Deck 2: Cell Physiology

Question 1

Which of these organelles is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A)chromosomes
B)lysosomes
C)microfilaments
D)ribosomes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of these structures is associated with the secretion of proteins produced by the ER

A)Golgi complex
B)plasma membrane
C)microtubules
D)lysosomal membrane

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of these organelles is NOT membrane bound

A)lysosome
B)ribosome
C)mitochondrion
D)peroxisome

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of these statements does NOT apply to ribosomes

A)They are composed of RNA.
B)They assemble polypeptides.
C)They may be bound to endoplasmic reticulum.
D)They are covered by a membrane.

Question 5

Which of these statements describes mitochondria

A)They have an inner fluid-filled space called the crista.
B)They act as energy-producing organelles.
C)They are the site for cell reproduction.
D)They serve as workbenches for protein synthesis

Question 6

Which of these structures is located in the nucleus of the cell

A)the nuclide
B)the lysosome
C)the mitochondrion
D)the nucleolus

Question 7

Which of these statements applies to mitochondria

A)Their number per cell is the same for every cell.
B)They and the cell nucleus contain DNA.
C)They contain DNA that is a copy of our parents' DNA.
D)Their DNA has unlimited ability to repair.

Question 8

Which of these statements applies to lysosomes

A)They contain powerful hydrolytic enzymes.
B)They generate hydrogen peroxide.
C)They facilitate intracellular reactions.
D)They store excess nutrients.

Question 9

Where are cristae found

A)lysosome
B)mitochondrion
C)nucleolus
D)nucleus

Question 10

Which of these components is NOT always found in a typical human cell

A)cytosol
B)DNA
C)flagellum
D)plasma membrane

Question 11

Which of these statements does NOT apply to microfilaments

A)They serve as mechanical stiffeners for microvilli.
B)They are composed of actin subunits.
C)They are the smallest elements of the cytoskeleton.
D)They form mitotic spindles.

Question 12

Which of these statements describes intermediate filaments

A)They comprise mitotic spindles.
B)They are important in cell regions subject to mechanical stress.
C)They comprise cilia.
D)They comprise flagella.

Question 13

Which of these statements refers to rough endoplasmic reticulum

A)It synthesizes phospholipids for export and does not contain ribosomes.
B)It synthesizes proteins for export from the cell or for use in construction of a new cellular membrane.
C)It is abundant in cells that specialize in lipid metabolism and it does not contain ribosomes.
D)It is abundant in liver cells and it contains ribosomes.

Question 14

Which of these organelles occurs in the lowest numbers within a typical human cell

A)mitochondria
B)vaults
C)peroxisomes
D)nuclei

Question 15

Which of these statements describes vaults

A)They act as a selective barrier between cellular contents and extracellular fluid.
B)Their shape tends to be oval or rounded.
C)They serve as cellular trucks for transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
D)They store excess nutrients.

Question 16

Which organelles contain oxidative enzymes

A)peroxisomes and lysosomes
B)mitochondria and nuclei
C)lysosomes and vaults
D)ribosomes and microtubules

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT an activity of the cytosol

A)duplication of chromosomes
B)enzymatic regulation of intermediary metabolism
C)storage of fat and glycogen
D)synthesis of proteins for use in the cytosol

Question 18

What are the two major parts of a cell's interior

A)the intracellular fluid and matrix
B)the nucleus and plasma membrane
C)the nucleus and cytoplasm
D)the DNA and cytoplasm

Question 19

Which of the following can be found within the nucleus

A)deoxyribonucleic acid
B)cytosol
C)plasma membrane
D)endoplasmic reticulum

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi complex

A)to sort and direct products to their final destination
B)to modify proteins chemically
C)to produce secretory vesicles
D)to synthesize proteins

Question 21

Which of these statements describes electron transport chains

A)They are "circuits" for small amounts of electricity to pass through.
B)They are made of proteins.
C)They deliver energy to cytochrome to pump H⁺ into the intermembrane space.
D)They do not need oxygen to be available.

Question 22

Why does anaerobic respiration take place when O₂ is unavailable

A)to continue releasing at least some energy from molecules and generate ATP
B)to prevent cell death
C)to make use of available glucose
D)to prevent protein breakdown

Question 23

Which of these statements describes glycolysis

A)It yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed.
B)It always requires oxygen.
C)It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
D)It takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane cristae.

