Deck 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes

Question 1

The adult spinal cord typically ends between vertebrae
A) S4-S5.

A) T12-L1.
B) L5-S1.
C) L1-L2.
D) S5-Co1.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The tough, fibrous, outermost covering of the spinal cord is the

A) arachnoid mater.
B) pia mater.
C) dura mater.
D) coccygeal ligament.
E) periosteum.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The subdural space lies between

A) the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.
B) the pia mater and the dura mater.
C) the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.
D) the pia mater and the subarachnoid space.
E) the endosteum and the periosteum.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Arrange the spinal meninges from innermost layer to outermost layer.

A) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
B) dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater
C) arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater
D) pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater
E) pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Question 5

Enlarged area of the spinal cord from which nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs arise.

A) cervical enlargement
B) lumbar enlargement
C) thoracic region
D) conus medullaris
E) sacral region

Question 6

Which of the following is not true regarding an epidural block?

A) It is commonly used as a method of pain control during labor and delivery.
B) This procedure does not provide sustained anesthesia.
C) It can provide sensory and motor anesthesia, depending on the anesthetic selected.
D) Intubation is not necessary because respiratory muscles are not paralyzed.
E) It affects only the spinal nerves in the immediate area of the injection.

Question 7

The posterior root ganglia mainly contain

A) axons of motor neurons.
B) axons of sensory neurons.
C) cell bodies of motor neurons.
D) cell bodies of sensory neurons.
E) synapses.

Question 8

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains

A) axons of motor neurons.
B) axons of sensory neurons.
C) cell bodies of motor neurons.
D) cell bodies of sensory neurons.
E) interneurons.

Question 9

The conus medullaris anchors the spinal cord to the coccygeal ligament via a strand of fibrous tissue calledthe

A) denticulate ligament.
B) filum terminale.
C) spinal ligament.
D) meningeal ligament.
E) dura mater.

Question 10

A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a

A) cervical enlargement.
B) lumbar enlargement.
C) spinal nerve.
D) denticulate ligament.
E) spinal ganglion.

Question 11

If the posterior root of a spinal nerve is severed,

A) output to skeletal muscles would be blocked.
B) output to visceral organs would be blocked.
C) efferent fibers would be blocked.
D) the brain would not be able to communicate with that level of the spinal cord.
E) sensory input would be blocked.

Question 12

Which of the following is not true of meningitis?

A) Inflammation of the meninges occurs.
B) Bacteria can be the cause.
C) Viruses can be the cause.
D) CSF flow can be disrupted.
E) It only affects spinal meninges.

Question 13

The posterior root of a spinal nerve contains

A) axons of motor neurons.
B) axons of sensory neurons.
C) cell bodies of motor neurons.
D) cell bodies of sensory neurons.
E) interneurons.

Question 14

These structures extending from the pia mater through to the dura mater support the spinal cord by preventing lateral movement.

A) coccygeal ligament
B) rami communicantes
C) cauda equina
D) denticulate ligaments
E) spinal ligaments

Question 15

Spinal nerves are

A) purely sensory.
B) purely motor.
C) both sensory and motor.
D) interneuronal.
E) involuntary.

Question 16

Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

A) filum terminale.
B) subarachnoid space.
C) dura mater.
D) pia mater.
E) arachnoid mater.

Question 17

The spinal cord consists of four regions and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.

A) five
B) twelve
C) twenty-five
D) thirty-one
E) The number varies widely among individuals.

Question 18

The spinal cord continues to elongate until about age

A) 20 years.
B) 10 years.
C) 4 years.
D) 6 months.
E) 2 months.

Question 19

The layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

A) dura mater.
B) subarachnoid space.
C) arachnoid mater.
D) pia mater.
E) choroid plexus.

Question 20

The spinal cord is part of the ________ nervous system.

A) peripheral
B) somatic
C) central
D) autonomic
E) afferent

Question 21

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are known as

A) tracts.
B) ganglia.
C) nuclei.
D) horns.
E) commissures.

Question 22

Masses of gray matter within the central nervous system are

A) ganglia.
B) columns.
C) nuclei.
D) commissures.
E) horns.

Question 23

The outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord, seen easily in microscopic spinalcord cross sections, are called

A) wings.
B) horns.
C) pyramids.
D) fibers.
E) tracts.

Question 24

The gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A) nerve tracts.
B) columns.
C) meninges.
D) neuron cell bodies.
E) funiculi.

Question 25

The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

A) unmyelinated axons.
B) neuroglia.
C) Schwann cells.
D) myelinated axons.
E) nodes of Ranvier.

Question 26

In an adult, the conus medullaris is found at about

A) T6.
B) T10.
C) L1.
D) L5.
E) C8.

