Deck 3: The Self, Social, and Moral Development

Question 1

Approximately two-thirds of people with eating disorders actually receive treatment and get help.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The eating disorder that involves binge eating is ________.

Answer 2

bulimia

Question 3

Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory,which describes the social and cultural contexts of development is referred to as his ________ model of development.

Answer 3

bioecological

Question 4

Students define caring in terms of __________caring and ___________caring.

Question 5

Research shows that boys enter puberty earlier than girls.

Question 6

When dealing with physical differences in the classroom,teachers should:

A)deal with some of these issues in relevant curriculum materials.
B)not call attention to sex difference in the curriculum.
C)encourage nicknames based on physical traits in order to bring sex differences into open classroom discussions.
D)structure the curriculum so there is no time at the end of the class for socializing.

Question 7

What are some ways teachers can address student's physical differences without calling unnecessary attention to the variation?

Question 8

According to Woolfolk,between the ages of 11 and 14,girls are,on average:

A)smarter than boys in mathematics and language arts.
B)less likely to engage in academic dishonesty compared to boys.
C)taller and heavier than boys of the same age.
D)more at risk for abusing alcohol and cigarettes compared to boys.

Question 9

Teachers who observe children with frequent,severe bruises and other signs of physical and behavioral trauma should be alerted to the possibility of ________.

Question 10

In general,European American girls mature at least two years earlier than African American girls or Mexican American girls.

Question 11

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner,families and teachers are part of a child's ________ system.

Question 12

Which age group is most likely to have the lowest prevalence of overweight individuals?

A)adolescents between the ages of 16 through 18.
B)children between the ages 2 through 5.
C)newborns to age 2.
D)children between the ages of 9 through 12.

Question 13

Adults who were rejected as children tend to have

A)fewer problems than adults whose childhoods were without caring adults.
B)friends who are socially competent and mature,even though their childhoods were essentially friendless.
C)higher self-esteem than adults who were socially competent as children.
D)more problems than adults who had close friends when they were children.

Question 14

Neuroscientists now believe that play appears to help:

A)young children increase their memory capacity.
B)prevent learning disabilities in middle-age children.
C)children skip one of Piaget's stages of cognitive development if the play involves problem-solving.
D)the process of pruning brain synapses during childhood.

Question 15

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model of Human Development

A)the mesosystem is another word for the teacher.
B)the microsystem refers to the society at large and how it influences the individual.
C)the family is more important than the school environment for human development.
D)the parent's work place (i.e. ,exosystem)influences the development of the child.

Question 16

Sandra loves her daughter very much,but she believes parents should be very strict in communicating their expectations for their child's behavior.Sandra believes that even though her daughter is only five years old,she should be able to act in a mature manner in all settings.Sandra's rules may appear controlling to others,but they allow her to control her child's behavior.Sandra's parenting style is described as:

A)authoritative.
B)passive-aggressive.
C)neglecting/controlling.
D)authoritarian.

Question 17

Long-term adjustment to the divorce of a student's parents seems to be more difficult for ________ than for ________.

Question 18

Stepbrothers and half-sisters who live in the same household belong to ________ families.

Question 19

Because children with learning disabilities and mental retardation may respond inappropriately to peers,they are at risk for developing feelings of ________.

Question 20

Psychologists disagree about the commonly held belief that parents are the major influence on their children.What is the basis of this disagreement?

A)Behavioral genetics
B)Child rearing practices
C)Peer influences
D)Social environment

Question 21

Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more

A)aggressive.
B)dependent.
C)intelligent.
D)self-reliant.

Question 22

Describe the four types of parenting styles according to the work of Diana Baumrind (1991).

Question 23

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs.mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

A)Concrete operations
B)Formal operations
C)Preoperational thought
D)Sensorimotor

Question 24

Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year."Life is so confusing," she thinks to herself."Perhaps it is best not to think about these decisions at all." Christine is experiencing identity

A)achievement.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)moratorium.

Question 25

As with most developmental crises,the resolution of the identity crisis

A)does not depend on resolution of previous conflicts.
B)is generally completed during a brief time period.
C)may be an extended process.
D)requires little conscious effort.

Question 26

Summarizing recent trends in teen texting behaviors.Does texting typically lead to superficial or deep relationships?

