Deck 16: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions

Question 1

Sympathetic postganglion fibers that innervate the small intestines originate from the

A) inferior mesenteric ganglion.
B) cardiac plexus.
C) celiac ganglion.
D) sacral splanchnic nerves.
E) superior mesenteric ganglion.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Visceral motor neuron nuclei are located in which part of the brain?

A) midbrain
B) primary motor cortex
C) hypothalamus
D) thalamus
E) cerebellum

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is not controlled by the ANS?

A) skeletal muscle system
B) cardiovascular system
C) respiratory system
D) digestive system
E) urinary system

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the sympathetic nervous system, where are the preganglionic neurons located?

A) cervical and sacral segments of the spinal cord
B) sacral segments of the spinal cord
C) brain stem
D) thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
E) cerebellum

Question 5

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

A) sympathetic division of the ANS
B) parasympathetic division of the ANS
C) somatic nervous system
D) afferent nervous system
E) central nervous system

Question 6

Avisceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n)________ neuron.

A) upper motor
B) lower motor
C) preganglionic
D) postganglionic
E) somatomotor

Question 7

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the

A) lateral gray horns of the cervical cord.
B) anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord.
C) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
D) anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.
E) lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.

Question 8

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is said to function during "rest and digest."

A) sympathetic
B) parasympathetic
C) thoracolumbar
D) visceral
E) somatomotor

Question 9

A pedestrian narrowly avoids being hit by an oncoming car. He notices that it takes a little while for hisheart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because

A) the parasympathetic nervous system has become activated.
B) sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
C) the splanchnic nerves have become activated.
D) somatic motor neurons have increased the heart and respiratory rate.
E) the corticospinal pathway has become activated.

Question 10

Sympathetic nerves contain postganglionic fibers that innervate organs in which cavity?

A) thoracic
B) pelvic
C) abdominal
D) cranial
E) abdominopelvic

Question 11

Which is not a sympathetic ganglion?

A) celiac
B) otic
C) inferior mesenteric
D) superior mesenteric
E) sacral chain

Question 12

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state?

A) exertion
B) trauma
C) digestion
D) stress
E) exercise

Question 13

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and have ________ axons.

A) short; myelinated
B) short; unmyelinated
C) long; myelinated
D) long; unmyelinated
E) intermediate; small

Question 14

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

A) postganglionic fibers.
B) visceral reflex responses.
C) motor neurons.
D) ganglionic neurons.
E) afferent neurons.

Question 15

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in

A) the brain.
B) the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
C) the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord.
D) both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.
E) the cerebrum.

Question 16

The parasympathetic division is also called the ________ division.

A) thoracolumbar
B) craniosacral
C) thoracocranial
D) craniolumbar
E) craniococcygeal

Question 17

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called________ ganglia.

A) intramural
B) collateral
C) chain
D) paravertebral
E) adrenal

Question 18

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

A) somatic division
B) craniosacral division
C) resting division
D) thoracolumbar division
E) lumbosacral division

Question 19

Ganglionic neurons innervate all of the following except

A) smooth muscle.
B) cardiac muscle.
C) adipose tissue.
D) glands.
E) skeletal muscle.

Question 20

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia.

A) intramural
B) collateral
C) chain
D) paravertebral
E) adrenal

Question 21

The ________ nervous system stimulates the arrector pili muscles and gives you "goosebumps."

A) parasympathetic
B) afferent
C) dorsal
D) sympathetic
E) somatic

Question 22

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "1."

A) somatic motor neuron
B) preganglionic neuron
C) sensory neuron
D) ganglionic neuron
E) astrocyte

Question 23

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the round structure labeled "3."

A) dorsal root ganglion
B) spinal nerve
C) chain ganglion
D) intramural ganglion
E) rami communicantes

Question 24

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the

A) intramural ganglia.
B) collateral ganglia.
C) chain ganglia.
D) brain stem.
E) adrenal medullae.

Question 25

The celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia are collectively called ________ ganglia.

A) chain
B) collateral
C) intramural
D) paravertebral
E) terminal

Question 26

Postganglionic axons usually are

A) myelinated.
B) unmyelinated.
C) larger than preganglionic fibers.
D) located in the brain.
E) located in the spinal cord.

Question 27

Autonomic disorders would not cause

A) excessive perspiration.
B) appetite.
C) sexual arousal.
D) problems in maintenance of blood pressure.
E) problems related to skeletal muscle function.

Question 28

Which of the following is not innervated by the celiac ganglia?

