Deck 40: Animal Hormones

Question 1

A researcher analyzing the likelihood that a cell will be responsive to a lipid-soluble hormone should search for the presence of

A) a specific cell surface receptor.
B) a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
C) cAMP.
D) G proteins.
E) a specific DNA sequence to which the hormone binds.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The posterior pituitary gland

A) secretes hormones produced by neurons whose cell bodies are located in the brain.
B) is under the control of releasing hormones produced by the hypothalamus.
C) secretes hormones into portal blood vessels between the brain and the gland.
D) secretes hormones that directly control the anterior pituitary gland.
E) produces hormones that are released directly into the brain.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A castaway on a deserted island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean, hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.In endocrine signaling, the ocean is analogous to

A) nerve cells.
B) the blood.
C) a carrier protein.
D) a hormone.
E) a receptor.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Hormones

A) cannot affect the cells secreting the hormones.
B) can be secreted by individual cells, such as those lining portions of the digestive tract.
C) are secreted by exocrine glands, such as the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
D) cannot pass through cell membranes after they have been secreted.
E) are released from hormone-producing cells by endocytosis.

Question 5

The hormone prolactin is found in different species, where it can have different functions.It is required for osmoregulation in freshwater fish, stimulates nesting in certain birds, and stimulates milk production in female mammals.In developing a hypothesis for how this occurred, the most reasonable assumption to make would be that

A) evolutionary modifications changed the structure of the hormone in different species.
B) the gene for prolactin has arisen independently multiple times.
C) the structure of the hormone is highly conserved, and different responses have evolved.
D) different genes have evolved that produce the same hormone.
E) the receptors for prolactin have arisen independently multiple times.

Question 6

Steroid hormones

A) usually bind to carrier proteins to be transported in the blood to their target cells.
B) bind with receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.
C) are synthesized from epinephrine in the adrenal gland.
D) are released by exocytosis from the cells that make them.
E) are mostly derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine.

Question 7

If you want to make a name for yourself in science by identifying a type of hormone that has not yet been discovered, you should focus your research on

A) steroids.
B) proteins.
C) peptides.
D) carbohydrates.
E) amines.

Question 8

In the fight-or-flight response, the release of epinephrine inhibits insulin secretion but also triggers glucagon secretion in the pancreas.You are investigating how this hormone could have two different effects on the pancreas.Which possibility is most likely?

A) The binding of epinephrine has different effects based on the timing of when it binds.
B) The different effects are caused by epinephrine binding to two different receptors.
C) The different effects are based on when the last meal was eaten.
D) The increased blood flow causes effects that differ based on oxygen levels.
E) The effects differ among different individuals rather than both occurring in a single individual.

Question 9

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary are produced in the

A) anterior pituitary.
B) thyroid.
C) pineal gland.
D) thymus.
E) hypothalamus.

Question 10

Which substance is a hormone that acts primarily on cells close to the source of the hormone?

A) Adrenaline
B) Estrogen
C) Histamine
D) Insulin
E) Thyroxine

Question 11

You are investigating the evolutionary history of the hormone irisin that was recently discovered in mice.Released by skeletal muscle cells during exercise, it triggers the "browning" of white fat.Based on scientific thinking about the evolutionary history of hormones, it would be reasonable to hypothesize that

A) the hormone is specific to the species of mouse in which it was found.
B) other mammalian species might also produce the hormone, but non-mammalian species are unlikely to produce irisin.
C) the hormone might be produced in other organisms, but only in organisms that have skeletal muscles.
D) irisin might be produced in many different groups of organisms, even organisms such as sponges that lack skeletal muscle cells.
E) the hormone is likely to be produced in unicellular organisms, such as bacteria.

Question 12

Portal blood vessels connect the _______ to the _______.

A) hypothalamus; brain
B) hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
C) hypothalamus; anterior pituitary
D) anterior pituitary; posterior pituitary
E) pancreas; liver

Question 13

All of these hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary and are hormones that control the activities of other endocrine glands except

A) thyrotropin (TSH).
B) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH).
C) luteinizing hormone (LH).
D) antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
E) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Question 14

A castaway on a deserted island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean, hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.In endocrine signaling, the castaway is analogous to a(n)

A) autocrine signal.
B) artery.
C) carrier protein.
D) receptor.
E) gland.

Question 15

Which statement about hormone receptors is true?

A) A hormone causes the same response in each cell it binds to.
B) A hormone binds to every cell it comes in contact with.
C) The receptor for a hormone may be on the secreting cell itself.
D) The receptor for a hormone is in the cytoplasm, not the plasma membrane, of a cell.
E) Hormones must act directly on the DNA of a cell rather than using a second messenger.

