Deck 4: Formation

Question 1

What individual qualities influence one's general tendency to affiliate?

Answer 1

Answers Will Vary

Question 2

Use social exchange theory's concepts (e.g. ,minimax principles,comparison level,and comparison level for alternatives)to explain why high school students seek inclusion in cliques of popular peers.

Answer 2

Answers Will Vary

Question 3

Compare and contrast the similarity principle and the complementarity principle,and use each one to illustrate the process of group formation.

Answer 3

Answers Will Vary

Question 4

Think of a situation when you moved into a new area or joined a new group.Draw a diagram and use the elaboration principle to describe how you expanded your friendship network.

Question 5

In what ways to groups support their members?

Question 6

Describe two situations in which you were embarrassed and afraid.If given a chance in these situations,would you have wanted to join a group?

Question 7

Use Schutz's FIRO theory to explain why a person with strong leadership tendencies seeks out membership in groups and the types of groups that will most likely accept such an individual.

Question 8

Briefly describe a group you belong to that you joined deliberately.Explain the determinants of your membership in this group.

Question 9

Use studies of the relationship between extraversion and happiness AND cultural studies of shy individuals' social evaluations to develop a marketing pitch for a company that helps introverts become more extraverted.

Question 10

Think of groups that you have joined in the past.How have those experiences with past groups affected your willingness to join groups now?

Question 11

Do you think of yourself as a loner or a joiner? Trace your behavioral tendencies back to your psychological needs.

Question 12

How does engaging in social comparison affect motivation and self-esteem? Provide examples for both upward and downward social comparison.

Question 13

Explain the formation of friendship groups,such as those seen in dorms among first year college students,in terms of these principles: proximity,elaboration,similarity,complementarity,and reciprocity.

Question 14

Use principles of attraction to explain why people use social networking sites,such as Facebook.

Question 15

Compare and contrast the following attachment styles: secure,dismissing,and preoccupied.How does each affect individuals' relationships with groups?

Question 16

According to self-evaluation maintenance (SEM)theory,what types of friends and coworkers do people prefer? Have you found this to be true in your life?

Question 17

How did Newcomb (1960)study the group formation process,and what general conclusions did his study yield?

Question 18

How did Schachter (1959)study affiliation and why did he conclude that "misery loves only miserable company"? Do you agree with him?

Question 19

Compare the "fight-or-flight" theory to the "tend-and-befriend" theory.

Question 20

How are the needs for affiliation,intimacy,and power similar to-and different from-needs for inclusion,control and affection?

Question 21

Self-evaluation model states that to protect self-esteem,people tend to avoid those who outperform them in areas closely that are self-relevant.

Question 22

Women are more likely to join smaller,more supportive groups than men.

Question 23

Schachter suggested that "misery loves company" because we like being around people regardless of the situation.

Question 24

Those with a high need for power are so individualistic they do not actively seek out groups.

Question 25

The elaboration principle states that groups expand from smaller dyadic relationships.

Question 26

The reciprocity principle and the minimax principle both focus on the exchanges that occur between group members.

Question 27

The similarity principle is the tendency for people to prefer the company of those who are like themselves.

Question 28

Groups tend to display tend-and-befriend responses to long-term threats rather than imminent ones.

Question 29

Perceivers from Western cultures admire the shy individualist,whereas those from Eastern cultures rate extraverts more positively than introverts.

Question 30

In general,upward social comparisons lower self-esteem and downward social comparisons increase self-esteem.

Question 31

Interaction increases attraction in face-to-face groups,but it reduces attraction when people interact in online groups.

Question 32

According to social exchange theory,if the value of a group is below a person's comparison level he or she will leave the group.

Question 33

When researchers studied college students who did and did not join groups in college they discovered that positive experiences in groups in high school was a key predictor of joining groups in college.

Question 34

Homophily is a debilitating mental disorder that prevents individuals from joining or desiring to join groups.

Question 35

Affiliation brings people into contact with each other,and attraction bonds individuals into groups.

Question 36

Social comparison is a method of reducing uncertainty by comparing oneself to others.

Question 37

Of the basic dimensions of personality identified in the five-factor model,"Agreeableness" is the one that best predicts who will join a group and who will remain apart.

Question 38

The three basic needs satisfied by group membership according to the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation theory are: happiness,relationality,and intellectual stimulation.

Question 39

Groups provide emotional,technical,and approval support but are unable to provide instrumental support.

Question 40

The complementary principle states that individuals who are not complimented,or otherwise made to feel appreciated,will eventually tire and leave the group.

Question 41

I value my relationships with others and spend time maintaining them.When asked to take pictures that say "who I am," I tend to include pictures of myself with other people.I prefer smaller,more intimate groups to larger,more formal ones.I am likely

A)a man.
B)a woman.
C)introverted.
D)preoccupied in my attachment style.
E)socially anxious.