Question 24

Which of the following might happen if niacin is deficient in your diet

A)Glucose might not be able to be cleaved.
B)Available FAD might decrease.
C)When the 3-carbon chain is oxidized in glycolysis, electrons might not be able to be captured.
D)Only fermentation would be possible.

Question 25

What is the purpose of glycolysis

A)to produce citric acid
B)to liberate energy from glucose
C)to produce large numbers of ATP
D)to trap energy in FADH₂

Question 26

Which of these statements describes NADH

A)It is an energy carrier.
B)It plays a role in cellular respiration.
C)It is used in glycolysis.
D)It is used in the citric acid cycle.

Question 27

In the aerobic respiration process of cells, when is CO₂ released

A)during glycolysis
B)during the electron transport chain of events
C)during the Krebs cycle
D)during fermentation

Question 28

What is the universal energy currency in cells

A)ATP
B)glucose
C)glycogen
D)insulin

Question 29

Which of these molecules enters the citric acid cycle directly

A)acetyl CoA
B)adenosine diphosphate
C)citric acid
D)oxaloacetic acid

Question 30

In which cells are actin and myosin filaments commonly found

A)epithelial cells
B)muscle cells
C)nerve cells
D)red blood cells

Question 31

What does chemiosmosis do

A)releases CO₂
B)extracts energy from a H⁺ concentration gradient
C)reduces NAD
D)ferments pyruvic acid to lactic acid

Question 32

Peroxisomes are membranous organelles that produce and decompose which compound

A)protein
B)carbohydrates
C)hydrogen peroxide
D)triglycerides

Question 33

What is the function of ATP synthase

A)to act enzymatically
B)to build membranes
C)to carry hydrogen
D)to synthesize ATP

Question 34

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the citric acid cycle

A)It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
B)Carbon dioxide is released.
C)Several ATP molecules are produced for each cycle.
D)Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic CoA initially react to form citric acid.

Question 35

In which structure do the citric acid cycle reactions occur

A)cytoplasm
B)cytosol
C)inner-mitochondrial membrane
D)mitochondrial matrix

Question 36

Which of these statements applies to an anaerobic condition

A)Oxygen is plentiful.
B)The degradation of glucose cannot proceed beyond glycolysis.
C)Mitochondrial processing of nutrient molecules takes place.
D)It produces a high yield of oxygen molecules.

Question 37

Which of these compounds is the carbon-based end product (chain) of glycolysis

A)NADH
B)ATP
C)pyruvic acid
D)FADH₂

Question 38

The endoplasmic reticulum can be thought of as a cellular factory that produces which two compounds

A)organelles and protein
B)ATP molecules and lipids
C)ribosomes and ATP molecules
D)proteins and lipids

Question 39

Which of the following are NOT paired correctly

A)ATP and high-energy bonds
B)electron transport chain and mitochondrion
C)glycolysis and anaerobic
D)pyruvic acid and 5-carbon molecule

Question 40

What accounts for the most ATP production

A)Krebs cycle
B)citric acid cycle
C)NADH
D)electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 41

Which of these statements describes the plasma membrane

A)The hydrophobic interior of its lipid bilayer blocks the passage of water-soluble substances.
B)The surface carbohydrates within it serve as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which cells use to grip one another and surrounding connective tissue fibres.
C)Its outer layer of carbohydrates is the primary barrier to the passage of water-soluble substances.
D)Sheets of epithelial cells are joined by gap junctions.

Question 42

Which of these statements describes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)

A)It converts ADP + Pi to ATP.
B)It is found in the cytosol.
C)It is a hydrogen carrier molecule.
D)It is a hydrogen carrier molecule found in the cytosol.

Question 43

Which of the following are receptor sites on the outer surface of the plasma membrane

A)ATP
B)carbohydrates
C)cyclic AMP
D)proteins

Question 44

Which of these statements describes the plasma membrane

A)It appears under an electron microscope as a single dark line around the cell.
B)It is composed of a double layer of phospholipid molecules with proteins interspersed throughout the phospholipids.
C)It separates the intravascular and extracellular fluid.
D)It separates the intravascular and intracellular fluid.

