Deck 39: Physiology, Homeostasis, and Temperature Regulation

Question 1

Bone is a type of _______ tissue.

A) connective
B) epithelial
C) matrix
D) muscle
E) nervous

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Refer to the figure. Which part of the figure shows the tissue most likely to be found lining ducts or tubules with a transport function?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Refer to the figure. When you remove your shirt or scratch your head, you lose a fair number of the cells shown in which image?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Refer to the figure. When the dentist drills your tooth and you feel a sudden sharp pain, what type of cell has carried that pain information to your brain?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 5

Refer to the figure. If you were running very fast, which of these tissues would tire most quickly?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 6

Blood is a type of _______ tissue.

A) connective
B) epithelial
C) matrix
D) muscle
E) nervous

Question 7

Blood and bone are two different types of connective tissue.They are similar to one another in terms of

A) the function of their cells.
B) their location in the body.
C) the composition and properties of their extracellular matrices.
D) their cell packing.
E) developmental origins.

Question 8

The mechanisms of homeostasis

A) keep the internal physiological environment relatively constant regardless of external changes.
B) keep vital organs working at their maximum rate.
C) keep all cells working at the same metabolic rate.
D) keep the body's metabolic rate constant in varying environmental temperatures.
E) keep the temperature of all tissues in the body constant in varying environmental temperatures.

Question 9

Which type of tissue is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes?

A) Connective
B) Nervous
C) Matrix
D) Muscle
E) Epithelial

Question 10

Most of the water in the body is found

A) in the interstices between cells.
B) intracellularly.
C) in the plasma.
D) in the digestive tract.
E) as cerebrospinal fluid that cushions nerves.

Question 11

Which tissue type is likely to be found at any boundary where the inside of the body meets the external environment?

A) Nervous
B) Epithelial
C) Muscle
D) Connective
E) Striated

Question 12

Which is a type of muscle tissue?

A) Cardiac
B) Connective
C) Retina
D) Mucosa
E) Collagen

Question 13

While working in a laboratory, you are shown a slide containing animal tissue composed of long cells with a regular array of cross striations.The nuclei of the cells are pressed up against the sides of the cells.You are told this is an abundant tissue type in the body.What is the major function of this tissue?

A) Thermoregulation
B) Conducting nerve impulses
C) Generating forces and causing movement
D) Giving strength to the skin
E) Carrying oxygen throughout the body

Question 14

Which statement about muscle tissue is false?

A) It consists of cells that can contract.
B) It is an abundant tissue in the body.
C) It is a form of connective tissue.
D) It uses a lot of energy when animals are active.
E) It includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac types.

Question 15

Glial cells are

A) gland cells in the digestive tract that secrete digestive juices.
B) neurons that generate electrical signals.
C) cells in the nervous system that provide support functions for neurons.
D) part of ductless glands that secrete hormones.
E) skeletal muscle cells that contract to generate a force.

Question 16

_______ are cells of the nervous system that do not generate signals.

A) Hormones
B) Neurons
C) Gland epithelial cells
D) Glial cells
E) Skeletal muscle cells

Question 17

Refer to the figure. Which of these images is of connective tissue and no other tissue type?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 18

The strength of the connections between bones is most likely due to the protein

A) actin.
B) myosin.
C) elastin.
D) collagen.
E) reflexin.

Question 19

Which statement about tissues is true?

A) Collagen fibers are a type of tissue.
B) An organ is usually composed of a single type of tissue.
C) Epithelial tissue forms a boundary between the inside and the outside of the body.
D) Adipose tissue is a form of epithelial tissue.
E) Blood is not considered to be a tissue because it is a fluid.

Question 20

One function of adipose tissue is to

A) provide thermal insulation and heat.
B) detect odors.
C) transmit electrical signals to the central nervous system.
D) provide support against gravity.
E) transport oxygen.

Question 21

Studies on racehorses have shown that when the starting gate closes just prior to a race, the breathing rate of a racehorse increases, even though the horse is standing still.This response is an example of

A) an error signal.
B) negative feedback.
C) positive feedback.
D) feedforward control.
E) homeostasis.

Question 22

In regulatory systems, negative feedback

A) is the least common type of feedback mechanism.
B) stimulates a return toward the set point.
C) amplifies a response.
D) disrupts homeostasis.
E) is an error signal.

