Deck 33: Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Memory cells:

A)immediately secrete antibodies when they are formed.
B)are supporting cells and are not related to antibody production.
C)are a special type of T cell.
D)become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:

A)antigens.
B)plasma proteins.
C)antibodies.
D)prostaglandins.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following can activate, or turn on, an inactive B cell?

A)Binding to its specific antibody
B)Binding to its specific antigen
C)Helper T cell
D)All B cells are activated when an infant is born.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:

A)IgE.
B)IgG.
C)IgM.
D)IgA.

Question 5

B cell mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity.

A)nonspecific
B)antibody-mediated
C)cell-mediated
D)Both A and B are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following is true of lymphokines?

A)They are produced by B cells.
B)They inhibit macrophage activity.
C)Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine.
D)They are produced by helper T cells.

Question 7

The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:

A)IgE.
B)IgD.
C)IgM.
D)IgA.

Question 8

The most abundant circulating antibody, the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood, is:

A)IgG.
B)IgA.
C)IgE.
D)IgM.

Question 9

The predominant antibody of a secondary response is:

A)IgE.
B)IgG.
C)IgM.
D)IgA.

Question 10

According to the clonal selection theory, antigens select lymphocyte clones by:

A)the chemicals secreted by the lymphocytes.
B)the proximity of the lymphocytes to the antigens.
C)the shape of receptors on the lymphocyte's plasma membrane.
D)producing toxins.

Question 11

Which of the following can activate complement?

A)T cells
B)Interferon
C)Properdin
D)Lymphokine

Question 12

The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of _____ amino acids.

A)50
B)77
C)106
D)168

Question 13

Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:

A)antigens and antibodies.
B)T cells and B cells.
C)red blood cells and white blood cells.
D)agglutinogens and agglutinins.

Question 14

The function of which antibody is basically unknown?

A)IgE
B)IgD
C)IgM
D)IgA

Question 15

Complement can best be described as a(n):

A)enzyme in blood.
B)lymphokine.
C)antibody.
D)hormone.

Question 16

An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of _____ heavy and _____ light polypeptide chains.

A)two; two
B)four; two
C)two; four
D)four; four

Question 17

The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:

A)IgG.
B)IgE.
C)IgA.
D)IgD.

Question 18

The complement system can be activated by:

A)the binding of complement protein 1 to the complement-binding site on the antibody molecule.
B)the binding of complement protein 3 to bacteria or viruses in the presence of properdin.
C)nonspecific immune mechanisms.
D)all of the above.

Question 19

The antibody associated with allergic reaction is:

A)IgE.
B)IgG.
C)IgM.
D)IgA.

Question 20

The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:

A)IgE.
B)IgG.
C)IgM.
D)IgA.

Question 21

When an antigen attaches to a naïve B cell, it becomes a(n) _____ cell.

A)memory
B)plasma
C)effector B
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 22

Which antibody has 10 antigen-binding sites?

A)IgM
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgG

Question 23

When a child develops measles and acquires immunity to a subsequent infection, this type of immunity is called _____ immunity.

A)acquired
B)natural
C)active
D)All of the above are correct.

Question 24

Chris has very bad allergies, especially in the springtime, and is seeking help to overcome her allergic reactions. Why would an antihistamine help Chris be more comfortable?

A)It would counter the effects of the self-antigen reaction.
B)It would replace the allergen with a different chemical and thus reduce her symptoms.
C)It would reduce the antigen-antibody reactions caused by the allergen.
D)It would reduce the amount of human leukocyte antigen in her system.

Question 25

Systemic lupus erythematosus is an example of a(n):

A)B cell-mediated condition.
B)T cell-mediated condition.
C)autoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.
D)isoimmune condition that is caused by self-antigens being attacked.

Question 26

When a patient starts to have rejection problems with a transplanted organ, the problems are usually caused by:

A)a B cell-mediated condition.
B)human leukocyte antigens (HALs).
C)self-antigens.
D)severe combined immune deficiency (SCID).

Question 27

Macrophages sensitize:

A)T cells.
B)B cells.
C)T cells and B cells.
D)none of the above.

Question 28

The part of the antibody that combines with the antigen is the:

A)variable region.
B)constant region.
C)carbohydrate chain.
D)complement-binding site.

Question 29

If a blood test indicated that a person had a high level of IgM antibodies in the blood, it could be concluded that:

A)the person's body is responding to a reexposure to an antigen.
B)the person's body is responding to the initial exposure to an antigen.
C)the person has an increasing likelihood that he will become allergic to an antigen.
D)no conclusions could be made.

Question 30

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) damages the immune system by _____ cells.

A)invading memory
B)invading T
C)overproduction of B
D)overproduction of plasma

Question 31

Which antibody has four antigen-binding sites?

A)IgM
B)IgA
C)IgD
D)IgG

Question 32

The chemical messengers that T cells release into inflamed tissues are called:

A)pathogens.
B)lymphokines.
C)lymphotoxins.
D)suppressor cells.

Question 33

The type of immunity produced by vaccination would be _____ immunity.

