Deck 26: The Urinary System

Question 1

Urine is temporarily stored in the

A) urethra.
B) urinary bladder.
C) kidney.
D) ureter.
E) trigone.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the

A) calyx.
B) pelvis.
C) ureter.
D) hilum.
E) pyramid.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the

A) urethra.
B) glomerulus.
C) convoluted tubule.
D) ureter.
E) collecting duct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The outermost layer of the kidney is the

A) renal cortex.
B) renal medulla.
C) major calyx.
D) fibrous capsule.
E) renal pelvis.

Question 5

The renal sinus is

A) the innermost layer of kidney tissue.
B) part of a renal pyramid.
C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
D) a large branch of the renal pelvis.
E) a renal corpuscle.

Question 6

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

A) renal papilla.
B) renal pelvis.
C) renal medulla.
D) renal cortex.
E) renal sinus.

Question 7

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

A) afferent arteriole.
B) efferent arteriole.
C) vasa recta.
D) interlobular arteriole.
E) renal vein.

Question 8

Functions of the urinary system include all of the following except

A) regulation of blood volume and blood pressure.
B) regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions.
C) helping to stabilize blood pH.
D) conservation of valuable nutrients.
E) storage of fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 9

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

A) blood vessels.
B) lymphatics.
C) the ureters.
D) the urethra.
E) the calyces.

Question 10

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

A) located in a position that is retroperitoneal.
B) surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
C) located partly within the pelvic cavity.
D) held in place by the renal fascia.
E) covered by peritoneum.

Question 11

Typical renal blood flow is about ________ ml/min under resting conditions.

A) 500
B) 800
C) 1200
D) 1800
E) 2500

Question 12

The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can becometwisted or kinked during movement.

A) polycystic kidney disease
B) floating kidney
C) pyelonephritis
D) renal calculi
E) renal failure

Question 13

The urinary system does all of the following except

A) excreting excess albumin molecules.
B) regulating blood volume.
C) helping to stabilize blood pH.
D) eliminating organic waste products.
E) regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.

Question 14

The excretory functions of the urinary system are performed by the

A) urethra.
B) ureters.
C) glomerulus.
D) urinary bladder.
E) kidneys.

Question 15

A glomerulus is

A) the expanded end of a nephron.
B) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
C) the source of erythropoietin.
D) attached to the collecting duct.
E) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.

Question 16

When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as

A) beta-oxidation.
B) defecation.
C) emesis.
D) micturition.
E) segmentation.

Question 17

Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the

A) kidney.
B) urinary bladder.
C) rectum.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 18

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle)
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) papillary duct
D) renal corpuscle
E) ureter

Question 19

The urinary function of elimination occurs through the

A) liver.
B) glomerulus.
C) kidney.
D) ureter.
E) urethra.

Question 20

Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function?

A) control of hydrogen ion and pH in the blood
B) control of wastes in the blood
C) lipid digestion
D) regulation of blood pressure
E) maintenance of various blood ion concentrations

Question 21

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

A) renal sinus.
B) renal pelvis.
C) renal calyx.
D) renal hilum.
E) renal corpuscle.

Question 22

________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules.

A) Glomerulonephritis
B) Polycystic kidney disease
C) Nephrolithiasis
D) Renal failure
E) Hematuria

Question 23

The following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood to the kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels starting at the renal artery?
1) afferent arteriole
2) arcuate artery
3) interlobar artery
4) segmental artery
5) glomerulus
6) cortical radiate artery
7) efferent arteriole
8) peritubular capillary

A) 4, 6, 2, 3, 1, 5, 7, 8
B) 4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5, 7, 8
C) 4, 3, 2, 6, 7, 5, 1, 8
D) 4, 6, 2, 3, 7, 5, 1, 8
E) 4, 3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 7, 8

Question 24

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

A) proximal capillaries.
B) corticoradiate capillaries.
C) vasa recta capillaries.
D) efferent arterioles.
E) peritubular capillaries.

Question 25

The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the

A) renal corpuscle.
B) filtration membrane.
C) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
D) juxtaglomerular complex.
E) afferent arteriole.

Question 26

What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration?
1) filtration slit (slit pore)
2) capsular space
3) basement membrane
4) fenestrated endothelium

A) 4, 3, 2, 1
B) 4, 1, 2, 3
C) 4, 3, 1, 2
D) 3, 1, 4, 2
E) 2, 4, 3, 1

Question 27

Major calyces are

A) large branches of the renal pelvis.
B) expanded ends of nephrons.
C) basic functional layers of the kidney.
D) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
E) the expanded ends of renal pyramids.