Question 16

The neurohormones antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin are produced by the

A) anterior pituitary and released by the posterior pituitary.
B) hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary.
C) pituitary and act as signals to the hypothalamus.
D) hypothalamus and signal the brain.
E) pituitary and act as signals to the reproductive organs.

Question 17

A castaway on a deserted island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean, hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.In endocrine signaling, the bottle is analogous to a(n)

A) nerve cell.
B) artery.
C) carrier molecule.
D) hormone.
E) receptor.

Question 18

Which hormone(s) is/are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A) Prolactin
B) Oxytocin
C) Endorphins
D) Growth hormone
E) Luteinizing hormone

Question 19

A castaway on a deserted island puts a message in a bottle and throws it into the ocean, hoping it will wash up on some inhabited shore and bring help.In endocrine signaling, the message is analogous to a(n)

A) nerve cell.
B) artery.
C) carrier protein.
D) hormone.
E) receptor.

Question 20

Which statement about hormones, hormone-producing cells, and target cells is true?

A) Target cells have receptors for binding the hormone they are a target for.
B) Endocrine cells do not exist as single cells within a tissue.
C) All hormones travel in the blood to target cells.
D) Endocrine glands have ducts that lead to the outside of the body.
E) Cells in close proximity to hormone-producing cells are more strongly affected by the hormone than cells at a distance.

Question 21

The uterine contractions known as "labor pains" are caused by the release of _______ from the posterior pituitary.

A) ADH
B) parathyroid hormone
C) luteinizing hormone
D) oxytocin
E) prolactin

Question 22

Like many hormones, growth hormone (GH) participates in a negative feedback loop that regulates its own secretion.Which process is most likely part of this negative feedback loop?

A) Growth hormone stimulates release of growth hormone-releasing hormone.
B) Growth hormone stimulates release of growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone.
C) Growth hormone stimulates release of corticotropin-releasing hormone.
D) Growth hormone inhibits release of all tropic hormones.
E) Growth hormone inhibits blood flow through the portal blood vessels.

Question 23

In humans, the hormone _______ has been nicknamed the "cuddle hormone" because it increases with intimate sexual contact.

A) oxytocin
B) prolactin
C) parathyroid hormone
D) ADH
E) luteinizing hormone

Question 24

Which of the following is an effect of increased levels of antidiuretic hormone in the blood?

A) Letdown of milk from mammary tissues
B) Uterine contractions during birth
C) Production of enkephalins by the hypothalamus
D) Production of somatomedins by the liver
E) Water conservation by the kidney

Question 25

Refer to the figure showing moth metamorphosis. If you compared the development of this organism with that of an arthropod that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis, which events, if any, would be different?

A) Events at all three arrows would be similar, but the adult would not have wings.
B) Events at arrows 1 and 2 would be similar, but the event at 3 would not occur.
C) Events at arrows 1 and 3 would be similar, but the organism would skip the pupal stage.
D) Events at arrows 2 and 3 would be similar, but there would be no larval stages.
E) Events similar to those at arrow 1 would occur, but there would be no pupal stage, and the adult would look more similar to a larval stage.

Question 26

Which of the following is the chronological order of events in the molting of Rhodnius, as determined by experiments on insect development?

A) Blood meal, prothoracicotropic hormone release, ecdysone release
B) Blood meal, ecdysone release, prothoracicotropic hormone release
C) Juvenile hormone release, blood meal, prothoracicotropic hormone release
D) Prothoracicotropic hormone release, ecdysone release, juvenile hormone release
E) Ecdysone release, blood meal, juvenile hormone release

Question 27

Which hormone directly stimulates molting in an insect larva?

A) Brain hormone
B) Ecdysone
C) Juvenile hormone
D) Moltin
E) Prolactin

Question 28

Which hormone is an androgen?

A) Somatostatin
B) Melatonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 29

Which statement about growth hormone or its function is true?

A) Growth hormone stops being produced just prior to birth.
B) Underproduction of growth hormone can cause gigantism through a negative feedback loop.
C) Hormone therapy cannot prevent pituitary dwarfism.
D) Neurohormones of the hypothalamus influence the release of growth hormone.
E) Growth hormone is produced in the posterior pituitary gland.

Question 30

Juvenile hormone can be used as an effective control of insect populations because its continued presence causes

A) juvenile insects to die.
B) the insects to fail to molt.
C) insects to molt too quickly.
D) even tiny insects to pupate immediately.
E) the insects to fail to develop into reproducing adults.