Question 23

Cellular functions in most eukaryotic organisms are limited to a temperature ranging (in °C) from _______ to _______.

A) 20; 100
B) 20; 40
C) 0; 20
D) 0; 40
E) 0; 100

Question 24

The value of Q₁₀, which describes the sensitivity of a reaction to temperature, is calculated as the

A) rate of a process at a certain temperature, divided by its rate at 10°C.
B) rate of a process at a certain temperature, divided by its rate at a temperature 10°C lower.
C) rate of a process at a certain temperature, divided by its rate at a temperature 10°C higher.
D) temperature at which the rate of a certain process doubles.
E) temperature at which the rate of a certain process becomes insignificant.

Question 25

Which Q₁₀ value indicates that a reaction is not temperature sensitive?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 8
E) 10

Question 26

The upper temperature limit at which cells can function is determined by the _______ point of _______.

A) boiling; water
B) melting; water
C) melting; fats
D) denaturation; nucleic acids
E) denaturation; proteins

Question 27

Which statement about positive feedback is true?

A) It is more commonly observed than negative feedback.
B) It tends to reach a limit and terminate slowly.
C) It diminishes a response.
D) A thermostat regulating a furnace is an example of positive feedback.
E) Sexual behavior is an example of positive feedback.

Question 28

Homeostasis refers to the tendency

A) to keep body systems matched to the external environment.
B) to keep body systems the same relative to one another.
C) for body systems to vary in activity to keep the internal environment constant.
D) for body systems to be under the control of the brain.
E) for all body systems to be at the same specific temperature.

Question 29

Which of the following would serve to change the set point of a regulatory system?

A) Negative feedback
B) Positive feedback
C) Feedforward information
D) Insensitivity to information
E) Sensitivity that amplifies a response

Question 30

You measure metabolic rates of several four-toed salamanders at 20°C and at 30°C and calculate a Q₁₀ equal to 2 for the species.Based on this information, which statement is true?

A) Metabolic rate is not temperature sensitive in this species.
B) 30°C must be above the thermoneutral zone for this species.
C) This salamander shows acclimatization over this temperature range.
D) Metabolic rate at 20°C is twice that at 30°C for this species.
E) Metabolic rate at 20°C is half that at 30°C for this species.

Question 31

At the end of the summer you notice that a cool breeze signaling the approach of autumn is actually at a temperature that felt warm when you encountered it the previous winter.Which hypothesis best explains this observation?

A) Day length influences one's sensation of temperature.
B) Winter breezes are weaker than those in autumn.
C) Nerve cells of the skin die off during winter.
D) We acclimatize to temperature.
E) Our muscles are creating more heat in winter.

Question 32

Most biological Q₁₀ values are between _______ and _______.

A) 0; 1
B) 0; 40
C) 2; 3
D) 2; 10
E) 10; 20

Question 33

The reactions that make up animal metabolism are not equally sensitive to temperature.Which value reflects that fact?

A) $\Delta$ K
B) O_2max
C) V₂
D) Molecular weight
E) Q₁₀

Question 34

A Q₁₀ value of 3 indicates that a reaction rate has _______ over a rise in temperature of 10°C.

A) increased by 3 orders of magnitude
B) decreased by 3 orders of magnitude
C) tripled
D) decreased by one-third
E) increased by one-third

Question 35

Most physiological processes

A) occur more rapidly at higher temperatures.
B) occur less rapidly at higher temperatures.
C) are not temperature sensitive.
D) maintain a constant rate as temperature increases.
E) maintain a constant rate as temperature fluctuates between 0°C and 40°C.

Question 36

Mechanical systems, like physiological systems, can be regulated to maintain homeostasis.Imagine an automated system that allows water to flow from a storage tank into a water bowl for your pet.In this system, the valve that opens when the water level drops below the desired water level is the

A) sensor.
B) effector.
C) error signal.
D) feedforward information.
E) set point.

Question 37

Suppose an airline pilot sets an aircraft's engines to produce a velocity of 450 mph and measures that speed using an instrument on the outside of the plane.When another pilot reports turbulence ahead, the pilot changes the velocity set point to 350 mph.The instrument on the outside of the plane is providing

A) an error signal.
B) a set point.
C) an effector.
D) feedback.
E) homeostasis.