Question 27

Francis is no longer satisfied with pretending he has a place of his own.He's in the third grade now and old enough to build a real playhouse.He sets to work with boards and cardboard,and takes great pleasure in the completed project.Francis is at the stage of

A)autonomy vs.doubt and shame.
B)generativity vs.self-absorption.
C)identity vs.role diffusion.
D)industry vs.inferiority.

Question 28

The school and the neighborhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?

A)Autonomy vs.shame
B)Generativity vs.stagnation
C)Industry vs.inferiority
D)Intimacy vs.isolation

Question 29

Children whose parents are divorcing can benefit from authoritative teachers.

Question 30

Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs.guilt.Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities.The danger is that Sally may

A)develop an exaggerated sense of her own abilities.
B)eventually grow to mistrust her parents.
C)have difficulty trusting her own judgment.
D)not learn that some things should never be done.

Question 31

Teachers should pay attention to which children are rejected and play alone.

Question 32

The legal definition of child abuse in many states now includes neglect and failure to provide adequate care and supervision.

Question 33

Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal.Carl is experiencing identity

A)achievement.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)moratorium.

Question 34

The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on

A)behaviors and their consequences.
B)the development of moral values.
C)the formation of a personal identity.
D)the process of acculturation in school settings.

Question 35

According to Erikson,if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage,the child is apt to

A)encounter problems with resolutions of later crises.
B)forget the crisis and progress normally.
C)remain at the unresolved stage until the crisis is resolved.
D)resolve the crisis at a later stage.

Question 36

Martin now takes considerable pride in completing his fourth-grade homework assignments and in doing them well.He is quite disappointed when the teacher assigns an "A" to him for a project that he strongly felt deserved an A+ (or better!).According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development,Martin is in what stage of development?

A)Autonomy vs.doubt
B)Initiative vs.guilt
C)Identity vs.role diffusion
D)Industry vs.inferiority

Question 37

Erikson's notion of developmental crises can be defined as a

A)concern with parental control and self-determination.
B)conflict between a positive and an unhealthy alternative.
C)conflict between physical growth and cognitive growth.
D)puzzle that may assist a person's cognitive development.

Question 38

The way that children resolve the autonomy vs.shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of

A)attachment to the family.
B)confidence in their own abilities.
C)cooperation in groups.
D)evaluation of new ideas.

Question 39

What does a conflict such as initiative vs.guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

A)A developmental crisis
B)Cognitive dissonance
C)Disequilibration
D)Equilibration

Question 40

Erikson interprets development from the perspective of what theory?

A)Psychosexual
B)Psychosocial
C)Psychosomatic
D)Sociocultural

Question 41

The implication of the "Big Fish,Little Pond" idea is that

A)children in "average" schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in "high-ability" schools.
B)larger schools are likely to promote higher achievement than smaller schools.
C)self-concept is lower when competition is weaker than when it is stronger.
D)smaller schools offer limited opportunities for self-concept to develop.

Question 42

Erikson interprets development based on the perspective of the ________ theory.

Question 43

George attends a rural middle school in Virginia.On standardized achievement tests given in George's school,the school average is near the national average.George's friend Harold attends an elite private school in Washington,D.C.The average score of students at Harold's school on the same achievement measure is well above the national average.According to Marsh,George is more likely to feel better about his abilities than does Harold,even though both boys received high scores on the test.What developmental concept is illustrated?

A)"Big Fish,Little Pond"
B)Gradual development
C)Identity diffusion
D)Moratorium

Question 44

A recent study that followed 761 middle-class students from first grade through high school discovered the following about diversity and self-esteem:

A)Boys are more confident than girls in their abilities in math and science
B)There are no gender differences between boys' and girls' self-esteem
C)Girls feel more confidence than boys in math
D)There are major differences between boys and girls in all subject areas

Question 45

Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have

A)had little effect on increasing self-esteem.
B)are relevant only for certain ethnic cultures.
C)have a great influence on increasing students' self-esteem.
D)should be used only in special education classes.

Question 46

The relationship between perseverance and a job completed is what Erikson calls ________.

Question 47

Primary school students strive to avoid feeling ________ when they are not allowed to do certain things.

Question 48

The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of

A)constant self-evaluation in many different situations.
B)contrasting themselves with their peers.
C)differentiating between their skills and those of their peers.
D)gauging the verbal reactions of significant others.

Question 49

Research suggests that the relationship between self-esteem and success in school is a

A)causal relationship.
B)negative relationship.
C)positive relationship.
D)zero relationship.