Question 31

It was difficult for the research teams led by Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally to discover thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone because

A) they had no access to a supplier of hypothalamic tissue.
B) the amount produced in a single individual is miniscule.
C) they were unable to characterize the hormones once isolated.
D) they were the first to hypothesize that such hormones existed.
E) there was no assay for testing the substance they had isolated.

Question 32

The invertebrate hormone prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

A) is secreted from glands in the thorax.
B) integrates information detected by the brain with the control of molting.
C) plays no role in molting and metamorphosis.
D) is secreted only in adulthood.
E) is required in large quantities in order to have an effect.

Question 33

Which of the following is an observation of Rhodnius bugs that helped explain the role of insect hormones?

A) A blood meal triggers molting in these bugs.
B) If decapitated immediately following a blood meal, the bug will molt.
C) When two bugs are connected, they molt simultaneously.
D) When two bugs are connected, the feeding status of one can trigger molting in the other.
E) When two bugs are decapitated and connected, they do not molt into adults.

Question 34

Refer to the figure showing moth metamorphosis. If you experimentally block prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) in the fifth-instar larva, and then inject the larva with hormones, what hormone(s) would be both necessary and sufficient to trigger the larva to pupate?

A) Juvenile hormone
B) Juvenile hormone and prothoracicotropic hormone
C) Ecdysone
D) Ecdysone and juvenile hormone
E) Ecdysone and prothoracicotropic hormone

Question 35

Newborn kittens bump their heads deliberately into their mother's belly and then immediately start drinking the milk being released.This bumping stimulation likely causes secretion of

A) estrogen.
B) parathyroid hormone.
C) luteinizing hormone.
D) ADH.
E) oxytocin.

Question 36

Pioneering experiments with Rhodnius showed that the target for a hormone produced in the Rhodnius brain is the

A) prothoracic gland.
B) pupa.
C) larva.
D) corpora cardiaca.
E) corpora allata.

Question 37

Refer to the figure showing moth metamorphosis.
If the brain of the first-instar larva is destroyed and the larva survives, what is the most likely prediction for what will happen at point 1?

A) There will be no molt and the larva will remain a first-instar larva.
B) The larva will molt into a second-instar larva.
C) The larva will skip the second-instar larval stage and molt into a third-instar larva.
D) The larva will molt into a pupa and metamorphosis will begin.
E) The larva will molt directly into an adult.

Question 38

Oxytocin

A) stimulates uterine contractions at birth.
B) increases reabsorption of water in the kidney.
C) increases the rate of ovulation in the ovary.
D) stimulates release of a tropic hormone.
E) decreases the volume of urine produced.

Question 39

Insect prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH)

A) directly stimulates molting if food reserves are adequate.
B) inhibits molting until the insect is a certain size.
C) inhibits insect growth.
D) stimulates the corpora cardiaca to release molting hormone.
E) stimulates the prothoracic gland to release the hormone that stimulates molting.

Question 40

Online news sites regularly feature stories of female dogs adopting kittens, or female cats adopting squirrels.This maladaptive behavior is likely caused by the secretion of

A) oxytocin.
B) testosterone.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) ADH.
E) luteinizing hormone.

Question 41

Prior to the introduction of iodized table salt, it was more common to see people with goiters.If using iodized salt causes a person's goiter to disappear, what can you say about that person's condition?

A) Prior to receiving iodized salt, this person's TSH levels were high.
B) Upon the disappearance of the goiter, this person's TSH levels were high.
C) Prior to receiving iodized salt, this person's T₄ levels were high.
D) Upon disappearance of the goiter, this person's T₃ levels were low.
E) Prior to receiving iodized salt, this person's T₄ levels were high but T₃ levels were low.

Question 42

Which of the following is the earliest event in puberty?

A) The hypothalamus releases more GnRH.
B) The level of circulating androgens rises in males.
C) The menstrual cycle is initiated in females.
D) The gonads differentiate into testes or ovaries.
E) The hypothalamic GnRH-producing cells become more sensitive to negative feedback from sex steroids and gonadotropins.

Question 43

A patient presents with fragile bones, calcium stones in her kidneys, and excessive phosphate in her urine.From this information, what would you predict is a possible diagnosis?

A) Type II diabetes
B) Hypothyroid goiter
C) Tumor of the parathyroid gland
D) Hyperthyroidism
E) Pancreatic cancer of the delta cells

Question 44

Which statement about human sexual development is true?

