Deck 17: The Special Senses

Question 1

The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria.

A) gustatory cells
B) basilar membrane
C) olfactory epithelium
D) hippocampus
E) ethmoid bone

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Our taste buds are most receptive to which of the following types of compounds?

A) sweet
B) salty
C) sweet and salty
D) bitter
E) umami

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Anormal, relaxed inhalation carries about ________ of the inhaled air to the olfactory organs.

A) 50 percent
B) 8 percent
C) 2 percent
D) 35 percent
E) 10 percent

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the

A) medulla oblongata.
B) medial geniculate.
C) cerebral cortex.
D) olfactory bulb.
E) olfactory tract.

Question 5

Which of the following correctly states how a gustatory receptor will be stimulated by an acidic or sourcompound?

A) G proteins will be activated.
B) Hydrogen ions will diffuse into the receptor cell causing depolarization.
C) Sodium ions will diffuse into the receptor cell causing depolarization.
D) Second messengers will be activated.
E) Adenylate cyclase will be activated.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of olfactory discrimination?

A) There are 6 primary smells known.
B) The number of olfactory receptors decline as we age.
C) All odorants require the same concentration to activate an olfactory receptor.
D) There are different types of olfactory receptor cells to detect each type of odorant.
E) The olfactory receptor population does not divide.

Question 7

Which of the following lingual papillae has the largest number of taste buds?

A) pharynx
B) foliate papillae
C) filiform papillae
D) fungiform papillae
E) vallate papillae

Question 8

Which of the following types of sensory information reaches the cerebral cortex directly?

A) visual
B) hearing
C) equilibrium
D) olfactory
E) gustatory

Question 9

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which ofthese special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?

A) olfaction
B) hearing
C) equilibrium
D) proprioception
E) vision

Question 10

Olfactory glands

A) house the sense of smell.
B) regenerate to form new olfactory epithelium.
C) react to aromatic molecules.
D) coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.
E) group as olfactory bulbs.

Question 11

During a sinus infection it is difficult to smell because

A) basal cell division decreases.
B) olfactory glands stop producing mucus.
C) olfactory supporting cells block odorant molecules from reaching the receptors.
D) the hypothalamus stops responding to olfactory stimulation.
E) excess mucus blocks odorant molecules from reaching the receptors.

Question 12

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

A) pons
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) cerebrum
E) medulla oblongata

Question 13

All of the following are true of olfactory pathways except which one?

A) They project first to the occipital lobes and then to the thalamus.
B) Neurons from the olfactory epithelium synapse in the olfactory bulb.
C) Information flows to the olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system.
D) They reach the forebrain without first synapsing in the thalamus.
E) The limbic system-olfactory pathway connection means that there are close ties between experiences and memories with smell.

Question 14

As we age

A) taste bud sensitivity increases.
B) taste bud sensitivity doubles.
C) the number of taste buds increases.
D) the number of taste buds decreases.
E) the number of taste buds decreases but the number of olfactory receptors increases to compensate.

Question 15

Olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the

A) cribriform plate.
B) sphenoid bone.
C) sella turcica.
D) vomer.
E) zygomatic process.

Question 16

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

A) photoreceptors in the eye.
B) mechanoreceptors in the ear.
C) olfactory receptors.
D) lamellar corpuscles.
E) proprioceptors.

Question 17

When odorant molecules contact the dendritic processes of olfactory receptors the initial response is

A) an action potential.
B) activation of a kinase.
C) a generator potential.
D) a hyperpolarization potential.
E) a conversion of 11-trans retinal to 11-cis retinal.

Question 18

The olfactory receptors are highly modified

A) epithelial cells.
B) interneurons.
C) sensory neurons.
D) motor neurons.
E) neuroglial cells.

Question 19

Damage to the insula is most likely to affect which of the following senses?

A) olfaction
B) gustation
C) vision
D) hearing
E) equilibrium

Question 20

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to

A) contact a basal cell.
B) bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites.
C) open ion channels.
D) respond to applied pressure.
E) be transported to the olfactory bulbs.

Question 21

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

A) sweet
B) peppery
C) sour
D) salty
E) umami

Question 22

Taste buds are clusters of individual

A) vallate papillae.
B) gustatory hairs.
C) epithelial cells.
D) olfactory receptors.
E) gustatory receptors.

Question 23

An adult has approximately ________ taste buds.

A) 100
B) 10,000
C) 4,000,000
D) 500
E) 50,000

Question 24

Which structure of the eye is the most sensitive but contains no blood vessels?

A) iris
B) choroid
C) retina
D) sclera
E) cornea

Question 25

Taste buds on the tongue are often associated with epithelial projections called

A) macula.
B) lingual papillae.
C) ganglion cells.
D) pharyngeal papillae.
E) ampulla.

Question 26

A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ day(s) before it is replaced.

A) 10
B) 1
C) 60
D) 30
E) 365

Question 27

A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damagetocranial nerve

A) VII.
B) III.
C) IX.
D) V.
E) XII.