Question 28

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) papillary tubule.
E) calyx.

Question 29

The region known as the macula densa is part of

A) the proximal convoluted tubule.
B) the distal convoluted tubule.
C) the collecting duct.
D) the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
E) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.

Question 30

Glomerulonephritis may occur as a consequence of an infection with the bacterium

A) Clostridium difficile.
B) varicella.
C) Streptococcus.
D) MRSA.
E) Salmonella.

Question 31

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) distal convoluted tubule.
D) collecting duct.
E) minor calyx.

Question 32

In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called

A) glomerulocytes.
B) juxtaglomerular cells.
C) tubular cells.
D) macula densa cells.
E) podocytes.

Question 33

The efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries.

A) peritubular
B) glomerular
C) vasa recta
D) cortical
E) efferent

Question 34

________ is/are an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.

A) Glomerulonephritis
B) Floating kidney
C) Polycystic kidney disease
D) Pyelonephrosis
E) Kidney stones

Question 35

You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a very severe autoimmune disorder with a wide varietyofassociated organ-related problems. Your doctor is particularly worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.

A) polycystic kidney
B) glomerulonephritis
C) cystitis
D) diabetes
E) renal calculi

Question 36

The filtration barrier in the renal corpuscle consists of which three layers?

A) filtration slits, foot processes, and slit pores
B) fenestrations, matrix, and foot processes
C) fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane of glomerulus, and podocyte filtration slits
D) basement membrane of glomerulus, foot processes, and capsular outer layer
E) podocyte filtration slits, matrix cells in the glomerulus, and extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 37

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

A) filtration.
B) reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.
C) secretion of acids and ammonia.
D) secretion of drugs.
E) adjusting the urine pH.

Question 38

Renal columns are

A) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.
B) expanded ends of the ureters.
C) the basic functional units of the kidney.
D) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
E) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

Question 39

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

A) renal pyramid.
B) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C) renal corpuscle.
D) renal papilla.
E) collecting tubule system.

Question 40

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term renal papilla?

A) It releases renin.
B) It creates high interstitial NaCl concentration.
C) Final urine enters here.
D) Initial filtrate enters here.
E) It is the tip of the medullary pyramid.

Question 41

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

A) vasa recta
B) medulla
C) cortex
D) pelvis
E) calyces

Question 42

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called

A) macula densa cells.
B) juxtaglomerular cells.
C) extraglomerular mesangial cells.
D) podocytes.
E) principal cells.

Question 43

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "9."

A) renal sinus
B) fibrous capsule
C) renal pyramid
D) renal papilla
E) renal column

Question 44

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "8."

A) renal pelvis
B) minor calyx
C) ureter
D) major calyx
E) renal column

Question 45

The majority of renal innervation is by the

A) parasympathetic nervous system.
B) vagus nerve.
C) somatic nervous system.
D) sympathetic nervous system.
E) enteric nervous system.

Question 46

The region of the nephron containing intercalated cells primarily associated with pH balance is the

A) glomerulus.
B) proximal convoluted tubule.
C) nephron loop.
D) collecting duct.
E) papillary duct.

Question 47

The functional units of kidneys where blood is filtered and urine produced are called

A) pyramids.
B) nephrons.
C) calyces.
D) lobules.
E) lobes.

Question 48

The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).

A) glomerulus
B) peritubular capillary bed
C) afferent arteriolar bed
D) collecting duct
E) vasa recta

Question 49

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons.

A) cortical
B) juxtaglomerular
C) vasa recta
D) juxtamedullary
E) Henle

Question 50

Which of the following substances should not be filtered?

A) glucose
B) water
C) proteins
D) amino acids
E) fatty acids

Question 51

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "3."

A) renal sinus
B) fibrous capsule
C) renal pyramid
D) renal papilla
E) renal column

Question 52

The proximal convoluted tubule cells are

A) cuboidal cells with microvilli.
B) cuboidal cells without microvilli.
C) squamous cells.
D) columnar cells with microvilli.
E) columnar cell without microvilli.

Question 53

Glomerular blood flow is unique because it flows

A) through a glomerular portal vein.
B) directly from the renal artery into the glomerular capillaries.
C) from arteriole to capillary bed to arteriole.
D) from arteriole to capillary bed to vasa recta.
E) through the peritubular capillaries then into the glomerular capillaries.

Question 54

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "4."

A) renal pelvis
B) minor calyx
C) ureter
D) major calyx
E) renal column

Question 55

Eighty percent of nephrons in the human kidney are located in the ________ and have short nephron loops.

