Deck 5: Developmental Processes

Question 1

Our human ancestry began more than 150,000 years ago in the high grasslands and wooded slopes of _____ Africa.

A) Eastern
B) Northern
C) Southern
D) Western

Answer 1

Eastern

Question 2

Individuals are labeled as "antisocial" if they

A) cannot inhibit aggressive impulses.
B) do not follow prevailing social norms.
C) exhibit awkwardness in social situations.
D) fail to develop friendships as children.

Answer 2

cannot inhibit aggressive impulses.

Question 3

Organisms that evolved to produce lots of offspring are said to have adopted a(n) _____ strategy, whereas those that produce few offspring are said to have adopted a(n) _____ strategy.

A) K-selection, r-selection
B) long-lifespan, short-lifespan
C) r-selection, K-selection
D) short-lifespan, long-lifespan

Answer 3

r-selection, K-selection

Question 4

Research suggests that newborns come into the world with mechanisms that predispose them to look at

A) colors.
B) faces.
C) shapes.
D) women.

Question 5

Flavell suggested four ways in which the early predisposition and abilities of infants involve other humans. Which of the following is NOT one of these ways?

A) Infants can perceptually analyze and discriminate human stimuli.
B) Infants find human faces, voices, and movements highly interesting.
C) Infants respond differently to adults than they do to other children.
D) Infants seek to attend to and interact with other humans.

Question 6

At around nine months, human infants develop a form of social fear known as _____ anxiety, which drives the infant to maintain proximity and physical contact with the mother.

A) attachment
B) infantile
C) separation
D) stranger

Question 7

Ainsworth described three patterns of attachment styles. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A) Anxious/ambivalent
B) Avoidant
C) Organized
D) Secure

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic pattern of behavior for an infant that has developed a secure attachment with its caregiver?

A) The infant shows distress when approached by a stranger.
B) The infant shows distress when the caregiver leaves.
C) The infant shows exploratory behaviors when the caregiver is present.
D) The infant shows signs of displeasure when the caregiver returns.

Question 9

Environmental factors are able to influence developmental processes from the earliest manifestation of the organism; in fact, all genetic processes in humans, with the exception of _____, can be influenced by environmental factors.

A) blood type
B) eye color
C)immune response
D)insulin production

Question 10

Newborn human infants show a _____ reflex when their lips are touched, and this helps a new mother begin to produce milk.

A) licking
B) rooting
C) sucking
D) whining

Question 11

Bowlby assumed that the relative immaturity of the human infant resulted in attachment being a _____ process in humans than in other primates.

A) faster
B) longer
C) shorter
D) slower

Question 12

Longitudinal studies on aggression show that

A) aggression is largely genetically based.
B) boys become aggressive to dominate others.
C) children learn to inhibit aggressive impulses.
D) males and females are equally aggressive.

Question 13

Suomi's studies of rhesus monkeys raised by their biological mothers or with peers suggest that early attachment relationships can have an important bearing on the development of _____ skills.

A) grooming
B) interpersonal
C) parenting
D) problem-solving

Question 14

Based on his experiments with infant monkeys, Harlow concluded that is _____ that binds the infant to the mother.

A) breast feeding
B)contact comfort
C) innate reflexes
D) social interaction

Question 15

Biologically _____ abilities such as language are easily acquired and have been part of human life from the earliest times, whereas _____ abilities such as reading or higher mathematics require effort and are of relatively recent origin.

A) innate, learned
B) primary, secondary
C) primitive, developed
D) simple, complex

Question 16

Burghardt suggested five criteria for characterizing play. Which of the following is NOT one of these criteria?

A) Play appears to be spontaneous, voluntary, and pleasurable.
B) Play is characterized by exaggerated or awkward movements.
C) Play is fully functional in the context in which it is expressed.
D) Play occurs repeatedly in a similar form.

Question 17

Human infants are born in an undeveloped state compared to other species; for example, the human brain grows to about _____ times its birth size.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 18

The neuropeptide _____ may be related to the development of social attachment as well as the expression of social behaviors in females.

A) dopamine
B) epinephrine
C) oxytocin
D) serotonin

Question 19

One common theory of rough-and-tumble play suggests that it is preparation for later

A) cooperative efforts.
B) dominance challenges.
C) motor development.
D) physical activities.

Question 20

One important change in human lifestyle was the development of agriculture around _____ years ago, with its more fixed communities.

A) 1,000
B) 5,000
C) 10,000
D) 50,000

Question 21

According to Bowlby, _____ is a process in which the mother is able to reduce fear by direct contact with the infant, providing a kind of support called a "secure base."

Question 22

One theory that has attempted to describe the close relationship between genes and the environment in relation to development is the _____ approach, which sees development as interplay between a variety of levels, including genes, neural activity, behavior, environment, culture, and society.

Question 23

_____ theory was developed in biology to understand evolved strategies including behavioral, physiological, and anatomical adaptations that influence survival and reproduction; it offers a means of considering various evolved traits by articulating the cost, benefits, and tradeoffs of different patterns of development.

Question 24

Sheldon developed a personality theory that combined physical body type with temperament, suggesting that an individual could be described as one of three types. Which of the following is not one of those types?

