Deck 32: Innate Immunity

Question 1

The body's first line(s) of defense is(are) the:

A)skin.
B)mucous membranes.
C)inflammatory response.
D)Both A and B are correct.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which is the best explanation of how a white blood cell ingests and destroys a microorganism?

A)The white blood cell engulfs the microorganism and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.
B)The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then lysosomal enzymes destroy it.
C)The white blood cell engulfs the microorganisms and chemotaxis destroys it.
D)The white blood cell allows the microorganism to be absorbed by osmosis and then diapedesis destroys it.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The most numerous type of phagocyte is the:

A)neutrophil.
B)histocyte.
C)microglia.
D)Kupffer cell.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

A)The release of chemicals that attract white blood cells
B)The formation of antibodies
C)The increase of blood flow to the inflamed area
D)All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

Question 5

All of the following are major types of interferon except _____ interferon.

A)cartilage
B)leukocyte
C)immune
D)fibroblast

Question 6

Which type of cells is not involved in nonspecific immunity?

A)Monocytes
B)Lymphocytes
C)Neutrophils
D)Macrophages

Question 7

The type of immune mechanism that provides a general defense by acting against anything recognized as "not self" is called:

A)nonspecific immunity.
B)specific immunity.
C)autoimmune.
D)none of the above.

Question 8

Which substance produced by the skin contains pathogen-inhibiting agents?

A)Hydrochloric acid
B)Mucus
C)Enzymes
D)Sebum

Question 9

Which of the following does not describe phagocytosis?

A)The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles
B)Part of the inflammatory response
C)A major component of the body's third line of defense
D)A nonspecific defense

Question 10

Which substance can destroy pathogens by chemically hydrolyzing them?

A)Hydrochloric acid
B)Mucus
C)Enzymes
D)Sebum

Question 11

Which of the following is not a chemical used as a chemical barrier to pathogens?

A)Hydrochloric acid
B)Sebum
C)Complement
D)Hydrolyzing enzymes

Question 12

Interferon inhibits the spread of:

A)viruses.
B)bacteria.
C)cancer.
D)yeast.

Question 13

Which of the following is not part of the inflammation response?

A)The release of histamine
B)The increase in vascular permeability
C)The stimulation of fibroblast growth
D)All of the above are part of the inflammation response.

Question 14

All of the following represent examples of nonspecific immunity except:

A)species resistance.
B)phagocytosis.
C)cell-mediated immunity.
D)mechanical and chemical barriers.

Question 15

The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called:

A)innate immunity.
B)nonspecific immunity.
C)self-tolerance.
D)adaptive immunity.

Question 16

Which is the best explanation of how complement-a group of about 20 inactive enzymes in the plasma and on cell surfaces-is activated and produces cytolysis?

A)Complement is "turned on" by the presence of bacteria.
B)Complement is activated by antibodies to "drill a hole" into foreign cells, thus causing cytolysis.
C)Complement causes vasoconstriction and inhibits phagocytosis.
D)Both A and B are correct.

Question 17

Which substance can destroy pathogens by lowering the pH to a level at which they cannot function?

A)Hydrochloric acid
B)Mucus
C)Enzymes
D)Sebum

Question 18

Which of the following is not a characteristic of inflammation?

A)Heat
B)Redness
C)Swelling
D)All of the above are characteristics of inflammation.

Question 19

Inflammation mediators include:

A)histamine.
B)kinins.
C)prostaglandins.
D)all of the above.

Question 20

Adaptive immunity is also called _____ immunity.

A)innate
B)specific
C)nonspecific
D)species

Question 21

The inflammatory response is the body's first line of defense.

Question 22

Two-year-old Jenny is undergoing treatment for leukemia and was exposed recently to chickenpox. Her oncologist decided to give her a dose of interferon. What effect was the physician hoping for with this approach?

A)It would stop the virus from traveling over the sensory nerve of a single dermatome.
B)It would cause an increase in white blood cells.
C)It would inhibit the chickenpox infection from developing.
D)It would assist in the development of lymphocytes in the spleen.

Question 23

Phagocytosis is the "first line of defense" in nonspecific immunity.

Question 24

Natural killer cells are 15% of the total lymphocyte cell number.

Question 25

A macrophage can migrate out of the bloodstream.

Question 26

Diapedesis is the process by which microbes are marked for destruction by phagocytic cells.

Question 27

Cytokines include leukotrienes, interferons, and histamine.

Question 28

A chemotactic factor attracts antibodies to the site of infection.

Question 29

Tobacco mosaic virus can destroy tobacco plants. It has no effect on humans. This is an example of species resistance.