Question 42

I try to work my way into the leadership positions and I enjoy exercising my authority over other people.I am

A)high in need for affiliation.
B)high in conscientiousness.
C)low in expressed affection.
D)high in need for power.

Question 43

I feel tense and uncomfortable around people,and I worry people are always judging me.I get "butterflies" when I must meet new people,and worry that I will say something dumb or insulting.I am

A)low in self-esteem.
B)a high self-monitor.
C)socially anxious (shy).
D)low in need for affiliation.
E)high in need for power.

Question 44

The concepts of need for affiliation and need for power are similar in that both assume that

A)people join groups to satisfy basic needs.
B)most people need to control other people.
C)we are attracted to people who have similar needs.
D)social-and not personality-factors influence group formation.

Question 45

People who are high in need for affiliation tend to affiliate more than people who are low in that need,but they also tend to

A)dislike people whom they do not know well.
B)avoid friendships and long-term relationships.
C)avoid working on tasks with other people.
D)report higher levels of anxiety in social settings.
E)make insulting remarks about other people.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Individuals who are shy are evaluated more positively in Eastern cultures than Western ones.
B)People raised in Western cultures,such as the U.S.and England,do not seek out close relationships with other people.
C)Groups composed of individuals from Western cultures prefer members who are both strong and passive rather than dynamic and agreeable.
D)Social anxiety is a positive quality in Eastern cultures but a negative quality in Western cultures.

Question 47

FIRO measures three basic needs: inclusion,affection,and

A)leadership.
B)acceptance.
C)comparison.
D)control.
E)esteem.

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of personality in the Big Five theory?

A)openness to experience
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)extraversion
E)assertiveness

Question 49

Will describes himself as warm,sympathetic,and not at all critical or quarrelsome.Will is high in

A)openness to experience.
B)agreeableness.
C)conscientiousness.
D)neuroticism.
E)assertiveness.

Question 50

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Individuals who have negative beliefs about groups (as indicated by their scores on the Beliefs about Groups scale)are less likely to join them.
B)Children whose parents were more involved in groups tend to avoid group activities when they reach adulthood.
C)Contrary to popular opinion,participation in sports as a youth does not predict affiliative tendencies in adulthood.

Question 51

An individual's ___ is his or her distinctive but enduring dispositional characteristics,traits,and temperament that influence his or her responses across situations.

A)general action orientation
B)need orientation
C)integrative relationality
D)affiliative drive
E)personality

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT an attachment style?

A)secure
B)fearful
C)dismissing
D)preoccupied
E)affiliative

Question 53

I strongly agree with such FIRO items as "I try to be with other people," "I join social groups," and "I try to avoid being alone." I am high in need for

A)control.
B)inclusion.
C)affection.
D)privacy.
E)esteem.

Question 54

___ refers to general feelings of apprehension and embarrassment experienced when anticipating or interacting with other people.

A)Need for affiliation
B)Social anxiety
C)Introversion
D)Antisocial withdrawal
E)Social phobia

Question 55

___ theory assumes that early life experiences-specifically,how you bonded with your primary caregiver-influences your relationships (including your memberships)throughout your entire life.

A)FIRO
B)Social motivation
C)Social comparison
D)Social exchange
E)Attachment

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a need measured by the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO)model?

A)to include others
B)for control
C)to be included by others
D)for affection
E)for privacy

Question 57

Rupert is opposed to his government's involvement in a foreign war.He is more likely to join an organize movement protesting the war if he is:

A)angered by his government's actions.
B)uncertain that he is doing the right thing.
C)inexperienced in working with others in groups.
D)socially anxious.
E)somewhat,but not extremely,shy.

Question 58

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A)Across all cultures,extraverts have higher levels of positive affect than introverts do.
B)Introverts that act introverted are happier than when acting extraverted.
C)Extraverts tend to be happier than introverts when involved with groups.
D)Extraverts tend to be more sensitive to rewarding experiences.

Question 59

Individuals with elevated scores on the ___ dimension of personality are most likely to join an artists' circle like the one formed by the impressionists.

A)openness to experience
B)agreeableness
C)conscientiousness
D)neuroticism
E)assertiveness

Question 60

When Moreland and his colleagues surveyed new college students about their willingness to join groups,they found that students

A)expressed positive opinions about college groups if they had positive experiences in high school.
B)desire to join was unrelated to the experiences they had in high school.
C)who had bad experiences in high school were looking forward to starting fresh and joined more college groups.
D)who had parents that joined college groups were also more likely to join groups in college.

Question 61

Social comparison theory argues people join groups because of

A)their need for information concerning social reality.
B)their dependence on others for the satisfaction of their esteem needs.
C)evolutionary pressures.
D)the attractiveness of group members.

Question 62

What did Schachter mean when he said that "misery loves miserable company"?