Question 45

Which of these statements does NOT describe plasma membrane

A)According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, it consists primarily of a bilayer of mobile phospholipid molecules studded with an ever-changing mosaic pattern of proteins.
B)In its lipid bilayer, the hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids orient toward the centre of the membrane, away from water.
C)The protective, waterproof outer layer of skin is formed by the tough skeleton of the microtrabecular lattice that persists after the surface skin cells die.
D)The polar ends of the phospholipid molecules within it are hydrophilic.

Question 46

Which of these statements describes the plasma membrane

A)Under a light microscope, it appears as a trilaminar structure.
B)The carbohydrates on the outer surface serve as receptor sites for binding chemical messengers in the environment of the cell.
C)The lipid bilayer serves as a barrier to the passage of H₂Oa.-soluble substances through the membrane.
D)Carrier proteins shuttle back and forth across the membrane as they carry passenger molecules from one side to the other.

Question 47

What is cystic fibrosis caused by

A)the buildup of thick mucus in respiratory airways and the pancreas
B)the accumulation of salt, caused by dehydration
C)the plasma membrane's impermeability to chloride
D)the plasma membrane's impermeability to potassium

Question 48

Which of these statements describes integrins

A)They create a filamentous meshwork in the inner surface of the membrane.
B)They act as membrane-bound enzymes.
C)They are used for cell recognition purposes.
D)They span the membrane, providing a mechanical link between the outer membrane and the cell's surrounding.

Question 49

What is the primary determinant of a membrane's selective permeability

A)the structures of the membrane phospholipids
B)the amount of cholesterol present
C)the number and types of membrane proteins
D)the charge of the membrane

Question 50

Which of the following is the definition of aerobic

A)in the blood
B)with carbon dioxide
C)with oxygen
D)without carbon dioxide

Question 51

What are the three important functions of the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

A)forms the basic membrane structure; hydrophilic interior acts as barrier; aids in RNA transfer
B)forms the basic membrane structure; hydrophobic interior acts as barrier; responsible for fluidity
C)forms the basic membrane structure; hydrophobic interior acts as barrier; aids in RNA transfer
D)allows electrical flow via nerves; hydrophobic interior acts as barrier; responsible for fluidity

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins

A)to serve as channels
B)to determine the fluidity of the membrane
C)to serve as carriers
D)to serve as receptor sites

Question 53

Which of these statements describes phospholipids

A)They consist of a polar, hydrophilic, phosphate-bearing head and two nonpolar hydrophobic, fatty-acid tails.
B)They are lined as a single layer in membranes.
C)They serve as carrier molecules.
D)The small amount of membrane carbohydrate is located on the inner surface of the phospholipid layer.

Question 54

Which statement does NOT describe the plasma membrane

A)It serves as a mechanical barrier to hold in the contents of the cell.
B)It selectively controls movement of molecules between the ECF and the ICF.
C)It contains proteins that provide receptor sites for membrane functions.
D)It has cholesterol to determine the fluidity of the membrane.

Question 55

Which of these statements describes the plasma membrane

A)Under an electron microscope, it appears as two dark lines with a light space between.
B)In its resting state, it is more permeable to Na⁺ than to K-.
C)It does not contain cholesterol.
D)It can be seen under an ordinary light microscope.

Question 56

Which of these statements does NOT describe membrane proteins

A)Their channels are water-filled pathways.
B)Their channels may be highly selective.
C)They may catalyze specific reactions.
D)CAMs serve as binding sites for specific ligands.

Question 57

Which of these statements describes ATP synthase

A)It transports hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion.
B)It is activated by the flow of hydrogen ions from the intermembrane space to the matrix.
C)It enzymatically converts ATP to ADP.
D)It yields two molecules of ATP.

Question 58

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the plasma membrane

A)Cholesterol contributes to its stability.
B)Its proteins are inserted in a lipid bilayer.
C)It consists mostly of lipids and proteins.
D)Its carbohydrates are on only its inner surface.

Question 59

Which of these statements describes collagen

A)It provides tensile strength.
B)It is most abundant in tissues that must be capable of easily stretching and then recoiling.
C)It promotes cell adhesion.
D)It is a rubber-like protein fibre.