A)active natural
B)passive natural
C)active artificial
D)passive artificial

Question 34

Which is the best explanation of how immune suppression can be helpful in preventing transplant rejection?

A)The immune system sometimes reacts against foreign antigens in the grafted tissue, causing what is often called a rejection syndrome. Immune suppression drugs reduce the immune system's ability to attack the foreign antigens in the donated tissue.
B)Because rejection is caused by an inappropriate and excessive response to self-antigens, giving immune suppression drugs would reduce this effect.
C)Rejection involves antigen-antibody reactions, mainly IgE triggered by repeated exposure to an allergen, so immune-suppression drugs would reduce the reaction to the allergen, which in this case is the transplanted organ.
D)Delayed allergic response occurs with transplanted organs, so immune-suppressive drugs would reduce the allergic response and decrease rejection.

Question 35

Examples of lymphocytes are:

A)B cells.
B)T cells.
C)both A and B.
D)none of the above.

Question 36

Which of the following is not caused by complement protein activity?

A)Vasodilation
B)Agglutination of antigens
C)Cytolysis
D)All of the above are caused by complement protein activity.

Question 37

In the first stage of their development, B cells are known by all the following terms except _____ B cells.

A)effector
B)naïve
C)inactive
D)virgin

Question 38

Which antibody has two antigen-binding sites?

A)IgM
B)IgA
C)IgG
D)Both A and B

Question 39

Why is it difficult to predict the total number of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases that will result from known HIV-infected patients?

A)After a person is infected, the signs of AIDS infection might not be apparent for years.
B)The current treatment of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) alters the infected cells.
C)Infected cells begin to change only after azidothymidine (AZT) treatment is started.
D)So many people have received the vaccine that there is no way to count who actually has the infection.

Question 40

Steven had mumps as a child. Why did he not experience symptoms at the age of 41 after he was again exposed to the mumps virus?

A)He had an injection with weakened virus shortly before he was exposed.
B)He had natural passive immunity to ward off the virus.
C)He had artificial passive immunity that he received from his brother after he had the mumps.
D)He developed active immunity as the result of having mumps as a child.

Question 41

An antibody has one antigen-binding site.

Question 42

Most antigens are large protein molecules foreign to the body.

Question 43

Haptens are sometimes called incomplete antigens.

Question 44

To function independently in the immune process, both B cells and T cells must become thymocytes during development.

Question 45

The somatic recombination hypothesis is one possible explanation for the diversity of antibodies.

Question 46

Antigens are macromolecules that induce the immune system to take certain actions.

Question 47

All antigens have epitopes of the same shape.

Question 48

Contact points between immune cells are sometimes called immunological synapses.

Question 49

All of the cells in a clone of plasma cells produce identical antibodies.

Question 50

An antigen consists of two heavy and two light polypeptide chains.

Question 51

T cell immune mechanisms are classified as antibody-mediated immunity.

Question 52

When antibodies cause antigens to agglutinate, it allows them to be disposed of by phagocytes more easily.

Question 53

The second stage of B cell development usually takes place in the lymph nodes and spleen.

Question 54

Another name for antigenic determinants is epitopes.

Question 55

Humoral immunity occurs within the plasma.

Question 56

The heavy chains in an immunoglobulin molecule are about twice as long and weigh about twice as much as light chains.

Question 57

The combining site on an antibody determines the specificity of that antibody for an antigen.

Question 58

Inactive B cells produce antibodies that insert on their plasma membranes to serve as antigen receptors.

Question 59

Each light chain in an antibody molecule contains a constant region that consists of 446 amino acids.

Question 60

The cloning of T cells produces both memory cells and plasma cells.

Question 61

IgM is the most predominant class of immunoglobulins in the body.

Question 62

Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells.

Question 63

Suppressor T cells function by inhibiting T cell formation.

Question 64

Both B and T lymphocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells.

Question 65

The immune mechanism that provides a defense by acting against cancer is termed nonspecific immunity.

Question 66

Even though tumor cells are part of your body, your immune system treats them as "foreign" and tries to destroy them.

Question 67

Passive immunity generally lasts longer than active immunity.

Question 68

Plasma cells can secrete as many as 2000 antibodies per minute.

Question 69

T cells, by definition, are lymphocytes that have passed through the thyroid gland.

Question 70

Suppressor T cells help B cells differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells by secreting cytokines such as interleukin-2 and interleukin-4.

Question 71

Inherited immunity and acquired immunity are forms of specific immunity.

Question 72

T cells secrete antibodies.

Question 73

An antibody consists of two heavy and one light polypeptide chains.

Question 74

The first vaccination provided immunity against the chickenpox virus.

Question 75

IgD is the most understood antibody.

Question 76

Unlike B cells, T cells do not display antigen receptors on their surface membranes.

Question 77

The fetal liver may act as the site for the first stage of T cell development.

Question 78

The chemical messengers that T cells release into inflamed tissues are called lymphotoxins.

Question 79

The surface membranes of cancer cells are thought to have abnormal antigens.

Question 80

CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets are clinically important in diagnosing AIDS.