Deck 18: The Immune System

Question 1

In a patient taking a hypothetical immunosuppressive drug,all adaptive responses are inhibited.All innate immune responses are still functional,although some are reduced in strength.While taking this drug,which of the following events will still occur in response to infection?

A)Antigen interaction with lymphocytes
B)Production of antibodies that bind to antigens
C)B-cell differentiation into plasma cells
D)Vasodilation of local blood vessels
E)Activation of lymphocytes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The killing of cancerous cells by the immune system is called

A)immune oversight.
B)immune surveillance.
C)tissue immunity.
D)phagocytosis.
E)hemostasis.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

After activation of C3 of the complement system,which of these is a role of its component part, C3b? 

A)It acts as an enzyme to convert nitric oxide into hydrogen peroxide.
B)It causes vasodilation of local blood vessels.
C)It acts as a chemotaxin for macrophages.
D)It stimulates the conversion of monocytes to neutrophils.
E)It acts as an opsonin that is recognized by phagocytes targeting the microbe for destruction.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Which of the following cell types binds to antigens on plasma membranes of target cells and directly destroys the cells?

A)Neutrophils
B)NK cells
C)Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells)
D)Helper T cells (CD4 cells)
E)B cells

Question 5

You're working in a clinical lab and your boss has asked you to run a test on a patient's MHC Class I molecules.You need to isolate some cells from her collected tissues that express the Class I proteins.Which of the following cell types would you NOT use?

A)Red blood cells
B)Liver cells
C)Neurons
D)Skeletal muscle cells
E)Intestinal epithelial cells

Question 6

Which is TRUE regarding the immune system cells?

A)Plasma cells are derived from T cells.
B)Macrophages are derived from basophils.
C)Macrophages are derived from monocytes.
D)The immune cells found within the bloodstream are called erythrocytes.
E)Neutrophils are classified as lymphoid cells. 

Question 7

Which of the following statements regarding phagocytes and phagocytosis is TRUE?

A)Macrophages,monocytes,and mast cells are phagocytes.
B)Contact of phagocytes with microbes stimulates the phagocytes to release chemicals that mediate the inflammatory response.
C)Phagocytosis is stimulated by the presence of proteins called rhodopsins.
D)Phagocytosis is the process by which leukocytes exit the bloodstream.
E)Phagocytosis is a process that only occurs within the bloodstream.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding phagocytosis is TRUE?

A)Macrophages are the only phagocytes in human tissues.
B)The microbe engulfed by the phagocyte is killed by lysosomal enzymes and hydrogen peroxide.
C)Phagocytosis is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism whereby phagocytes release chemicals that inhibit further phagocytosis.
D)The microbe engulfed by the phagocyte is killed by the membrane attack complex (MAC).
E)Antibodies found inside lysosomes attack and kill microbes that are engulfed by phagocytosis.

Question 9

Which  of the following statements regarding the chemical mediators of inflammatory responses is NOT true?

A)They may be secreted by cells residing in the area of injury. 
B)The may be secreted by cells that enter the affected area.
C)They may be generated by enzymatic cleavage of proteins in plasma.
D)They are all peptides.
E)They may be chemotaxins.

Question 10

Which is NOT true about viruses?

A)They consist of a nucleic acid surrounded by a carbohydrate shell.
B)They require a host cell in order to reproduce themselves.
C)They may reside in a host cell for years without killing it.
D)They may cause a host cell to become cancerous.
E)They may have genetic information in the form of RNA.

Question 11

Michael has a rare immunological condition that prevents B cell maturation.His doctors first diagnosed him by looking at the levels of secreted immune factors in the blood.Which of the following secreted factors was missing in Michael's blood?

A)Type 2 interferons
B)Interleukin 2
C)Type 1 interferons
D)Colony-stimulating factors
E)Antibodies

Question 12

The immune system destroys or neutralizes

A)bacteria.
B)viruses.
C)nonmicrobial foreign substances.
D)cancer cells that arise in the body.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

One therapy option for an individual with hepatitis C virus is a drug that mimics the action of interferons.Which would be NOT true in a patient taking this drug?

A)Many cells of the body will increase their cellular production of antiviral proteins.
B)The patient will have increased immunity to viral infections.
C)The patient may have increased immunity to the progression of cancer tumors.
D)The patient will have increased immunity to bacterial infections.
E)None of these are true.