Question 27

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Ascending and descending tracts can be found in which area(s) of the spinal cord?

A) 9
B) 8
C) 11, 12, 13, 14
D) 1, 2, 3
E) 4, 5, 6

Question 28

Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through the

A) lateral white column.
B) posterior gray horn.
C) central canal.
D) posterior median sulcus.
E) anterior white commissure.

Question 29

During the procedure known as a(n) ________, a needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space in the inferior lumbar region.

A) myelography
B) encephalomyelogram
C) laminectomy
D) lumbar puncture
E) thoracic tap

Question 30

The loss of feeling and movement of the legs is termed

A) paraplegia.
B) hemiplegia.
C) spinal shock.
D) quadriplegia.
E) spinal transection.

Question 31

Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the

A) dura mater.
B) arachnoid mater.
C) epidural space.
D) subarachnoid space.
E) cerebral ventricles.

Question 32

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

A) pia mater.
B) dura mater.
C) epidural space.
D) subdural space.
E) arachnoid mater.

Question 33

The dura mater tapers inferiorly to form the

A) coccygeal ligament.
B) conus medullaris.
C) cauda equina.
D) subarachnoid space.
E) denticulate ligament.

Question 34

The large anterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly

A) somatic sensory nuclei.
B) somatic motor nuclei.
C) visceral motor nuclei.
D) visceral sensory nuclei.
E) sympathetic nuclei.

Question 35

In the spinal cord, white matter is separated into ascending and descending tracts organized as

A) nuclei.
B) ganglia.
C) columns.
D) nerves.
E) horns.

Question 36

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As aresult, which of the following would you expect?

A) loss of sensation in his torso
B) inability to breathe
C) problems with moving his arms
D) uncontrollable sweating of his feet
E) problems moving his legs

Question 37

Nerve tracts or fasciculi make up the

A) central canal.
B) posterior gray horns.
C) gray commissures.
D) white columns.
E) anterior gray horns.

Question 38

The specialized membranes that surround the spinal cord are termed the

A) cranial meninges.
B) cranial mater.
C) spinal meninges.
D) spinal mater.
E) epidural membranes.

Question 39

The condition in which a person loses all feeling and movement of the arms and legs due to spinal cord injury is termed

A) paraplegia.
B) hemiplegia.
C) spinal shock.
D) quadriplegia.
E) spinal transection.

Question 40

Axons crossing from one side of the spinal cord to the other within the gray matter are found in the

A) anterior gray horns.
B) lateral gray horns.
C) posterior gray horns.
D) gray commissures.
E) white commissures.

Question 41

The anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1 contribute fibers to the ________ plexus.

A) cervical
B) brachial
C) lumbar
D) sacral
E) thoracic

Question 42

The largest peripheral nerve is the ________ nerve.

A) median
B) femoral
C) phrenic
D) obturator
E) sciatic

Question 43

The postganglionic fibers that innervate glands in the body wall or smooth muscles in limbs are

A) white rami communicantes.
B) gray rami communicantes.
C) posterior ramus.
D) anterior ramus.
E) dermatomes.

Question 44

Loss of feeling in the thumb and first two fingers is most likely due to a damaged ________ nerve.

A) radial
B) musculocutaneous
C) ulnar
D) median
E) axillary

Question 45

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "1."

A) anterior white column
B) lateral white column
C) lateral white horn
D) median commissure
E) posterior white column

Question 46

The preganglionic fibers that connect a spinal nerve with an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic and lumbarregion of the spinal cord and carries visceral motor fibers that are myelinated form the

A) white rami communicantes.
B) gray rami communicantes.
C) posterior ramus.
D) anterior ramus.
E) dermatomes.

Question 47

Which of the following associations is incorrect?

A) 8 cervical spinal nerves
B) 11 thoracic spinal nerves
C) 5 lumbar spinal nerves
D) 5 sacral spinal nerves
E) 1 coccygeal spinal nerve

Question 48

In the condition ________, a virus infects posterior root ganglia, causing a painful rash whose distribution corresponds to that of the affected sensory nerves as seen in their dermatomes.

A) myasthenia gravis
B) neuronal damage
C) shingles
D) chickenpox
E) Hodgkin's disease

Question 49

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "11"?

A) somatic motor control
B) somatic sensory receiving
C) visceral sensory receiving
D) visceral motor control
E) ascending pathway

Question 50

The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the

A) endoneurium.
B) endomysium.
C) perineurium.
D) epineurium.
E) epimysium.

Question 51

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs arecollectively called

A) posterior rami.
B) anterior rami.
C) white rami.
D) gray rami.
E) sympathetic nerves.

Question 52

In which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise?

