in either the marsupials or the eutherians.

Question 72

The evolution of the lung was a critical development in the adaptation of animals to a terrestrial lifestyle; the first vertebrates to breathe using a lung were the reptiles.

Question 73

Most insects reproduce as rapidly as possible; however,7 of the approximately 170 species of North American cicadas reproduce in 13- or 17-year cycles; they are known as the ________ cicadas.

Question 74

Ectothermy describes a strategy to homeostatically regulate a body temperature to be below the ambient temperature,thus leading to the phrase cold-blooded.

Question 75

Sharks and the ray-finned fishes differ in several ways; the most significant difference is the composition of the skeleton.

Question 76

Although adult echinoderms display radial symmetry,they are not considered closely related to the cnidarians and ctenophores.

Question 77

Features such as a toothed jaw and a bony tail suggest that Archaeopteryx probably did not fly,possibly using its feathers for insulation or gliding instead of flight.

Question 78

Of the labeled features in the following diagram,only the dorsally positioned nerve cord would be present in an echinoderm.

Question 79

Keratin is an important and widespread structural protein in animals,forming structures as diverse as feathers,toenails,and the carapace of crabs.

Question 80

Tetrapods are so named because they possess four limbs.