A) Absence of the X chromosome causes the embryonic gonads of mammals to produce androgens.
B) A gonad becomes an ovary as long as the individual has two X chromosomes.
C) A gonad becomes a testis if the individual has only one X chromosome.
D) The early embryo has the potential to develop into either a male or a female.
E) An individual with an XY genotype will always develop male secondary sex characteristics at puberty.

Question 45

Dietary caffeine increases the loss of calcium through one's urine but is unlikely to cause a dangerous drop in blood calcium levels.The reason for this is that, in response to a drop in blood calcium,

A) calcitriol is synthesized, which activates osteoclasts to break down bone.
B) corticotropin-releasing hormone causes cortisol to be secreted, which triggers the kidneys to retrieve calcium from the urine.
C) the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids, which cause minerals such as calcium to be resorbed from bone.
D) aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to conserve calcium and excrete potassium.
E) parathyroid hormone is secreted, which causes resorption of calcium from bone and retention of calcium by the kidneys.

Question 46

The parathyroid glands are involved in regulation of blood levels of

A) calcium.
B) glucose.
C) iodine.
D) sodium.
E) thyroxine.

Question 47

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is secreted by the hypothalamus, causes the anterior pituitary to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).TSH, in turn, leads the thyroid to produce thyroxine, and thyroxine eventually causes reduced TRH secretion.This chain of events is an example of _______ feedback.

A) short-loop positive
B) long-loop positive
C) short-loop negative
D) long-loop negative
E) direct

Question 48

Vitamin D is

A) synthesized by the liver and kidneys.
B) also called calcitonin.
C) an active hormone.
D) involved in the absorption of calcium from food in the digestive tract.
E) synthesized at night in the absence of light.

Question 49

An infomercial advertising an amazing new weight-loss product claims that the powder "increases your metabolism." Which of the following would provide the strongest support for this hypothesis?

A) Evidence that T₄ levels remain constant within groups using the product but vary in the control groups
B) Evidence that thyroxine levels rise in people using the product
C) Evidence that the product increases the density of steroid receptors in the brain
D) Claims made by a professional athlete that the product led to weight loss
E) Evidence that activity in the posterior pituitary increases in people using the product

Question 50

In addition to producing thyroxine, the mammalian thyroid gland produces

A) adrenaline.
B) calcitonin.
C) iodine.
D) prolactin.
E) thyrotropin.

Question 51

Malfunctioning of the thyroid gland in the human adult can result in

A) cretinism.
B) diabetes.
C) dwarfism.
D) goiter.
E) hermaphroditism.

Question 52

Parathyroid cells are inhibited from synthesizing and releasing parathyroid hormone (PTH) when circulating calcium levels are high.When calcium levels fall, the inhibition is removed, PTH is synthesized and released, and calcium levels rise in the blood until the parathyroid cells are once again inhibited.This process is an example of

A) negative feedback.
B) induction.
C) downregulation.
D) upregulation.
E) positive feedback.

Question 53

Under which condition would a mammal's thyroxine levels tend to increase?

A) Following childbirth in a female
B) During torpor when body temperature drops 10°C‒20°C
C) When blood glucose levels are high
D) During sleep and rest
E) When exposed to cold

Question 54

Which of the following would cause a reduction in thyrotropin release?

A) Increased levels of thyrotropin
B) Decreased levels of thyrotropin
C) Increased levels of thyroxine
D) Decreased levels of thyroxine
E) Decreased thyroid activity

Question 55

Which hormone elevates blood calcium?

A) Parathyroid hormone
B) Thyroxine
C) Calcitonin
D) Oxytocin
E) Vasopressin

Question 56

Which statement about mammalian sexual differentiation is true?

A) A steady high level of estrogens causes an indifferent organ to become female.
B) The absence of androgens causes an indifferent organ to become female.
C) The absence of estrogens causes an organ to become male.
D) Any tissue with cells containing the Y chromosome will become a male structure.
E) Any tissue with cells containing the X chromosome will become female.

Question 57

Refer to the figure showing two hormones. It is most likely that the two hormones are

A) steroid hormones, and that 1 is a male sex hormone and 2 is female sex hormone.
B) amine hormones, and that 1 can be converted into 2.
C) made from cholesterol, and that 2 is a form of vitamin D created from 1.
D) small protein hormones, are water-soluble, and therefore cannot diffuse through membranes.
E) large protein hormones that bind to cell surface receptors, affecting cells through second messengers.