Question 38

Positive feedback responses

A) are long-term, stable influences in the body.
B) can increase or decrease the deviation from a set point.
C) are more common than negative feedback responses.
D) tend to reach a limit and then terminate.
E) cause physiological parameters to cycle above and below a set point.

Question 39

What is the difference between negative feedback mechanisms and positive feedback mechanisms?

A) Negative feedback mechanisms exist only in the circulatory system.
B) Negative feedback mechanisms return a system to a set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms amplify a response.
C) Negative feedback mechanisms move a system away from a set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system toward a set point.
D) Negative feedback mechanisms have a negative effect on health, whereas positive feedback mechanisms have a positive effect on health.
E) Negative feedback mechanisms reset the set point, whereas positive feedback mechanisms stabilize a system toward a set point.

Question 40

Suppose an airline pilot sets an aircraft's engines to produce a velocity of 450 mph and measures that speed using an instrument on the outside of the plane.When another pilot reports turbulence ahead, the pilot changes the velocity set point to 350 mph.The other pilot is providing

A) an error signal.
B) negative feedback.
C) positive feedback.
D) feedforward information.
E) homeostasis.

Question 41

Which type of animal is the least likely to have a body temperature different from the environment?

A) Sparrow (bird)
B) Halibut (fish)
C) Chipmunk (mammal)
D) Honey bee (insect)
E) Lizard (reptile)

Question 42

Refer to the graph showing the body temperatures of different types of organisms in the same environmental temperatures. The reaction of a mouse to different environmental temperatures is represented by the curve labeled _______.When the mouse is at the environmental temperature marked by an X on the x axis, the mouse might _______.

A) A; utilize brown fat
B) B; utilize brown fat
C) A; increase blood flow to the skin
D) B; increase blood flow to the skin
E) B; assume a more compact posture

Question 43

Heat exchange between the internal environment and the skin occurs

A) in endotherms only through evaporation.
B) by means of pore openings.
C) only through respiration in an ectotherm.
D) only in the thermoneutral zone.
E) in both ectotherms and endotherms through blood flow.

Question 44

Refer to the graph showing the body temperatures of different types of organisms in the same environmental temperatures. The reaction of a lizard to different environmental temperatures is represented by the curve labeled _______.When the lizard is at the environmental temperature marked by an asterisk (*) on the x axis, the lizard might _______.

A) A; seek shade
B) B; seek shade
C) A; lie on rocks in full sun
D) B; raise its heart rate rapidly
E) A; increase blood flow to the skin

Question 45

During the day, hummingbirds maintain a high, constant body temperature, but at night they can lower their metabolism to save energy and allow their body temperatures to fall by as much as 20°C.Hummingbirds are therefore

A) endotherms.
B) ectotherms.
C) heterotherms.
D) pyrotherms.
E) varitherms.

Question 46

Organisms that depend largely on external sources of heat to maintain body temperature are called

A) homeothermic.
B) endothermic.
C) heterothermic.
D) ectothermic.
E) mesothermic.

Question 47

Which animal is an endotherm?

A) Goldfish
B) Fruit fly
C) Eagle
D) Marine iguana
E) Sponge

Question 48

An ectotherm's metabolism adjusts to compensate for seasonal thermal changes.This is most likely made possible by the production of different

A) thermogenins.
B) thermoneutral zones.
C) isozymes with temperature optima matching the season.
D) countercurrent exchangers.
E) kinds of adipose tissue.

Question 49

Refer to the graph showing how different types of organisms respond to changes in environmental temperature. The curve labeled _______ is appropriate for a lizard, and the curve labeled _______ is appropriate for a mouse.As the environmental temperature these animals are subjected to rises from 10°C to 20°C, the metabolic rate of the lizard _______ and the metabolic rate of the mouse _______.

A) A; B; increases; decreases
B) A; B; decreases; increases
C) B; A; increases; decreases
D) B; A; decreases; increases
E) B; A; decreases; decreases

Question 50

Organisms that sometimes regulate their own internal temperature but sometimes allow their temperature to be determined by the environment are called

A) ectotherms.
B) endotherms.
C) varitherms.
D) pyrotherms.
E) heterotherms.

Question 51

"Hot" fish pick up their heat

A) from brown fat.
B) by shivering.
C) by eating prey that live in warmer waters near the surface.
D) through metabolically active muscles.
E) by pressing against warm rocks in the intertidal zone.

