Deck 11: Social Relations

Question 1

Research suggests that when we look at a face, we process broad categorizations related to _____ and to the emotion expressed before we complete the detailed construction of the entire face and determine who we are seeing.

A) age
B) eye gaze
C) gender
D) race

Answer 1

gender

Question 2

Dunbar (2003) points out that at least five separate measures of social complexity have been shown to correlate with neocortex volume in primates. Which of the following is NOT one of those measures?

A) frequency of social play
B) grooming clique size
C) number of sexual partners
D) social group size

Answer 2

number of sexual partners

Question 3

_____ neurons discharge when the organism makes a goal-related motor act such as grasping; they also discharge when the organism observes another performing the same action.

A) Action
B) Inter
C) Mirror
D) Motor

Answer 3

Mirror

Question 4

_____ brain mechanisms are activated only in certain types of situations, whereas _____ processes are activated in a variety of situations.

A) Conscious, unconscious
B) Controlled, automatic
C) Domain-specific, general
D) Implicit, explicit

Question 5

The discovery of mirror neurons helps explain how _____ learning can take place.

A) explicit
B) implicit
C) observational
D) procedural

Question 6

As male mandrills move up and down the _____, circulating testosterone levels rise and fall accordingly; likewise, humans expand their view of themselves when they are succeeding and shrink their view of themselves when they are failing.

A) dominance hierarchy
B) female laterality
C) mating system
D) nominal scale

Question 7

Brain structures involved in social interactions can be organized in terms of three processes. Which of the following is NOT one of those processes?

A) Cortical sensory regions process information such as face recognition.
B) Higher regions of the neocortex let us construct an inner model of our social world.
C) Limbic structures helps us perform a cost-benefit analysis of the social relationship.
D) Our sensory systems help us predict what people will do based on their movements.

Question 8

Many things we do as humans are done in the service of social _____; text messaging is one clear example of using technology to keep connected socially.

A) cognition
B) construction
C) integration
D) interaction

Question 9

Compared with other species, such as the baboon, male chimpanzees are friendlier to each other and more apt to use _____ to maintain positions along the hierarchy.

A) competitive games
B) cooperative alliances
C) economic incentives
D) reciprocal favors

Question 10

Things that represent a danger are processed faster and receive a high priority of action; this has led to a distinction between _____ and _____ processes in social cognition.

A) implicit, explicit
B) procedural, declarative
C) situational, dispositional
D) strong, weak

Question 11

Across nonhuman primate species, brain size is related to the size of the _____ each individual interacts with.

A) alpha male
B) environment
C) family
D) social group

Question 12

_____ scales utilize the property of identity and refer to categories; examples such as telephone numbers or diagnostic categories point to differences in kind but not degree.

A) interval
B) nominal
C) ordinal
D) ratio

Question 13

Although not discussed by Fiske, one implication of his way of thinking is that the evolution of _____ abilities in humans may have had its origin in different types of social relationships; this is evidenced by the fact that quality matching and market pricing relationships are only seen in humans.

A) economic
B) mathematical
C) negotiating
D) reasoning

Question 14

Research on primates suggests that requirements associated with _____ processes may have been one important driving force in the evolution of intelligence.

A) hunting
B) mating
C) social
D) tool-making

Question 15

Particular areas of the brain show higher correlations to social group size. Which of the following is not one of them?

A) amygdala
B) frontal lobes
C) hypothalamus
D) temporal lobes

Question 16

Males in the chimpanzee community form a _____ hierarchy in which there is clearly one alpha male, with other males places along the hierarchy.

A) authority
B) dominance
C) power
D) social

Question 17

Fiske (1992) suggests that everyday life can be seen as involving four basic social-cognitive processes. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) authority ranking
B) communal sharing
C) equality matching
D) mate attracting

Question 18

A new field has developed, referred to as _____, which studies the manner in which humans calculate market pricing relationships.

A) behavioral economics
B) cost-benefit analysis
C) pricing calculus
D) social marketing

Question 19

Chimpanzees live in groups ranging from 20 to 120 individuals. Their society is referred to as _____ because individuals spend time alone as well as join and leave subgroups of the larger group.

A) fission-fusion
B) fluid-flexible
C) inclusive-exclusive
D) introverted-extraverted

Question 20

Using fMRI, it has been shown that the same areas of the brain that are active when we experience _____ are also active when we experience being socially excluded.

A) anger
B) fear
C) pain
D) sadness

Question 21

In the _____ game, one of two anonymous players is given a sum of money and the choice to give a portion to the other player; the other player receives double that amount and is given the choice to return some of the money to the first person.

A) banker's dilemma
B) equality matching
C) tit-for-tat
D) trust

Question 22

Fiske calls "tit-for-tat" relationships _____. "If you invite me to your house, then I should invite you to mine" would be one common manifestation of this type of relationship.

Question 23

"If you could save only one person in a burning building, would it be a baby or an 85-year-old man?" This is an example of a(n) _____.