Question 58

The hormone responsible for releasing calcium from bone into the bloodstream is

A) insulin.
B) calcitonin.
C) parathyroid hormone.
D) thyroxine.
E) somatostatin.

Question 59

Which type of goiter (enlarged thyroid) can be reduced by the addition of iodine to the diet?

A) Hyperthyroid goiter, in which thyroxine does not turn off the pituitary's secretion of thyrotropin
B) Hyperthyroid goiter, in which the thyroid is activated by high levels of thyroxine
C) Hypothyroid goiter, involving low functional thyroxine levels and high thyrotropin levels
D) Hypothyroid goiter, involving high functional thyroxine levels and low thyrotropin levels
E) All types of goiter

Question 60

The sex hormones secreted by the gonads (and to a small extent by the adrenal cortex) are synthesized from

A) complex carbohydrates.
B) amino acids.
C) cholesterol.
D) hemoglobin.
E) nucleic acids.

Question 61

You are a physician, and a patient presents himself with a series of complaints, which you suspect might indicate type I diabetes.What symptoms did the patient most likely present, and what test would you order to help confirm your diagnosis?

A) Patient complained of thirst, lethargy, and frequent urination, so you test for glucose in the urine.
B) Patient complained of lethargy, frequent urination, and muscle cramps, so you test calcium levels in the urine.
C) Patient complained of weight gain, lethargy, and swelling in the neck, so you test TSH levels in the blood.
D) Patient complained of thirst, weight gain, and frequent urination, so you test ACTH levels in the blood.
E) Patient complained of inability to urinate, high blood pressure, and weight gain, so you test insulin levels in the blood.

Question 62

Somatostatin

A) functions as an autocrine hormone.
B) increases the digestive activities of the gut.
C) inhibits the release of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary.
D) increases the release of insulin.
E) stimulates the release of glucagon.

Question 63

Refer to the figure showing the regulation of blood glucose levels. The structure labeled 1 is _______ and the structure labeled 2 is _______.

A) somatostatin; a delta cell receptor
B) glucagon; a glucagon transporter protein
C) insulin; an insulin receptor
D) glucose; an islet of Langerhans
E) glycogen; an alpha cell receptor

Question 64

Which hormone was discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best to reduce symptoms of type I diabetes?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 65

Which hormone inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 66

Yao Ming, the Chinese-born basketball star, stands 7 feet, 6 inches tall.His unusual height was most likely a result of abnormalities associated with

A) oxytocin.
B) prolactin.
C) ADH.
D) somatostatin.
E) long-fiber grains in his diet.

Question 67

Which hormone stimulates the liver to release glucose?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 68

Which of the following is a steroidal hormone synthesized from cholesterol?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 69

Which hormone stimulates cells to use glucose as a metabolic fuel and to convert excess glucose into fat and glycogen storage?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 70

Which hormone is released in response to rapid rises of glucose and amino acids in the blood?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 71

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex are

A) water-soluble.
B) proteins.
C) steroids.
D) carbohydrates.
E) tropic hormones.

Question 72

Refer to the figure showing the regulation of blood glucose levels. If a person has type II diabetes, she is likely to have

A) an overabundance of the structures labeled 6.
B) an overactive signaling process shown at point 3.
C) an overactive process shown at point 4.
D) improper functioning of the structures labeled 2.
E) lowered extracellular levels of the substance labeled 5.

Question 73

Which hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone (GH)?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 74

Insufficient levels of which hormone result in too much glucose in the blood?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 75

In the disease diabetes mellitus, a lack of insulin prevents

A) the excretion of glucose.
B) glucose breakdown.
C) glucose uptake by cells.
D) the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
E) the synthesizing of glucose.

Question 76

Which hormone is responsible for the conversion of glycogen into glucose when serum glucose levels fall?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 77

Which hormone lowers blood phosphate levels?

A) Somatostatin
B) Melatonin
C) Aldosterone
D) Testosterone
E) Parathyroid hormone

Question 78

Which hormone is released within minutes in response to short-term stress and remains elevated for a longer period than epinephrine does?

A) Insulin
B) Glucagon
C) Norepinephrine
D) Somatostatin
E) Cortisol

Question 79

If you fast for a day, which hormone is most likely to be found at an increased level in your blood?

A) Somatostatin
B) Insulin
C) Glucagon
D) Calcitonin
E) Prolactin

Question 80

Which of these substances regulates blood sugar by causing cells to increase their uptake of glucose from the blood?

A) Cortisol
B) Glucagon
C) Insulin
D) Calcitriol
E) Digestive enzymes