A) cortex
B) medulla
C) pyramids
D) capsule
E) pelvis

Question 56

Which of the following components of the nephron is largely confined to the renal medulla?

A) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) collecting ducts
D) proximal convoluted tubule
E) glomerulus

Question 57

Each kidney has about ________ nephrons.
A) 1 million

A) 100,000
B) 1.25 million
B) 500,000
C) 5 million

Question 58

Figure 26-1 The Structure of the Kidney
Use Figure 26-1 to answer the following questions:
Identify the region labeled "1."

A) renal cortex
B) renal medulla
C) renal papilla
D) renal sinus
E) fibrous capsule

Question 59

An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the

A) collecting duct.
B) nephron loop.
C) papillary duct.
D) proximal convoluted tubule.
E) juxtaglomerular complex.

Question 60

The filtration of plasma takes place in the

A) nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) distal convoluted tubule.
C) papillary duct.
D) renal corpuscle.
E) ureter.

Question 61

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area is sensitive to aldosterone?

A) 2
B) 1
C) 4
D) 3
E) 5

Question 62

Approximately ________ liters of glomerular filtrate enter glomerular capsules each day.

A) 480
B) 180
C) 125
D) 18
E) 1.8

Question 63

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "5."

A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) collecting duct
D) nephron loop
E) glomerulus

Question 64

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does secretion mostly occur?

A) 5
B) 1
C) 3
D) 4
E) 2

Question 65

Under normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressures. From the list below, what are these three main pressures? 1. glomerular hydrostatic pressure
2) capsular hydrostatic pressure
3) capsular colloid osmotic pressure
4) blood colloid osmotic pressure
5) urinary bladder hydrostatic pressure

A) 1, 2, and 3 are correct.
B) 2, 3, and 4 are correct.
C) 3, 4, and 5 are correct.
D) 1, 2, and 4 are correct.
E) 2, 4, and 5 are correct.

Question 66

Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular capillary pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the blood colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net filtration pressure in this case?

A) 30 mm Hg
B) 24 mm Hg
C) 69 mm Hg
D) 84 mm Hg
E) 99 mm Hg

Question 67

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
What physiological process occurs at the structure labeled "1"?

A) reabsorption
B) excretion
C) secretion
D) filtration
E) micturition

Question 68

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where does most nutrient reabsorption occur?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

Question 69

The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called

A) filtration.
B) reabsorption.
C) absorption.
D) excretion.
E) secretion.

Question 70

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

A) blood colloid osmotic pressure.
B) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
C) osmotic pressure of the urine.
D) capsular hydrostatic pressure.
E) reabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule pulls filtrate from blood.

Question 71

Which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (NFP)?(Hint: CsHP is capsular hydrostatic pressure.)

A) FP = GHP + CsHP - BCOP
B) FP = GHP - (CsHP + BCOP)
C) FP = CsHP + GHP - BCOP
D) FP = BCOP - GHP + CsHP
E) FP = BCOP + (GHP - CsHP)

Question 72

One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to

A) increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
B) decrease secretion of aldosterone.
C) increase release of angiotensin II by the adrenal glands.
D) increase filtration into glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
E) decrease urinary albumin concentration.

Question 73

________ is the most abundant organic waste.

A) Glucose
B) Albumin
C) Carbon dioxide
D) Sodium
E) Urea

Question 74

Calculate filtration pressure (FP) in a nephron with a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 55 mm Hg, a bloodcolloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg, and a capsular hydrostatic pressure of 15 mm Hg.

A) FP = 10 mm Hg
B) FP = 95 mm Hg
C) FP = 55 mm Hg
D) FP = 45 mm Hg
E) FP = 15 mm Hg

Question 75

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Which area(s) allow variable water reabsorption and is/are sensitive to the hormone ADH?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5 and 6
E) 3 and 6

Question 76

Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the

A) afferent arteriole.
B) efferent arteriole.
C) peritubular fluid.
D) tubular fluid.
E) glomerulus.

Question 77

The process of filtration is driven mainly by

A) active transport.
B) blood osmotic pressure.
C) blood hydrostatic pressure.
D) renal pumping.
E) solvent drag.

Question 78

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) in the glomerulus is generated by

A) blood pressure.
B) presence of albumin proteins in blood plasma.
C) constriction of the efferent arteriole.
D) protein in the filtrate.
E) filtrate in the capsular space.

Question 79

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Identify the structure labeled "6."

A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) collecting duct
D) nephron loop
E) glomerulus

Question 80

Figure 26-2 The Nephron
Use Figure 26-2 to answer the following questions:
Where would penicillin be secreted?

A) 6
B) 5
C) 4
D) 3
E) 3 and 4