Question 28

Each gustatory cell extends ________ (called taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore.

A) microvilli
B) villi
C) papillae
D) palpebra
E) G proteins

Question 29

The primary cause of blindness in the United States is

A) cataracts.
B) diabetic retinopathy.
C) glaucoma.
D) retinal detachment.
E) retinopathy of prematurity.

Question 30

The purpose of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) photoreceptors are

A) to give clear sharp vision.
B) to allow us to see in dim light.
C) to replace rods as we age.
D) influence the circadian rhythm.
E) to provide color vision.

Question 31

Stimulation of receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

A) intensely sweet.
B) intensely sour.
C) quite salty.
D) peppery hot.
E) bitter.

Question 32

Which of the following is false concerning lacrimal glands?

A) They produce a strongly hypertonic fluid.
B) They produce most of the volume of tears.
C) They produce lysozyme.
D) They produce watery, slightly alkaline secretions.
E) They are located in recesses in the frontal bones.

Question 33

Destruction to your left glossopharyngeal nerve would result in

A) inability to sense sweetness at the tip of your tongue.
B) inability to identify sour and bitter foods at the posterior one-third of the tongue.
C) inability to smell.
D) inability to see.
E) inability to hear.

Question 34

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

A) anterior chamber: between the cornea and the iris
B) posterior chamber: between the iris and the lens
C) ciliary body: site of extrinsic eye muscle attachment
D) retina: consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer
E) sclera: covers most of the ocular surface

Question 35

Which of the following is a function of the pigmented layer of the retina?

A) provide eye color
B) house the photoreceptors
C) secrete vitreous humor
D) absorb light passing through the neural layer
E) refract light onto the photoreceptors

Question 36

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acid glutamate is known as

A) sweet.
B) umami.
C) salty.
D) peppery.
E) sour.

Question 37

The sense of taste is also known as

A) proprioception.
B) maculation.
C) gustation.
D) olfaction.
E) sublation.

Question 38

The membrane structures that respond to chemical stimuli to produce sweet, bitter, and umami sensationsarecalled

A) gustatory hairs.
B) chemically-gated ion channels.
C) voltage-regulated ion channels.
D) G proteins.
E) papillae.

Question 39

Jonathan received a strong blow to the eye. The eyeball remained intact but he suddenly could not see. Thishas likely caused

A) development of cataracts.
B) a detached retina.
C) development of glaucoma.
D) astigmatism.
E) myopia.

Question 40

Tears pass through which of the following structures before emptying into the nasal cavity?

A) anterior chamber
B) posterior chamber
C) nasolacrimal duct
D) scleral venous sinus
E) corneoscleral junction

Question 41

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

A) outer segment.
B) inner segment.
C) fovea.
D) optic disc.
E) tapetum lucidum.

Question 42

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

A) moving up and down.
B) moving in and out.
C) changing shape.
D) opening and closing.
E) dilating and constricting.

Question 43

The vitreous body

A) fills the anterior chamber.
B) helps to stabilize the eye and holds the retina up against the eyewall.
C) is replaced at the rate of 20 percent per year until middle age.
D) circulates through the pupil.
E) holds the retina against the lens for proper refraction.

Question 44

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________,and sympathetic activation causes ________.

A) dilation; constriction
B) dilation; dilation
C) constriction; dilation
D) constriction; constriction
E) vasoconstriction; vasoconstriction

Question 45

The shape of the lens is controlled by the

A) pupillary sphincter muscles.
B) pupillary radial muscles.
C) ciliary muscles.
D) iris.
E) cornea.

Question 46

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.

A) conjunctiva
B) cornea
C) iris
D) anterior chamber
E) caruncle

Question 47

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

A) conjunctiva.
B) cornea.
C) pupil.
D) anterior chamber.
E) posterior chamber.

Question 48

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order?

A) conjunctiva ? cornea ? aqueous humor ? lens ? vitreous body ? retina
B) vitreous body ? retina ? choroids ? aqueous humor ? lens ? conjunctiva ? cornea
C) cornea ? aqueous humor ? vitreous body ? lens ? conjunctiva ? choroids ? retina
D) conjunctiva ? cornea ? lens ? aqueous humor ? vitreous body ? retina
E) cornea ? aqueous humor ? conjunctiva ? lens ? vitreous body ? retina ? choroid

Question 49

A structure that is located at the medial angle and contains glands that contribute to a gritty depositisthe

A) palpebra.
B) lacrimal caruncle.
C) chalazion.
D) tarsal gland.
E) conjunctiva.

Question 50

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

A) aqueous humor
B) ciliary body
C) iris
D) extrinsic eye muscles
E) macula

Question 51

All of the following are true of the fibrous layer of the eye except that it

A) consists of the sclera and cornea.
B) provides mechanical support and some protection for the eye.
C) produces aqueous humor.
D) contributes substantial focusing power.
E) is where extrinsic eye muscles insert.