Question 24

According to Fiske, _____ attempts to determine through ratios and rates the value of some aspect of the relationship. For example, if I own 75% of a business, then I would expect to receive 75% of the profits.

Question 25

Adolphs (2003) describes a three-part brain system in which sensory information is processed in sensory cortex, its emotional value is determined in structures such as the amygdala, and the social implications are determined by the _____.

Question 26

Like children's ability to efficiently absorb the language around them, as humans we absorb the social _____ of our culture, which tell us how we are expected to behave in a variety of situations.

Question 27

Most social decisions are made quickly without conscious thinking; however, some social considerations are more _____, and we use mental effort to come up with a solution.

Question 28

A variety of observations in the wild suggest that monkeys use _____ to get what they desire.

A) deception
B) denigration
C) deprecation
D) deprivation

Question 29

Because one condition of this theory is that the individual is able to recognize and remember who had helped in the past, _____ should be limited to species with those abilities.

A) communal sharing
B) equality matching
C) reciprocal altruism
D) tit-for-tat

Question 30

Researchers have observed that high-ranking female chimpanzees will sometimes _____ newborn infants of low-ranking females.

A) adopt
B) eat
C) feed
D) kill

Question 31

Through its connections to other areas, the _____ can influence memory, attention, and decision making; overall, these areas help us to know the emotional context of our perceptions and what we need to do about them.

Question 32

According to Fiske's theory of social relations, _____ is the type of relationship in which a group treats material objects as belonging to all; group members take what they need and contribute as they can.

Question 33

A firefighter sacrifices his own life to save a family he does not even know. This is an example of _____ altruism.

A) indirect
B) reciprocal
C) strong
D) weak

Question 34

One of the social relations Fiske describes is _____, a type of relationship in which people are positioned within a hierarchy. Typically, those higher up have more privilege and prestige, but they are also expected to take care of and look out for those lower down.

Question 35

In laboratory studies, it was found that chimpanzees, but not all other primates, will give an alarm call only when another chimp cannot see the predator, suggesting that chimps can understand the _____ of another chimp.

A) dangerous situation
B) emotional state
C) thought processes
D) visual perspective

Question 36

The best strategy for playing the prisoner's dilemma game is _____; it is an extremely stable strategy once it is established and it is possible for it to be started even in noncooperative environments.

A) competition
B) cooperation
C) defection
D) tit-for-tat

Question 37

Studies of chimpanzee communities have found that high-ranking females live longer, their infants survive better, and their daughters mature _____ than those of low-ranking females.

A) earlier
B) larger
C) later
D) smaller

Question 38

The _____ hypothesis was developed in the 1980s to suggest that primates, including humans, differed from nonprimates principally in the complexity of their social skills; prior to this, it was generally assumed that human intellectual abilities were the result of the skills required for hunting and other tool use.

Question 39

_____ processes are fast, largely automatic, and usually occur with little awareness; for example, we meet someone new and immediately have a feeling of whether we like that person or not.

Question 40

Someone stops you on campus and asks for directions, and you help out. This is an example of _____ altruism.

A) indirect
B) reciprocal
C) strong
D) weak

Question 41

Giving someone the time of day is an example of helping behavior, but because the cost to you is virtually nothing, this act should be considered a form of _____.

Question 42

A honeybee worker will sting an intruder to save the group, even if this results in the death of the bee. Because the cost of this prosocial behavior is so great, it is called _____.

Question 43

Trivers proposed that helping behavior among non-kin could be explained in terms of _____; the basic idea is that our own fitness, in an evolutionary sense, can be increased if we can expect those we help now to help us sometime in the future.

Question 44

The willingness to incur costs to punish cheaters is known as _____; this phenomenon is often tested using the public goods game, in which each player is expected to contribute for the good of the group.

Question 45

_____ were first discovered in monkeys. They were shown to fire both when the monkey performs a particular action and when it observes another monkey, or even a human, perform that action.

Question 46

An intriguing question asks whether chimpanzees reflect any of the characteristics of _____; a variety of observations suggest that chimps are able to understand, to some extent, what another chimp might know.

Question 47

One of the most common games used for studying cooperation is known as the _____; it is assumed that playing this game a large number of times in the laboratory would model the situation humans evolved in over our evolutionary time.

Question 48

Discuss the social brain hypothesis and the evidence to support it.

Question 49

Discuss how the prisoner's dilemma is used to study human cooperative behavior. What is the best strategy for the iterative version of the game, and why?

Question 50

One strategy for playing the prisoner's dilemma is called _____. It has only two rules: (1) On your first move, you should cooperate; and (2) on every move after that, do what the other person did on the last trial.

Question 51

Fiske's (1992) social relations theory suggests that everyday life can be seen as involving four basic social-cognitive processes. Describe each.

Question 52

Trivers suggests that _____ is hiding truth from the conscious mind in order to hide subtle facial expressions that could give away the fact we are lying.

Question 53

Discuss the types of altruism presented in this chapter. Illustrate with examples.

Question 54

Discuss the brain processes involved in social relations.