Question 60

Which one of the following is a function of membrane carbohydrates

A)to serve as channels
B)to determine the fluidity of the membrane
C)to assist in the aggregation of cells to form tissues
D)to serve as receptor sites

Question 61

Which of these substances promotes cell adhesion

A)calmodulin
B)collagen
C)elastin
D)fibronectin

Question 62

Osmosis is which of these types of processes

A)carrier-mediated transport
B)diffusion
C)exocytosis
D)pinocytosis

Question 63

Which of these substances is most likely to diffuse passively across the plasma membrane by dissolving in the membrane

A)a cation
B)an anion
C)a nonpolar or nonionized molecule
D)a polar molecule

Question 64

Which of the following mechanisms is used by large polar molecules when they leave or enter the cell

A)by vesicular transport
B)by osmosis
C)by selective passive transport
D)with the help of large lipid carriers

Question 65

What kind of junctions are impermeable junctions that join the lateral edges of epithelial cells near their luminal borders, thus preventing movement of materials between the cells

A)gap junctions
B)desmosomes
C)luminal junctions
D)tight junctions

Question 66

Which of the following happens during osmosis

A)Water moves down its own concentration gradient.
B)Water moves to an area of higher solute concentration.
C)The solute moves against its concentration gradient.
D)The solute moves down its own concentration gradient.

Question 67

Gap junctions are especially abundant in what kinds of tissue

A)skeletal muscles and epithelial tissues
B)epithelial tissues and smooth muscle
C)cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
D)brain tissue and cardiac muscle

Question 68

Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose into cells by which of these transport mechanisms

A)carrier-mediated transport
B)endocytosis
C)exocytosis
D)osmosis

Question 69

The rate of carrier-mediated transport is limited by which one of the following

A)protein location in the membrane
B)osmolarity
C)tonicity
D)competition with other molecules

Question 70

Which of these statements describes facilitated diffusion

A)It involves a carrier molecule.
B)It requires energy expenditure.
C)It is how protein enters the cells.
D)It is about movement of molecules against their concentration gradient.

Question 71

Which of these statements describes carrier-mediated transport

A)It involves a specific membrane protein that serves as a carrier molecule.
B)It always transports substances against a concentration gradient.
C)It always requires energy expenditure.
D)It always transports substances along a concentration gradient.

Question 72

Which of these statements describes passive diffusion

A)It depends on random motion.
B)It involves active forces.
C)Its rate increases as temperature decreases.
D)Molecules move from a lower concentration to a higher concentration.

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT part of the extracellular matrix

A)watery, gel-like, ground substance
B)connexon
C)collagen
D)elastin

Question 74

Which of the following decreases the rate of diffusion of a substance through the plasma membrane

A)increasing the concentration gradient
B)increasing the molecular weight of the substance
C)increasing the permeability of the membrane
D)increasing the surface area of the membrane

Question 75

Which of the following describes tight junctions

A)They prevent passage of materials between epithelial cells.
B)They force materials to pass between cells.
C)They are commonly found in respiratory tract linings.
D)They serve as avenues for the transfer of small molecules from one cell to the next.

Question 76

Which of these statements does NOT describe gap junctions

A)They are communicating junctions.
B)They play an important role in transmission of electrical activity throughout an entire muscle mass.
C)They are formed by small connecting tunnels that link two adjacent cells and permit exchange of small, water-soluble particles between the cells.
D)Filaments of unknown composition extend between the plasma membranes of two closely adjacent but not touching cells, acting as "spot rivets" to anchor the cells together.

Question 77

By osmosis, a water molecule always moves to an area of higher ________________.

A)electrical intensity
B)fluid pressure
C)mitochondrial activity
D)solute concentration

Question 78

What type of junctions are desmosomes, tight, and gap junctions, respectively

A)adhering, communicating, and impermeable
B)communicating, impermeable, and adhering
C)adhering, impermeable, and communicating
D)communicating, adhering, and impermeable

Question 79

If a typical body cell is placed in a 5 percent saline solution, what will happen to the cell

A)It will fill with water.
B)It will lyse.
C)It will lose water.
D)It will remain unchanged.

Question 80

Which of the following does diffusion result from

A)ATP-driven processes
B)ion gradients
C)inherent kinetic energy of matter
D)selective permeability