A)To engage in downward social comparison,unhappy people seek out other unhappy people.
B)Distressful events create arousal,and under the correct situational conditions this arousal is experienced as love.
C)When facing a threatening situation,people seek the company of others who are facing the same type of situation.
D)During affiliation,individuals who are unhappy tend to make others unhappy.
E)Depressed individuals prefer the company of other depressed individuals.

Question 63

Dale,who is outgoing but not exceptionally bright,is best friends with Chip,who is a straight "A" student but rather shy.Their relationship supports the ___ hypothesis.

A)similarity
B)balance
C)complementarity
D)reward

Question 64

Mike notes that Melinda is in a better financial situation than he is right now.This leaves him feeling depressed but also motivates him to start working harder.Mike is engaging in ___ social comparison.

A)downward
B)enabling
C)upward
D)motivational
E)socioemotional

Question 65

Donald decides that he wants to do more for the group.He starts helping other people by taking on some of their work and organizing fund raisers.Donald is providing ___ support for the group and its members.

A)exploitation
B)emotional
C)informational
D)instrumental
E)spiritual

Question 66

Schachter found that when subjects who expected to receive painful shocks were asked if they wanted to wait alone or with others,___ chose to affiliate.

A)none
B)more than half
C)only a few
D)all

Question 67

A fundamental assumption of Festinger's social comparison theory is that people

A)compare different societies to find ways to improve their own.
B)have a need for novelty and change.
C)have a need to evaluate their beliefs and attitudes.
D)have a need for power and try to control the behavior of others.
E)compare the various groups that they belong to.

Question 68

As group size decreases,the concept of homophily suggests that the most likely member to leave the group is the individual who

A)is the least similar to other group members.
B)fails in his/her bid to gain the leadership position.
C)started the most conflict within the group.
D)is the most recent individual to have joined the group.

Question 69

Schachter's experiments on affiliation suggest misery

A)loves happy company.
B)loves miserable company.
C)hates company.
D)hates miserable company.

Question 70

You are anxious because you are about to have blood drawn for the first time in your life.According to Schachter,while waiting you would most likely choose to sit

A)outside the hospital alone.
B)inside the hospital alone.
C)in the general waiting area with people scheduled for routine checkups.
D)in the waiting area with other people waiting to have their blood drawn.

Question 71

Schachter's studies of affiliation indicate that people join groups to acquire accurate information.Recent evidence also suggests that people prefer information that

A)is based on an authority's opinion.
B)is simple rather than complex.
C)disconfirms their existing beliefs.
D)is positive and reassuring.
E)is complex rather than simple.

Question 72

Researchers extended Schachter's initial findings by arranging for individuals to meet in a room for a study titled "Sexual Attitudes" (Morris et al,1976).Participants in this study were more likely to show signs of withdrawal when they were in the ___ condition.

A)embarrassed
B)ambiguity
C)fear
D)initiation
E)group

Question 73

Comparing ourselves to others who are performing better than we are ___,but comparing ourselves to others who are performing worse than we are ___.

A)gives us hope;raises our self-esteem
B)raises our self-esteem;gives us hope
C)is downward social comparison;is upward social comparison
D)is healthy;is unhealthy

Question 74

Gale prides herself on her athletic skills more so than her academic skills.According to self-evaluation maintenance theory,she will prefer to associate with

A)athletes who are superior to her in terms of athletic ability.
B)physically attractive people.
C)students who get better grades than she does.
D)athletes who are better than she is both athletically and academically.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Tend-and-befriend reactions are more likely when the threat is imminent.
B)Fight-or-flight is an individual response to threat,not a group response.
C)Fight-or-flight is an interpersonal response,rather than a physiological one.
D)A flight reaction to threat,as displayed by a group,involves an organized escape from danger.

Question 76

Men are to ___ support as women are to __ support.

A)belonging;emotional
B)instrumental;emotional
C)informational;meaning
D)meaning;informational
E)befriending;tending

Question 77

Denise thought the test was easy,but she was not sure.So,after she turns in her paper she talks to her friends to see what they thought about the test.Denise's actions best illustrate

A)need for affiliation.
B)need for power.
C)need for intimacy.
D)extraversion.
E)the social comparison processes.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is false?

A)People tend to form groups with people who just happen to be nearby.
B)Exposure to a stimulus tends to increase our liking for that stimulus.
C)Individuals tend to associate with people who like them.
D)Individuals are attracted to people with dissimilar attitudes.
E)Any factor that increases interaction among people can trigger group formation.

Question 79

Newcomb's (1961)research supports the adage

A)"beauty is only skin deep."
B)"familiarity breeds contempt."
C)"opposites attract."
D)"birds of a feather flock together."

Question 80

When we are ___ we desire affiliation,but when we are ___ we desire privacy.

A)uncertain;embarrassed
B)embarrassed;uncertain
C)aroused;fearful
D)fearful;aroused