Deck 22: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)The parasympathetic division is the dominant controller of most autonomic effectors most of the time.
B)Under quiet, nonstressful conditions, more impulses reach autonomic effectors by cholinergic parasympathetic fibers than by adrenergic sympathetic fibers.
C)The major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an "emergency" system.
D)Parasympathetic stimulation causes an increase in the secretion of pancreatic juice and insulin.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The autonomic nervous system functions chiefly in the:

A)coordination of muscular activity.
B)innervation of smooth muscle in the viscera.
C)reception of sensory impulses.
D)arousal of alerting mechanism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Norepinephrine is liberated at:

A)the dendrite ending.
B)parasympathetic preganglionic nerve endings.
C)most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings.
D)sympathetic preganglionic nerve endings.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except:

A)direction of information flow.
B)location of peripheral fibers.
C)number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector.
D)acetylcholine.

Question 5

Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may:

A)synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron.
B)send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia.
C)pass through one or more ganglia without synapsing.
D)do all of the above.

Question 6

All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except:

A)contraction of the urinary bladder.
B)relaxation of the sphincters of the digestive tract.
C)increased salivation.
D)increased heart rate.

Question 7

Which is not true about sympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A)They are usually longer than preganglionic neurons.
B)They produce acetylcholine.
C)They produce norepinephrine.
D)They have acetylcholine receptors on their dendrites.

Question 8

A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child's eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of:

A)the parasympathetic nervous system.
B)the sympathetic nervous system.
C)both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic nervous systems.
D)None of the above would account for the symptoms.

Question 9

Which of the following would not be a major effector of the autonomic nervous system?

A)Skeletal muscles
B)Blood vessels
C)Sweat glands
D)Iris of the eye

Question 10

Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation?

A)Constriction of the bronchioles
B)Decreased secretion of the pancreas
C)Constriction of the urinary sphincters
D)Dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels

Question 11

All of the following are characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurons except:

A)they secrete acetylcholine.
B)they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion.
C)dendrites and cell bodies are found in the lateral gray columns of thoracic and the first four lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 12

Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because:

A)they reach visceral effectors faster than parasympathetic impulses.
B)myoneural junctions contain a substance that inactivates acetylcholine.
C)preganglionic fibers are short and postganglionic fibers are long.
D)preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers.

Question 13

Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in:

A)the white columns of the sacral segments of the spinal cord.
B)the lateral gray columns of thoracic segments of the spinal cord.
C)nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord.
D)collateral ganglia.

Question 14

Beta receptors:

A)are cholinergic.
B)bind acetylcholine.
C)bind norepinephrine.
D)bind the toxin muscarine.

Question 15

Propranolol is an example of a:

A)beta blocker.
B)drug used to treat irregular heartbeats.
C)drug used to treat hypertension.
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 16

Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on any of the following areas except:

A)sweat glands.
B)skin blood vessels.
C)the liver.
D)the urinary bladder.

Question 17

Alpha receptors bind with:

A)acetylcholine.
B)norepinephrine.
C)the toxin muscarine.
D)none of the above.

Question 18

Which generalization concerning the autonomic nervous system is not true?

A)All of its axons are afferent fibers.
B)It operates without conscious control.
C)It regulates visceral activities.
D)All of its neurons are motor.

Question 19

Which of the following might occur from the stimulation of parasympathetic fibers?

A)Goose pimples
B)Dilation of blood vessels to skeletal muscles
C)Increased blood sugar
D)Increased peristalsis in the digestive tract

Question 20

"Fight-or-flight" physiological changes include all of the following except:

A)increased conversion of glycogen into glucose.
B)constriction of respiratory airways.
C)increased sweating.
D)dilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscles.

Question 21

Preganglionic neurons conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to an autonomic ganglion.

Question 22

Visceral effectors are innervated by sympathetic fibers.

Question 23

The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased.

Question 24

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they:

A)are hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholine.
B)continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors.
C)continually conduct impulses to the brain.
D)have opposing effects.

Question 25

The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons.

Question 26

The effect of a neurotransmitter on any postsynaptic cell is determined by the characteristics of the receptor, not the neurotransmitter.

Question 27

Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs.

Question 28

Sympathetic responses are usually widespread, involving many organ systems at once.

Question 29

Parasympathetic stimulation has no effect on sweat glands.

Question 30

Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)nicotinic
D)both alpha and beta

Question 31

Conduction to autonomic effectors requires only one efferent neuron.