Question 52

All of the following are true of the neural layer of the eye except that it

A) contains ganglion cells.
B) contains the photoreceptor cells.
C) contains bipolar cells.
D) is the innermost layer of the eyeball.
E) consists of dense fibrous connective tissue.

Question 53

The eyelids are connected at the

A) palpebral fissure.
B) medial and lateral angles.
C) lacrimal caruncle.
D) chalazion.
E) conjunctiva.

Question 54

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the

A) conjunctiva.
B) cornea.
C) iris.
D) pupil.
E) angle.

Question 55

The space between the cornea and the iris is the

A) anterior chamber.
B) posterior chamber.
C) scleral venous sinus.
D) aqueous humor.
E) pupil.

Question 56

The gelatinous material that gives the eyeball its basic shape is the

A) vitreous humor.
B) aqueous humor.
C) ora serrata.
D) perilymph.
E) posterior cavity.

Question 57

The cornea is part of the

A) iris.
B) fibrous layer.
C) neural layer.
D) uvea.
E) choroid.

Question 58

The part of the eye that determines eye color is the

A) conjunctiva.
B) cornea.
C) iris.
D) pupil.
E) scleral venous sinus.

Question 59

Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges?

A) palpebra
B) lacrimal caruncle
C) chalazion
D) tarsal gland
E) conjunctiva

Question 60

The space between the iris and the lens is the

A) anterior chamber.
B) posterior chamber.
C) pupil.
D) scleral venous sinus.
E) vitreous body.

Question 61

Trace the circulation of aqueous humor from the site of production to the site of where it is reabsorbed.
1) posterior chamber
2) anterior chamber
3) ciliary body
4) scleral venous sinus
5) pupil

A) 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
B) 2, 1, 5, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
D) 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
E) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3

Question 62

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "12."

A) pupil
B) optic disc
C) sclera
D) fovea
E) retina

Question 63

Amacrine and ________ cells facilitate or inhibit communication between photoreceptors and ganglion cells.

A) bipolar
B) ganglion
C) nuclear
D) hair
E) horizontal

Question 64

The ciliary muscle contracts to

A) control the amount of light reaching the retina.
B) adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision.
C) adjust the shape of the lens for near vision.
D) control the production of aqueous humor.
E) adjust the shape of the cornea.

Question 65

Light refraction takes place at the

A) cornea and lens.
B) lens only.
C) optic disc.
D) cornea and optic disc.
E) cornea only.

Question 66

________ is an infection in one of the glands on the eyelids.

A) sty
B) furuncle
C) abscess
D) lesion
E) carbuncle

Question 67

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Which structure is commonly called the blind spot?

A) 4
B) 10
C) 14
D) 5
E) 6

Question 68

Which of the following is not true regarding image formation?

A) The greatest amount of refraction occurs at the cornea.
B) The focal distance must equal the distance between the center of the lens and the retina to form a sharp image.
C) A round lens has a short focal distance.
D) Images arrive at the retina upside down and reversed.
E) To view a distant object the lens will become rounder.

Question 69

An abnormal blind spot appearing in vision is called a(n)

A) astigmatism.
B) cataract.
C) scotoma.
D) chalazion.
E) sty.

Question 70

Modified sebaceous glands located along the margin of the eyelid that secrete a lipid-rich product are called ________ glands.

A) carpal
B) mucous
C) optic
D) ocular
E) tarsal

Question 71

________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface.

A) Fuch's dystrophy
B) Conjunctivitis
C) Glaucoma
D) Myopia
E) Uveitis

Question 72

What structure regulates the amount of light that passes to the photoreceptors of the eye?

A) vitreous body
B) cornea
C) ciliary muscle
D) iris
E) lens

Question 73

The visible spectrum for humans extends between a wavelength of
A) 100 and 200 nm.

A) 700 and 1000 nm.
B) 200 and 400 nm.
D) 2000 and 2500 nm.
E) 400 and 700 nm.

Question 74

The optic disc is a blind spot because

A) there are no photoreceptors in that area.
B) the retina lacks nerves in the optic disc.
C) humans are unable to focus light on that area of the retina.
D) the vitreous body is too thick in this area for the passage of light.
E) the fovea prevents light from striking the optic disc.

Question 75

The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as

A) glaucoma.
B) myopia.
C) macular degeneration.
D) a cataract.
E) Fuch's dystrophy.

Question 76

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "7."

A) choroid
B) optic disc
C) sclera
D) retina
E) cornea

Question 77

In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the

A) iris.
B) cornea.
C) lens.
D) aqueous humor.
E) vitreous humor.

Question 78

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "14."

A) pupil
B) optic disc
C) sclera
D) fovea
E) suspensory ligaments

Question 79

________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

A) Bipolar
B) Ganglion
C) Amacrine
D) Cone
E) Rod

Question 80

Figure 17-1 The Sectional Anatomy of the Eye
Use Figure 17-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the space labeled "1."

A) posterior cavity
B) posterior chamber
C) pupil
D) anterior chamber
E) vitreous chamber