Question 30

Many of the inflammation mediators act as chemotactic factors.

Question 31

Phagocytosis is a nonspecific defense mechanism.

Question 32

Interferon mainly interferes with the ability of bacteria to produce disease.

Question 33

Macrophages are a group of lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses.

Question 34

The characteristic signs of inflammation are the results of increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability.

Question 35

One reason for species resistance is the difference in molecules on the cell membrane of different species.

Question 36

Natural killer cells are a group of neutrophils that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses.

Question 37

The specific immune system has a more rapid response than the nonspecific immune system.

Question 38

Diapedesis is the process by which neutrophils migrate out of the bloodstream and around the tissue cells to the injury site.

Question 39

Neutrophils function in the immune system by producing immunoglobulins.

Question 40

The most numerous type of phagocyte is the macrophage.

Question 41

One function of phagocytes is to function as antigen-presenting cells.

Question 42

The membrane attack complex is used by macrophages to mark bacteria for phagocytosis and antibody attack.

Question 43

Natural killer cells are lymphocytes that are actually part of nonspecific immunity.

Question 44

Species resistance refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a species provide defense against certain pathogens.

Question 45

Fever is always detrimental to the body and should be lowered as soon as possible.

Question 46

Aspirin is effective in lowering fever because it inhibits the growth of the disease-causing organisms.

Question 47

Cytokines are chemicals released from cells to trigger or regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Question 48

When pseudopods form a phagocyte, completely surrounding an organism and forming a sac around it, the structure formed is called a phagosome.

Question 49

There are almost 100 billion lymphocytes in the body's immune system.

Question 50

A person's natural killer cells usually kill cells of their own body.

Question 51

Complement can be activated only by the specific immune system.

Question 52

Digestive enzymes and hydrogen peroxide are added to a phagosome to digest the phagocytized microorganism.

Question 53

Most of the pus surrounding an inflammation site consists of dead or damaged tissue cells.

Question 54

Pyrogens are produced only by body cells that have been infected by a virus.

Question 55

Parts of the first line of immune defense are in the integumentary system.

Question 56

In phagocytosis, a footlike projection, called a phagosome, extends toward a microorganism.

Question 57

The body identifies normal body cells by way of the unique major histocompatibility complex displayed by the cell as a surface protein.

Question 58

The role of fibroblasts in the inflammation response is to lay down a collagen web to try to isolate the infecting organism.

Question 59

The ability of our immune system to attack abnormal or foreign cells but spare our own normal cells is called innate immunity.

Question 60

An autoimmune disease would indicate a problem with development of self-tolerance in the immune system.

Question 61

T lymphocytes release histamine, kinins, and prostaglandins at the site of an infection.

Question 62

The epithelial barriers in the body are part of the innate, nonspecific defenses of the body and do not play a role in the specific immune system.

Question 63

Mechanical and chemical barriers can be called the body's first line of defense.

Question 64

Heat, redness, swelling, and pain are characteristic signs of inflammation.

Question 65

One function of prostaglandins it to reduce fever caused by bacterial infection.

Question 66

To prevent accidental harm to the body, complement can be activated only by antibodies.

Question 67

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Macrophage
c.Nonspecific immunity
d.Interferon
Mechanisms that resist a variety of threatening agents or conditions

Question 68

Interferon production is stimulated by the presence of double-stranded DNA in a cell.

Question 69

There are three types of interferon: leukocyte, fibroblast, and immune.

Question 70

A fever is a reset of the body's thermostat.

Question 71

Interferon can act like a paracrine hormone that allows infected cells to send an alarm to other nearby cells.

Question 72

Toll-like receptors help facilitate the overall innate immune response.

Question 73

Complement is a group of about 8 different inactive enzymes circulating in the plasma.

Question 74

The toll-like receptors on the cell membrane can be seen as a midpoint between specific and nonspecific immunity.

Question 75

Pavementing is the attraction of neutrophils to the site of an infection.

Question 76

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death used by natural killer cells.

Question 77

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Macrophage
c.Nonspecific immunity
d.Interferon
Phagocytic monocyte (nongranular WBC) in the immune system

Question 78

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Macrophage
c.Nonspecific immunity
d.Interferon
Ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles

Question 79

Match each term with its corresponding definition.
a.Phagocytosis
b.Macrophage
c.Nonspecific immunity
d.Interferon
Protein produced by the immune system to interfere with the ability of viruses to cause disease

Question 80

About 10% to 15% of all cells in any organ are phagocytes.