A) liver
B) spleen
C) stomach
D) pancreas
E) bladder

Question 29

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the

A) adrenal medulla.
B) celiac ganglia.
C) sympathetic chain ganglia.
D) inferior mesenteric ganglia.
E) splanchnic nerves.

Question 30

As the result of an accident, the white rami communicantes of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect to be affected by this injury?

A) left pupil
B) right pupil
C) heart
D) both pupils
E) left pupil and heart

Question 31

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity?

A) thoracic
B) pelvic
C) abdominal
D) craniosacral
E) abdominopelvic

Question 32

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) preganglionic neuron
B) postganglionic fibers of sympathetic nerve
C) preganglionic fibers of sympathetic nerve
D) collateral ganglion
E) white ramus communicans

Question 33

The adrenal medullae secrete

A) medullin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) renin.
E) both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Question 34

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to

A) relaxation of the urinary sphincter.
B) increased heart rate.
C) conversion of liver glycogen reserves into glucose.
D) activation of ventral sweat glands.
E) increased gastric motility.

Question 35

Sympathetic nerves

A) provoke feelings of sympathy.
B) allow us to relax, rest, and recover.
C) contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers.
D) control swallowing.
E) stimulate gastric secretion.

Question 36

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body wouldinterfere with the ability to

A) dilate the right pupil.
B) constrict the right pupil.
C) dilate the left pupil.
D) constrict the left pupil.
E) smile and frown.

Question 37

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except

A) increased sweat secretion.
B) reduced circulation to the skin.
C) decreased heart rate.
D) dilation of the pupils.
E) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.

Question 38

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the

A) heart.
B) pupils.
C) sweat glands.
D) digestive tract.
E) arrector pili muscles.

Question 39

Splanchnic nerves

A) originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
B) innervate the viscera or internal organs.
C) control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax.
D) connect chain ganglia.
E) are formed of parasympathetic fibers.

Question 40

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within

A) intramural ganglia.
B) collateral ganglia.
C) sympathetic chain ganglia.
D) suprarenal ganglia.
E) white rami communicantes.

Question 41

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type?

A) the heart
B) a blood vessel in the skin
C) a sweat gland
D) the liver
E) the salivary glands

Question 42

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except

A) III.
B) VII.
C) IX.
D) X.
E) XII.

Question 43

If the receptor on the postsynaptic membrane binds to norepinephrine, the synapse is called

A) cholinergic.
B) anergic.
C) adrenergic.
D) synergic.
E) noradrenergic.

Question 44

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

A) the decrease in ATP production.
B) increased heart rate and force of contraction.
C) decreased force of contraction.
D) slower heart rate.
E) inhibition of the heart muscle.

Question 45

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) somatic motor neuron
B) preganglionic neuron
C) sensory neuron
D) ganglionic neuron
E) astrocyte

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true?
The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors can lead to
1) an increase in metabolic activity.
2) contraction of airway smooth muscle.
3) the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 1 and 3
E) 1, 2, and 3

Question 47

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called

A) ganglia.
B) receptors.
C) varicosities.
D) nuclei.
E) bulbs.

Question 48

Figure 16-1 ANS Pathway
Use Figure 16-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "2."

A) ventral root
B) dorsal ramus
C) spinal nerve
D) ventral ramus
E) white ramus communicans

Question 49

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating

A) constipation.
B) diarrhea.
C) excessive salivation.
D) excessive heart rate.
E) prostate disorders.

Question 50

The majority of norepinephrine released by varicosities only briefly affects the target tissue because it is quickly reused or broken down by

A) monoamine oxidase.
B) acetylcholinesterase.
C) nitroxide.
D) decarboxylase.
E) catalase.

Question 51

Tom suffers from hypertension (high blood pressure). Which of the following might help deal with his problem?

A) a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle
B) a drug that blocks alpha-2 receptors in adipose tissue
C) a drug that increases cAMP levels in cardiac muscle tissue
D) a drug that blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue
E) a drug that blocks alpha-1 receptors in smooth muscle and blocks beta receptors in cardiac muscle tissue

Question 52

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Whichof the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

A) sweating
B) increased heart rate
C) dilation of respiratory passages
D) decreased blood pressure
E) increased blood sugar level

Question 53

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 54

Drugs that stimulate alpha receptors, causing constriction of peripheral vessels, are

A) sympathetic blocking agents.
B) sympathomimetic.
C) parasympathetic blocking agents.
D) parasympathomimetic.
E) autonomic blocking agents.

Question 55

Sympathomimetic drugs might be used to

A) decrease heart rate.
B) decrease blood pressure.
C) dilate airways.
D) increase gastric motility.
E) reduce blood sugar levels.