Question 52

Some bats maintain their internal temperatures metabolically during spring and summer but hibernate in large groups during the winter.They therefore can be considered

A) endotherms.
B) ectotherms.
C) heterotherms.
D) pyrotherms.
E) varitherms.

Question 53

Which of the following is the biggest difference between a "cold" fish, such as a trout, and a "hot" fish, such as a tuna, relative to their thermoregulation?

A) The temperature of the blood leaving the heart
B) The temperature of the blood entering the gills
C) The arrangement of blood vessels in the gills
D) The temperature of the brain
E) The volume of blood flowing in arteries just under the skin

Question 54

As the environmental temperature in a closed chamber containing an endotherm such as a mouse or an ectotherm such as a lizard increases (from 15°C up to 25°C), the metabolic rate of the lizard _______, and that of the mouse _______.

A) increases; increases
B) increases; decreases
C) decreases; increases
D) decreases; decreases
E) stays the same; decreases

Question 55

A squirrel that metabolically maintains its internal temperature during the summer but hibernates during the winter is a(n)

A) ectotherm.
B) heterotherm.
C) pyrotherm.
D) varitherm.
E) endotherm.

Question 56

Researchers have found that king penguin chicks can drop the temperature of their internal organs by more than 15°C but then maintain the lower temperature metabolically.These birds can therefore be characterized as

A) varitherms.
B) endotherms.
C) pyrotherms.
D) heterotherms.
E) ectotherms.

Question 57

Which statement about heat exchange is true?

A) Conduction is the indirect transfer of heat between two objects that are at the same temperature.
B) Evaporation of sweat from the surface of the body warms the body.
C) Ectotherms, but not endotherms, can change the rate of heat exchange between their bodies and the external environment by changing blood flow to the skin.
D) Animals may lose heat by convection when they are exposed to wind with a temperature below that of their body surface.
E) Warm blood passing close to cooler blood picks up energy from the cooler blood.

Question 58

Which physiological control mechanism in marine iguanas decreases the iguanas' heat loss when in the water?

A) Increased heart rate
B) Decreased blood flow to the skin
C) Dilation of blood vessels in the skin
D) Contraction of muscles
E) Retention of water

Question 59

A lizard lives in a temperate desert environment where the temperature is cold at night and warm during the day.In order for the lizard to maintain the most stable body temperature, it would most likely

A) stay in a burrow during the night and shuttle between the sun and shade on the surface during the day.
B) stay on the surface during the night and move to a burrow during the day.
C) increase its metabolism and heat production during the night and decrease it during the day.
D) decrease its metabolism and heat production during the night and increase it during the day.
E) move into a state of hypothermia during the night and a state of torpor during the day.

Question 60

In response to a 10°C rise in environmental temperature, an endotherm's body temperature will

A) rise at a constant rate.
B) fall at a constant rate.
C) fall to a point, then become stable.
D) rise to a point, then become stable.
E) remain relatively constant.

Question 61

Which feature is an important adaptation of animals to cold climates?

A) Shivering at higher ambient temperatures
B) Thinner layers of body fat
C) Reduced density of fur or feathers
D) Reduced surface area-to-volume ratio
E) Increased flow of blood to the skin

Question 62

In a mammal, metabolic rate is highest when the ambient temperature is _______ the thermoneutral zone and the animal is _______.

A) within; at rest
B) below; active
C) within; active
D) above; at rest
E) below; at rest

Question 63

Countercurrent heat exchange in "hot" fish

A) involves the transfer of heat from warm blood coming from the muscles to cold blood flowing into the muscles.
B) allows "hot" fish to maintain cooler body temperatures in warm water.
C) is found in mostly small, rapidly swimming fish.
D) maintains a fish's sustainable power output over a 10°C rise in water temperature.
E) ensures that blood warmed in the gills flows directly to the heart.

Question 64

The list below shows possible metabolic responses of a mammal to environmental temperature change.Choose the most likely response of a mammal when the environmental temperature begins at its upper critical temperature and increases by 3°C-5°C.

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Initial decrease in metabolic rate followed by an increase
E) Death

Question 65

The list below shows possible metabolic responses of a mammal to environmental temperature change.Choose the most likely response of a mammal when the environmental temperature increases far above 50°C.

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Initial decrease in metabolic rate followed by an increase
E) Death

Question 66

Which anatomical feature possessed by endotherms reduces heat loss?