A) cranial
B) cervical
C) brachial
D) lumbar
E) sacral

Question 53

Large bundles of axons from several spinal nerves in the brachial plexus are termed

A) cords.
B) rami.
C) dermatomes.
D) trunks.
E) roots.

Question 54

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Where do somatic motor neurons reside?

A) 9
B) 11
C) 12
D) 13
E) 14

Question 55

Muscles of the neck and shoulder are innervated by spinal nerves from the ________ region.

A) cervical
B) thoracic
C) lumbar
D) sacral
E) coccygeal

Question 56

Nerve plexuses are formed by interconnecting branches of the

A) posterior rami.
B) anterior rami.
C) posterior root.
D) anterior root.
E) white rami communicans.

Question 57

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) posterior gray column
B) posterior gray ganglion
C) posterior white column
D) posterior gray horn
E) anterior gray horn

Question 58

Sensory information from visceral organs is carried by the

A) parasympathetic nerve.
B) sympathetic nerve.
C) anterior ramus.
D) posterior ramus.
E) rami communicantes.

Question 59

Figure 13-1 The Spinal Cord
Use Figure 13-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "9."

A) anterior white commissure
B) anterior median fissure
C) anterior white column
D) anterior gray commissure
E) anterior white horn

Question 60

Regional loss of sensory or motor function from nerve trauma or compression is termed

A) shingles.
B) dermatome.
C) peripheral neuropathy.
D) hemisection.
E) areflexia.

Question 61

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Which branch carries motor neurons to structures on the back of the body trunk?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 7
E) 11

Question 62

The ________ innervates the ventrolateral body surface, structures in the body wall, and the limbs.

A) white rami communicantes
B) gray rami communicantes
C) posterior rami
D) anterior rami
E) dermatomes

Question 63

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A) peripheral nerve
B) posterior ramus
C) spinal nerve
D) anterior root
E) posterior root

Question 64

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) spinal nerve
B) gray ramus
C) white ramus
D) posterior ramus
E) anterior ramus

Question 65

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Damage to which structure would lead to paralysis of limbs?

A) 11
B) 2
C) 1
D) 7
E) 9

Question 66

The brachial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except the

A) radial.
B) median.
C) ulnar.
D) musculocutaneous.
E) phrenic.

Question 67

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) spinal nerve
B) gray ramus communicans
C) white ramus communicans
D) posterior ramus communicans
E) anterior ramus communicans

Question 68

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
What is the function of the structure labeled "12"?

A) somatic motor control
B) visceral motor control
C) somatic sensory input
D) visceral sensory input
E) sensory receptor for pain

Question 69

Each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar plexus except the ________ nerve.

A) saphenous
B) sciatic
C) femoral
D) obturator
E) genitofemoral

Question 70

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A) anterior root
B) posterior ramus
C) spinal nerve
D) anterior ramus
E) white ramus

Question 71

The ________ nerve, which arises in the cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm.

A) ansa cervicalis
B) lesser occipital
C) thoracic
D) phrenic
E) supraclaviculars

Question 72

If a person has a crush injury to the C3-C5 spinal segments, you would expect that he

A) might be unable to breathe on his own.
B) could walk without difficulty.
C) would have full range of motion in all extremities.
D) would be in a coma.
E) would have difficulty chewing and moving the tongue.

Question 73

Mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. She has lost feeling in her lower body.Her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. Which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

A) the anterior gray horns
B) the anterior gray commissures
C) ascending tracts
D) descending tracts
E) the anterior white commissures

Question 74

Spinal nerves from the sacral region of the cord innervate the ________ muscles.

A) shoulder
B) intercostal
C) abdominal
D) leg
E) facial

Question 75

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the

A) perineurium.
B) epineurium.
C) endoneurium.
D) epimysium.
E) endosteum.

Question 76

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the

A) endoneurium.
B) perineurium.
C) epineurium.
D) metaneurium.
E) subneurium.

Question 77

A viral disease that destroys the cells of the anterior gray horn will

A) lead to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis.
B) interfere with position sense.
C) mainly interfere with crude touch and temperature sense.
D) block autonomic regulation.
E) affect visceral motor function.

Question 78

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) autonomic nerve
B) sympathetic ganglion
C) posterior root ganglion
D) rami communicantes
E) anterior root

Question 79

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nervesis termed a(n)

A) dermatome.
B) autonomic nerve.
C) lateral nerve.
D) tract.
E) plexus.

Question 80

Figure 13-2 Spinal Nerves
Use Figure 13-2 to answer the following questions:
Ken has a herniated disc which is pinching the structure labeled "10". He is most likely experiencing impairment in which sensory pathway?

A) somatic sensory
B) visceral sensory
C) somatic and visceral sensory
D) somatic and visceral motor
E) visceral motor