Question 50

Ever since Maida was a child,her parents talked about the possibility of her becoming a doctor.They brought her chemistry sets and equipment,such as stethoscopes and tongue depressors.When Maida entered college,she enrolled in the pre-medical program without even considering other options.According to James Marcia,Maida is exhibiting identity

A)achievement.
B)diffusion.
C)foreclosure.
D)moratorium.

Question 51

Explanation: D)Dependence on others begins to change to independence in adolescents during the moratorium stage of the identity status.In the foreclosure and diffusion states,dependence changes from being very dependent on others to some dependence on others.Independence and self-direction develop fully in the identity achievement state.[Also see Table 3.2 in the textbook.]
Jerry has become active with a group working to save America's topsoil.He believes that steps must be taken to prevent food shortages 100 years from now.George's situation represents Erikson's concern for

A)generativity.
B)integrity.
C)isolation.
D)self-absorption.

Question 52

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs.mistrust are in Piaget's ________ stage.

Question 53

Which one of the following students is expected to have the highest self-esteem?

A)Charlene,who won the tennis tournament after the number one seed was injured
B)Jennifer,who scored highest in her class on the physics exam even though she hated physics
C)Richard,who won Best-of-Class in a statewide modeling competition
D)Terry,who became class president after the elected president moved to a new school

Question 54

Nigresence refers to

A)people who have been marginalized by the majority culture.
B)a teacher's ability to build African-American students' self-esteem.
C)the process of developing a Black identity.
D)an identity concept that does not change much during one's lifespan.

Question 55

Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by

A)demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains.
B)demonstrating understanding in school subjects.
C)having a rich and diverse social life.
D)receiving public recognition and rewards.

Question 56

Dependence on peers,parents,and others begins to change to independence during what identity status?

A)Diffusion
B)Conventional
C)Foreclosure
D)Moratorium

Question 57

June's mother always wanted to be an actress and started leading June in that direction at around age two.Now June sees herself as an actress and nothing else.In which of Erikson's stages is June?

A)Identity achievement
B)Identity diffusion
C)Identity foreclosure
D)Identity moratorium

Question 58

The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

A)self-concept is an affective reaction while self-esteem is a cognitive structure.
B)self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.
C)self-esteem is a general concept while self-concept is specific to a given situation.
D)there is actually little or no difference between self-esteem and self-concept.

Question 59

Which one of Erikson's crises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

A)Identity vs.inferiority
B)Identity vs.role confusion
C)Initiative vs.guilt
D)Integrity vs.despair

Question 60

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the development of self-concept?

A)A person with a positive self-concept in one school subject is almost certain to have a positive self-concept in other subjects.
B)Older children's academic self-concept may be quite different than their physical self-concept.
C)Poor performance is most damaging to a student's self-concept in science and math courses.
D)The developing self-concept remains quite stable throughout early and late childhood.

Question 61

In the transition to middle school,children adopt an increased focus on _______ and performance.

Question 62

Children's failure to gain a sense of industry may result in feelings of inferiority.

Question 63

Ethnic heritage and pride are especially important influences on self-esteem.

Question 64

Some children from different ethnic groups hear and accept messages that devalue their own group.

Question 65

According to Erikson,children's first development crisis is resolving initiative vs.guilt.

Question 66

Adolescents who do not experiment with different identities or consider a range of options experience identity ________.

Question 67

People who have a positive self-concept are said to have high ________.

Question 68

The relationship between self-esteem and academic success is ________.

Question 69

Research suggests boys' and girls' self-esteem slightly decreases as students transition to junior high.

Question 70

According to Erikson,the main conflict for adolescents involves the search for ________.

Question 71

Individuals who reach no conclusion about who or what they are or what they want to do with their lives experience identity ________.

Question 72

A successful means of dealing with the adolescent identity crisis is identity foreclosure.

Question 73

The basic difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective structure.

Question 74

Adolescents who do not experiment with different identities or consider a range of options are experiencing identity diffusion.

Question 75

Students' perceptions about their academic self-concepts are typically based on their actual abilities.

Question 76

According to Erikson,adolescents who are having difficulty with identity choices are experiencing a moratorium.

Question 77

In adulthood,one of the conflicts that people must face is stagnation vs.________.

Question 78

Adolescents who fail to develop a strong identity are likely to experience ________.

Question 79

Learning in collaborative and cooperative settings affect self-esteem.

Question 80

Erikson,like Piaget,saw development as a passage through a series of interdependent stages.