A) anamorph
B) ectomorph
C) endomorph
D) mesomorph

Question 25

Unlike object play or role play, which is engaged in equally by both males and females, _____ play is engaged in far more by males than females.

Question 26

Haselton and Funder suggest that the ability to judge personality can be considered in terms of four basic hypotheses. Which of the following is NOT one of those hypotheses?

A) People should be naturally proficient in personality judgment.
B) People's personality judgments should be prone to error.
C) Personality judgment should be ubiquitous.
D) Personality judgment should emerge without explicit training.

Question 27

Nettle examined the Big Five personality traits and suggested that each of the dimensions has a particular advantage given certain environmental conditions. For example, in dangerous times, _____ may confer a survival advantage.

A) conscientiousness
B) extraversion
C) neuroticism
D) openness

Question 28

One explanation for the lack of human genetic diversity is the occurrence of specific events in human history that reduced the size of the population of humans on earth; these events are referred to as _____.

Question 29

Not all characteristics of infants and children are preparations for adulthood; characteristics that serve only the developmental period are referred to as _____.

Question 30

We must consider how particular behaviors or processes might prepare a child for actions in the future, rather than just the present, and such characteristics that serve later adult development are referred to as _____.

Question 31

Carl Jung described personality in terms of a sensitivity in four different realms. Which of the following is NOT one of those realms?

A) extraversion
B) feeling
C) intellect
D) sensation

Question 32

The term _____ is often used to describe conditions in which processes are open to modification during development.

Question 33

_____ is a personality trait associated with being sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward.

A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Extraversion
D) Openness

Question 34

Simon Baron-Cohen's model of the developmental aspects of inferring mental states in another person does NOT include which of the following?

A) Emotion detector.
B) Eye direction detector.
C) Intentionality detector.
D) False-belief detector.

Question 35

_____ refers to the emergence of new structures and functions during the course of development; its rules relate to the manner in which environmental influences can impact the expression of the genome without directly changing the DNA, even though these patterns of gene expression can be passed on to future generations.

Question 36

When theory of mind tasks have been given around the world, it is observed that the ability develops at about the same in all cultures, generally when the child is _____ years old.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 37

Around the end of the first year of life, the infant becomes aware of what other people are looking at. This aspect of development is referred to as a(n)

A) eye direction detector.
B) intentionality detector.
C) shared attentional mechanism.
D) theory of mind mechanism.

Question 38

True _____ memory is more than just recalling your participation in a particular event; it also includes the ability to do this without any situational cues for its recall in the present.

Question 39

Based on cross-cultural tests of their model, McCrae and Costa suggest that the five factors of personality be considered as

A) biologically based tendencies.
B) culturally conditioned.
C) evolutionary adaptations.
D) stable across the lifespan.

Question 40

To research attachment patterns experimentally, Mary Ainsworth developed the _____, which involves having the mother momentarily leave the infant with an unknown person and then returning.

Question 41

One possible mechanism to account for the stability of personality traits across generations is the mechanism of _____, whereby humans do not randomly choose partners but rather choose partners who are like themselves on some selected traits.

Question 42

What is personality? Describe the Big Five model of personality. What are the biological and evolutionary implications of this model? Include a discuss of trait costs and benefits, assortative mating and judgment of personality.

Question 43

Discuss theory of mind and belief-desire reasoning. What is the "false-belief" task, and how is it used to study the development of theory of mind? What components are involved in the development of the ability to infer other's mental states?

Question 44

Discuss Bjorklund and Blasi's (2005) six tenets of evolutionary psychology.

Question 45

Belsky suggests that different infant _____ styles may be productive in difficult environments and may adapt children to life in a world where people and resources are unpredictable, leading to different mating and parenting strategies than are found in children raised in more supportive environments.

Question 46

Based on his studies of attachment in infant monkeys, Harlow concluded that it is _____ and not feeding per se that binds the infant to the mother.

Question 47

Discuss Bowlby's research on early attachment relationships. What did he find? Describe the procedure Ainsworth developed to examine attachment styles. What did she find?

Question 48

_____ play is seen across cultures and often reflects tasks that the children observe their parents or elders engaging it; there is some suggest that it is related to theory of mind.

Question 49

_____ refers to an individual's particular characteristics, especially behaviors that are consistent over time.

Question 50

What is the role of play in humans and other mammal species? Discuss Burghardt's (2004) five criteria for characterizing play.

Question 51

The ability to take another's perspective is referred to as _____; it develops during the preschool years, and is seen as a prerequisite for the ability to engage in pretend play and to lie.

Question 52

_____ reasoning suggests that you understand another person by inferring what they desire and what they believe; you accomplish this first by knowing your own motivations and then by understanding the other person's motivations may be different.

Question 53

Initially, it is the mother who offers a _____ to her infant in terms of food, comfort, and protection; as the infant begins to explore on its own, she monitors its behaviors and typically keeps it within arm's length.

Question 54

_____ is a personality trait associated with curiosity, flexibility, and artistic sensitivity, including imaginativeness and the ability to create a fantasy world.