Question 56

Disorders involving the vagus nerve might cause

A) food to remain in your stomach longer.
B) a drop in blood pressure.
C) constriction of the pupils.
D) more saliva production.
E) increased sweating.

Question 57

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that

A) activates ?1 adrenergic receptors.
B) activates ?2 adrenergic receptors.
C) activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
D) blocks ?2 adrenergic receptors.
E) activates ?2 adrenergic receptors or activates muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Question 58

Which of the following is a sympathetic neurotransmitter used for vasodilation?

A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) serotonin
E) nitric oxide

Question 59

Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, the neurotransmitter ACh is

A) always excitatory when used in the synapses of the sympathetic nervous system.
B) broken down by COMT.
C) going to reduce the activity of the other neurotransmitter norepinephrine.
D) broken down by monoamine oxidase.
E) a chemical similar to the structure of adrenaline.

Question 60

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors.

A) nicotinic cholinergic
B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) alpha-1 adrenergic
D) alpha-2 adrenergic
E) beta-1 adrenergic

Question 61

Drugs that block nicotinic receptors would be

A) sympathomimetic.
B) parasympathomimetic.
C) parasympathetic blocking agents.
D) sympathetic blocking agents.
E) autonomic blocking agents.

Question 62

Parasympathetic ganglia that are near the eyes and salivary glands are called ________ ganglia.

A) somatic
B) collateral
C) contralateral
D) intramural
E) terminal

Question 63

Nicotine poisoning differs from muscarine poisoning in that

A) it causes vomiting.
B) it causes salivation.
C) it causes sweating.
D) it causes skeletal muscle convulsions.
E) it causes diarrhea.

Question 64

Parasympathetic stimulation

A) increases heart rate.
B) increases gastric motility.
C) causes sweat glands to secrete.
D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate.
E) causes the pupils to dilate.

Question 65

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 66

Nicotinic receptors

A) respond to epinephrine.
B) respond to norepinephrine.
C) open chemically-gated sodium ion channels.
D) can be either excitatory or inhibitory in function.
E) are found at synaptic junctions of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 67

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false?

A) Preganglionic neurons are located in the brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord.
B) Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors.
C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.
D) The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division.
E) The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.

Question 68

Preganglionic fibers from the sacral segments of the spinal cord form the ________ nerve(s).

A) pelvic
B) splanchnic
C) celiac
D) sympathetic
E) mesenteric

Question 69

Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the CNS in all of the following locations except

A) the midbrain.
B) the pons.
C) the medulla oblongata.
D) spinal segments T1-L2.
E) spinal segments S2-S4.

Question 70

Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve would likely cause

A) increase in heart rate.
B) problems in sexual arousal.
C) a reduction in saliva.
D) visual problems.
E) urine retention.

Question 71

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because

A) muscarinic receptors are deactivated by norepinephrine.
B) acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase.
C) norepinephrine hyperpolarizes the postganglionic membrane.
D) norepinephrine is inactivated at the synapse by monoamine oxidase.
E) epinephrine blocks the muscarinic receptors.

Question 72

Intramural ganglia in the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves.

A) spinal
B) splanchnic
C) chain
D) pelvic
E) collateral

Question 73

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

A) decrease in the rate of cardiac contraction.
B) constriction of the pupils.
C) dilation of the airways.
D) stimulation of urination.
E) stimulation of defecation.

Question 74

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is

A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.
B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system.
C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems.
E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

Question 75

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. You would expect to observe all of thefollowing symptoms except

A) diarrhea.
B) salivation.
C) very fast heart rate.
D) sweating.
E) low blood pressure.

Question 76

A doctor places drops in the eyes to dilate the pupils for an examination. The type of drug that is used is a(n) ________ drug.
1) sympathomimetic
2) parasympathomimetic
3) adrenergic activating
4) cholinergic activating
A) 1, 2

A) 3
B) 4
D) 1, 3
E) 2, 4

Question 77

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s).

A) splanchnic
B) facial
C) vagus
D) glossopharyngeal
E) trigeminal

Question 78

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion?

A) ciliary
B) pterygopalatine
C) submandibular
D) otic
E) celiac

Question 79

Parasympathetic blocking agents can be useful in treating

A) heart failure.
B) high blood pressure.
C) urinary incontinence.
D) hyperactivity.
E) excessive sweating.

Question 80

Muscarinic receptors

A) are normally activated by acetylcholine.
B) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia.
C) always produce an excitatory response.
D) control sodium channels in the affected membrane.
E) are blocked by norepinephrine.