Question 14

Colony-stimulating factors are produced by ________ and target cells in the ________,which results in ________.

A)macrophages;bone marrow;proliferation of neutrophils and monocytes
B)B cells;thymus;conversion of B cells to T cells
C)NK cells;blood vessel walls;vasodilation
D)monocytes;blood vessel walls;vasoconstriction
E)basophils;bone marrow;release of histamine  

Question 15

Chemotaxis

A)refers to the chemical attraction of neutrophils to a site of inflammation.
B)is important only for innate immune responses.
C)is important only for adaptive immune responses.
D)refers to the engulfing of microbes and foreign molecules by macrophages.
E)refers to dilation of blood vessels by chemicals released by damaged tissue cells.

Question 16

Which applies to the classical complement pathway,but NOT to the alternative complement pathway?

A)Activation of C3 results in the formation of C3b.
B)There is a cascade of proteins activated,which results in the killing of microbes.
C)Complement proteins serve as opsonins that facilitate phagocyte binding to microbes.
D)Antibodies activate the first complement protein (C1).
E)Complement activation leads to the development of a multiunit protein called the membrane attack complex (MAC). 

Question 17

Cytotoxic T cells

A)secrete perforin,which kills bacteria and viruses by perforating the membrane or coat that surrounds them.
B)are activated by interleukin 1.
C)require Class I MHC proteins to recognize foreign antigens.
D)are converted to plasma cells when activated by MHC proteins.
E)secrete proteins that neutralize bacterial toxins.

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding complement is FALSE?

A)Certain complement proteins are always circulating in the blood in an inactive state.
B)Activated complement can form a membrane attack complex,which forms pores in microbe membranes.
C)Activated complement can stimulate cells to secrete inflammation-mediating chemicals.
D)The complement pathway is always dependent upon activation of the first complement protein,C1.
E)Some activated complement proteins activate other complement proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following statements regarding the lymphoid organs is NOT true?

A)The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus.
B)The thymus secretes protein hormones,collectively called thymopoietins.
C)Large numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes are found in the lymph nodes and spleen.
D)The tonsils contain lymphocytes,macrophages,and dendritic cells that respond to microbes in food.
E)Once a lymphocyte reaches a secondary lymphoid organ,it remains there for its lifetime.

Question 20

Your patient has a normal helper T cell count,but very little helper T cell activity.Which of the following scenarios may explain this observation?

A)She has a mutation in her MHC II proteins making them ineffective.
B)She has low antibody activity.
C)She has a mutation in the gene for perforin and makes an ineffective version of this molecule.
D)She is HIV positive.
E)None of these answers would explain the observations seen in this patient.

Question 21

A drug that completely inhibits the production of antibodies will have no effect on phagocytosis.

Question 22

You have just been prescribed a drug that inhibits antibody production.Which other functions of the immune response may also be affected?

A)Inflammation
B)Complement
C)Cytokine secretion by helper T cells
D)None of these
E)Phagocytosis

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of IL-1 in response to infection or tissue injury?

A)Induce fever
B)Increased IL-2 receptor expression
C)Stimulate inflammation
D)Secretion of acute-phase proteins by the liver
E)Stimulation of natural killer cells

Question 24

Which is NOT true about AIDS?

A)It is caused by a retrovirus.
B)It is caused by a virus that contains RNA.
C)It is transmitted by intimate contact with infected blood,sexual intercourse with an infected partner,or by an infected mother to her breast-fed infant.
D)Certain unusual cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma co-occur with relatively high frequency.
E)The HIV virus preferentially enters and disables B cells.

Question 25

B cells that differentiate during an initial immune response but remain dormant until being activated during a subsequent exposure to an antigen are called

A)T cells.
B)memory cells.
C)macrophages.
D)monocytes.
E)cytokines.

Question 26

Which of the following statements regarding blood-type incompatibilities between a mother and her fetus is TRUE?

A)An Rh-negative fetus may be at risk if its mother is Rh-positive.
B)An Rh-positive fetus may be at risk if its mother is Rh-negative.
C)A fetus with type B blood may be at risk if its mother has type O blood.
D)The risk to an Rh-positive fetus of an Rh-negative mother is lessened if she has previously carried an Rh-negative fetus.
E)The greatest risk to a fetus occurs when both mother and fetus are Rh-positive.