A) Narrow body shape
B) Short appendages
C) Minimal thermal insulation
D) Increased surface area-to-volume ratio as size increases
E) Increased sweat glands

Question 67

Evaporative cooling is used only as a last resort by animals in hot and dry environments because

A) it is ineffective at dissipating heat.
B) sweating or panting dissipates heat but can cause excessive water loss.
C) sweating requires a significant expenditure of energy.
D) it requires an insulating layer in the skin.
E) it requires a resetting of the animal's thermostat.

Question 68

The list below shows possible metabolic responses of a mammal to environmental temperature change.Choose the most likely response of a mammal when the environmental temperature begins at its lower critical temperature and decreases by 3°C-5°C.

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Initial decrease in metabolic rate followed by an increase
E) Death

Question 69

Which is the most important and most common characteristic of endotherms adapted to cold climates compared with those adapted to warm climates?

A) Higher basal metabolic rates
B) Higher Q₁₀ values
C) Brown fat
D) Greater insulation
E) Ability to hibernate

Question 70

Which is an adaptation used by endotherms, but not by ectotherms, to produce an increase in body temperature?

A) Repeated contraction of flight muscles without movement
B) Cluster or huddling behavior
C) Decreased surface-to-surface contact with a cold environment
D) Circulatory changes to maintain core or internal temperatures greater than the animal's peripheral temperatures
E) Metabolism of brown fat

Question 71

The list below shows possible metabolic responses of a mammal to environmental temperature change.Choose the most likely response of a mammal when the environmental temperature fluctuates between its upper and lower critical temperatures.

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Initial decrease in metabolic rate followed by an increase
E) Death

Question 72

The list below shows possible metabolic responses of a mammal to environmental temperature change.Choose the most likely response of a mammal when the environmental temperature begins at its lower critical temperature and increases by 3°C-5°C.

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Initial decrease in metabolic rate followed by an increase
E) Death

Question 73

The list below shows possible metabolic responses of a mammal to environmental temperature change.Choose the most likely response of a mammal when the environmental temperature begins at 0°C and increases by 3°C-5°C.

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Initial decrease in metabolic rate followed by an increase
E) Death

Question 74

The elephant is better adapted to the temperatures of tropical habitats than those of polar climates because of its

A) sparse hair.
B) large size.
C) stocky appendages.
D) long tusks.
E) thick skin.

Question 75

Compared with "cold" fish, "hot" fish, such as bluefin tuna, keep a higher temperature difference between their body and the surrounding water in part because they

A) produce thermogenins.
B) have a countercurrent heat exchange system of veins and arteries.
C) shiver to create more heat.
D) have many brown fat tissues.
E) have a large dorsal aorta that keeps them warm.

Question 76

Endotherms invest energy to maintain their body temperatures across the range of environmental temperatures they encounter, except in the range of environmental temperatures

A) that allow them to sweat.
B) within their thermoneutral zone.
C) above 45°C.
D) they encounter at night.
E) below 0°C.

Question 77

The mechanism of heat production in brown fat depends on

A) an inefficient use of ATP in metabolism.
B) the rapid breakdown of protein.
C) the rapid breakdown of nucleic acids.
D) shivering produced by skeletal muscles.
E) the uncoupling of proton movement from ATP production.

Question 78

Which animal is behaving as an endotherm to warm its body?

A) A moth that quivers its wings before flight
B) A black beetle that absorbs solar radiation
C) A snake that lies on a warm blacktop road
D) A fish that moves to a warm, shallow part of a pond
E) An insect that positions its body for maximum exposure to sunlight

Question 79

The list below shows possible metabolic responses of a mammal to environmental temperature change.Choose the most likely response of a mammal when the environmental temperature begins at its upper critical temperature and decreases by 3°C-5°.

A) Increased metabolic rate
B) Decreased metabolic rate
C) No change in metabolic rate
D) Initial decrease in metabolic rate followed by an increase
E) Death

Question 80

Which is the best description of the limits of the thermoneutral zone in an endotherm?

A) The range of environmental temperatures below the upper critical temperature
B) The range of environmental temperatures over which an organism exhibits a basal metabolic rate
C) The range of body temperatures at which the metabolic rate is maximum
D) The range of environmental temperatures over which an organism's metabolic rate increases for thermoregulation
E) The range of environmental temperatures over which an organism's metabolic rate decreases for thermoregulation