Question 32

If you were to damage some of the preganglionic fibers that enter the celiac ganglion, what effect would this have on sympathetic stimulation?

A)Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla may reach the various sympathetic effectors, where they would enhance and prolong the effects of the sympathetic stimulation.
B)Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland may reach various sympathetic effectors, where they would enhance and prolong the effects of the sympathetic stimulation.
C)Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla may not reach the various sympathetic effectors, thus delaying the effects of sympathetic stimulation.
D)Hormones secreted by the pituitary gland may not reach the various sympathetic effectors, thus delaying the effects of sympathetic stimulation.

Question 33

How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector?

A)A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division.
B)A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the parasympathetic division.
C)A dually innervated effector utilizes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. A singly innervated autonomic effector utilizes only acetylcholine.
D)A dually innervated effector utilizes both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. A singly innervated autonomic effector uses only norepinephrine.

Question 34

Norepinephrine can stimulate _____ receptors.

A)alpha
B)beta
C)nicotinic
D)both alpha and beta

Question 35

The sympathetic division is the dominant controller of the body at rest.

Question 36

Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system?

A)If sympathetic impulses tend to inhibit the effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to stimulate it.
B)If sympathetic impulses inhibit autonomic centers, parasympathetic impulses tend to stimulate them.
C)If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it.
D)If sympathetic impulses initiate nerve conduction, parasympathetic impulses stop nerve conduction.

Question 37

The parasympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division.

Question 38

Effectors that have single innervation by the autonomic nervous system are innervated only by the parasympathetic division.

Question 39

Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons.

Question 40

Which is not true about parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A)They are usually shorter than the preganglionic neurons.
B)They produce acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
C)They produce norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter.
D)They have acetylcholine receptors on their dendrites.

Question 41

Both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions continually conduct impulses to visceral effectors.

Question 42

Blood vessels in both digestive organs and skeletal muscles are dilated by sympathetic stimulation.

Question 43

Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that enhances the action of norepinephrine.

Question 44

Biofeedback involves willful control of specific effectors normally controlled only autonomically.

Question 45

Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem.

Question 46

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons begin within the brain.

Question 47

Hormones released from the adrenal medulla produce effects similar to those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 48

The "fight-or-flight" reaction is a normal response in times of stress.

Question 49

The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic.

Question 50

Autonomic effectors require two efferent neurons.

Question 51

All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS.

Question 52

Nicotinic receptors are located on the dendrites of all preganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

Question 53

Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber will always synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron.

Question 54

Axon terminals that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic terminals.

Question 55

The parasympathetic division is the dominant controller of the body at rest.

Question 56

The autonomic nervous system is a part of the CNS but operates autonomously.

Question 57

An effect of sympathetic stimulation on the eye is constriction of the pupil.

Question 58

The neurotransmitter released by both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons is acetylcholine.

Question 59

Under normal, nonstressful conditions, the parasympathetic division is dominant.

Question 60

Acetylcholine affects visceral effectors by first binding to alpha receptors.

Question 61

The somatic and autonomic nervous systems are similar in that they both have two efferent neurons between the CNS and the effector organ.

Question 62

The autonomic nervous system regulates subconscious body functions.

Question 63

A new theory of autonomic neurotransmission says that most postganglionic fibers release two substances to transmit an impulse.

Question 64

In most cases, the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system are antagonistic to each other.

Question 65

A sympathetic preganglionic neuron usually synapses with only one postganglionic neuron.

Question 66

When the sympathetic fiber enters the sympathetic trunk, it can send branches up or down the trunk.

Question 67

Alpha receptors are stimulated by acetylcholine, whereas beta receptors are stimulated by norepinephrine.

Question 68

Norepinephrine can stimulate nicotinic or muscarinic receptors.

Question 69

If a nerve impulse is being sent to a gland, it will pass through two neurons.

Question 70

The autonomic nervous system functions independently of the cerebral cortex.

Question 71

The sympathetic trunk runs from C8 to L4.

Question 72

The splanchnic nerve is made up of preganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Question 73

The postganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems produce acetylcholine as their neurotransmitter.

Question 74

Autonomic pathways do not connect with skeletal muscles.

Question 75

Nicotinic receptors are stimulated by acetylcholine.

Question 76

Some modified postganglionic sympathetic fibers act as endocrine glands.

Question 77

A short postganglionic neuron is a characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system.

Question 78

A short postganglionic neuron is a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 79

The gray rami of the spinal nerve are sympathetic fibers, and the white rami are parasympathetic fibers.

Question 80

The gray ramus consists of postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.