Question 27

Autoimmune diseases are usually treated with drugs that suppress the immune system.Which of the following diseases would NOT benefit from these immunosuppressive drugs?

A)AIDS
B)Multiple sclerosis
C)Myasthenia gravis
D)Rheumatoid arthritis
E)Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 28

The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the ability to prevent lysosomal fusion in macrophages.After phagocytosis where would this microbe be found in the macrophage?

A)Autosomes
B)Ribosomes
C)Free in the cytoplasm
D)Mitochondria
E)Phagosomes

Question 29

Natural killer cells

A)are activated by IL-2 and interferon-gamma.
B)only attack bacteria.
C)cannot interact with antibodies.
D)secrete interferon-gamma to activate helper T-cells.
E)have primary responsibility for mass-manufacturing antibodies against foreign antigens.

Question 30

When an antigen is bound to an antibody,it binds to

A)the heavy immunoglobulin chain only.
B)the light immunoglobulin chain only.
C)a specific antigen-binding site formed by heavy and light chains.
D)a hypervariable region of immunoglobulin DNA.
E)gamma immunoglobulin only.

Question 31

Which of these correctly describes a systemic response to infection?

A)Appetite generally increases compared to normal.
B)The body's set point temperature is reset so that body temperature is maintained lower than normal.
C)The liver retains iron and zinc so plasma levels are decreased from normal.
D)There is reduced breakdown of triglycerides in adiopse tissue and a decrease in plasma free fatty acids compared to normal.
E)Secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex is decreased.

Question 32

Which two cell types are primarily responsible for graft rejection?

A)B cells and helper T cells
B)Natural killer cells and B cells
C)Marcrophages and natural killer cells
D)Cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
E)B cells and plasma cells

Question 33

Which type of allergy/hypersensitivity occurs independent of antibodies? 

A)Immune-complex hypersensitivity
B)Immediate hypersensitivity
C)Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
D)Delayed hypersensitivity

Question 34

Which is typically present in a person with type O blood?

A)Erythrocytes carrying type A antigen
B)Erythrocytes carrying type B antigen
C)Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma
D)Erythrocytes with both type A antigen and type B antigen
E)Plasma that has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Question 35

A drug company produces an anti-venom for snake bites and terms it "snake rescue gamma globulin."  The anti-venom is probably made from which type of antibody?

A)IgM
B)IgE
C)IgG
D)IgA
E)Could be any of these

Question 36

The rationale behind the drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS is to reduce the replication of the virus and therefore prevent the infection of remaining healthy cells.Which of these is NOT a therapy that acts in this way?

A)Inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme
B)Interference with the processes involved in expression of viral nucleic acid by the host cell
C)Blocking an alpha protease enzyme associated with the assembly of the virus
D)Chemical agents directed at interruption of mitosis in host cells for the virus
E)Blocking the attachment and fusion of the HIV viruses with T lymphocyte host cells

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT normally a route of transmission of HIV/AIDS?

A)Unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner
B)Kissing or contact with items contaminated by the saliva of an infected individual
C)Across the placenta from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy or delivery
D)Via breast milk during lactation
E)Transfer of contaminated blood or blood products from one person to another

Question 38

Lupus is a disease in which the immune system makes antibodies that target the person's own tissues,targeting them for destruction by the immune system.Which of the following might be a useful drug therapy for lupus?

A)A drug that inhibits cytotoxic T cells
B)A drug that inhibits all cytokines
C)A drug that inhibits B cells
D)A drug that inhibits all cholesterol synthesis in the body
E)A drug that inhibits phagocytosis

Question 39

Which is NOT a function performed by activated macrophages?

A)They perform phagocytosis.
B)They secrete cell-killing chemicals.
C)They present antigens to T-cells.
D)They secrete cytokines involved in inflammation.
E)They produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens.

Question 40

Individuals who have been infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A)always manifest symptoms early in the disease process. 
B)can be diagnosed only when they develop certain rare forms of cancer.
C)succumb to the disease in a relatively brief period of time after infection due to massive loss of B lymphocytes.
D)generally are diagnosed by detection of anti-HIV antibodies or HIV RNA in their blood.
E)have normal B-cell and cytotoxic T-cell function.

Question 41

In cell-mediated immune responses,immune cells directly kill antigen-bearing cells.

Question 42

A phagocyte can kill a microbe only after phagocytosis.

Question 43

T lymphocytes mature primarily in the thymus.

Question 44

Bone marrow is the primary site of B lymphocyte maturation.

Question 45

Adaptive immune responses differ from innate immune responses in that the former are mediated by lymphocytes.

Question 46

A consequence of inflammation is increased capillary filtration and edema,which causes swelling and pain.

Question 47

You would like to see what infections a patient has been fighting recently;one way to do this is to isolate cytotoxic T cells and look into their phagosomes to see what pathogens they have been engulfing through phagocytosis.

Question 48

Helper T cells bind to antigen complexes with class II MHC proteins,while cytotoxic T cells bind to antigen complexes with class I MHC proteins.

Question 49

Antibody-mediated responses are most effective when the B cell and pathogen are in the same tissue and have physical contact with each other.

Question 50

A person who receives a vaccine made from killed virus particles will,if the vaccination is successful,acquire passive immunity against that virus.

Question 51

An adult with their thymus removed would have a marked decline in B cell maturation and B cell effector responses.

Question 52

The body's first line of defense against invasion by microbes are physical and chemical barriers.

Question 53

A chemical that causes binding of a phagocyte to a microbe is called a chemotaxin.

Question 54

Helper T cells are important only for cell-mediated immune responses.

Question 55

Immune surveillance refers to the search for and destruction of bacteria in the blood.

Question 56

The local response to injury in the body is called infection.

Question 57

HIV infection can be stalled with the use of powerful antibiotics.

Question 58

One mechanism for inhibiting inflammation would be a drug that blocks the release of histamine.

Question 59

Antibody production remains unaffected in a patient with advanced AIDS.

Question 60

Unlike cytotoxic T cells,natural killer cells do not require antigen to be complexed with class I MHC proteins in order to bind to the antigen.

Question 61

Drugs that block the production of cytokines,like cyclosporin,may be useful for treating autoimmune disorders.

Question 62

In a patient receiving a bone marrow transplant which of the following cell types will be genetically dissimilar than the patient's own cells?

A)Neutrophils
B)Basophils
C)Monocytes
D)Endothelial cells
E)Thymus tissue cells

Question 63

Elizabeth has a skin condition called eczema and has multiple breaks in the skin of her hands.Due to this,Elizabeth is at an increased risk of infections.

Question 64

Which of the following cells of the immune system are capable of phagocytosis?

A)Macrophages
B)Neutrophils
C)Dendritic cells
D)Basophils
E)T lymphocytes

Question 65

The appearance of the signs and symptoms of AIDS in an HIV-infected individual generally appear after the virus has had enough time to replicate within host tissue cells and to cause death and destruction of cells critical to mounting a normal immune response.

Question 66

An infant fed with formula will have less passive immunity than a breast-fed infant.

Question 67

The primary difference between active and passive immunity is that in active immunity,antibodies are produced in response to the presence of an antigen,while in passive immunity,pre-formed antibodies are provided from one person to another. 

Question 68

The first pregnancy of an Rh-negative woman with an Rh-positive fetus would be at a higher risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn if the woman had received multiple Rh-positive blood transfusions in the past.

Question 69

A patient with AIDS would be likely to react to an infection with a greater elevation of plasma cortisol than a person without the disease.

Question 70

Passive immunization of an Rh-negative woman with anti-Rh factor antibodies within a few hours of giving birth to an Rh-positive baby is helpful in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn in a subsequent pregnancy.

Question 71

Treatment of individuals with HIV infection focuses upon early detection by interfering with the processes involved in replication and assembly of the virus by T lymphocytes,rather than attacking infected host cells directly.

Question 72

People lacking Rh factor are born with circulating antibodies against it.

Question 73

HIV preferentially attacks cytotoxic T cells.

Question 74

Which of the following are types of lymphocytes?

A)T cells
B)Macrophages
C)Monocytes
D)Erythrocytes
E)Natural killer cells

Question 75

A person with type B blood can generally accept a transfusion of type AB blood.