Deck 15: The Digestive System

Question 1

Which statement pertains to the BER

A)It is a basic eating reflex that ensures food is moved along the digestive tract at an appropriate rate.
B)It is a basic electrical rhythm consisting of spontaneous, rhythmic, wavelike fluctuations in membrane potential.
C)It is a basic emptying reflex that governs the rate of gastric emptying.
D)It is a bowel evacuation reflex, or defecation reflex.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of these statements does NOT describe control of digestive processes

A)Short reflexes influence motility and secretion in localized areas.
B)All elements of the short reflexes are contained within the digestive organ's wall.
C)Hormones play a role.
D)Osmoreceptors monitor the acidity of the luminal contents.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a component of saliva

A)amylase
B)mucus
C)pepsin
D)lysozyme

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following are included in the enteric nervous system

A)myenteric plexuses only
B)submucosal plexuses only
C)vagal nerve only
D)both myenteric and submucosal plexuses

Question 5

Proteins are primarily digested to and absorbed as _______________.

A)amino acids
B)cellulose
C)fatty acids and glycerol
D)monosaccharides

Question 6

What are carbohydrates absorbed as

A)monosaccharides
B)disaccharides
C)polysaccharides
D)amino acids

Question 7

Which of these statements describes the serosa

A)It is the abdominal cavity containing the stomach.
B)It is the blood supply to the stomach.
C)It is the inner lining of the digestive tract.
D)It is the outer connective tissue covering of the digestive tract.

Question 8

About 9500 mL of fluid is absorbed from the digestive tract daily.What is the ultimate source of most of this fluid

A)food and fluid ingested during meals
B)secretory cells of the digestive tract
C)plasma
D)accessory digestive organs

Question 9

Which statement refers to the intrinsic nerve plexuses

A)They produce spontaneous depolarization of the smooth muscle cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
B)They coordinate local activity in the digestive tract.
C)They are located in the mucosa.
D)They are located in the brain stem.

Question 10

Which tissue layer provides for primary digestive motility

A)mucosa
B)submucosa
C)muscularis mucosae
D)muscularis externa

Question 11

Fats are digested to which of the following

A)fatty acids and amino acids
B)cellulose
C)fatty acids and glycerol
D)adipose

Question 12

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the digestion of polysaccharides

A)It is accomplished using enzymes.
B)It utilizes hydrolysis.
C)It utilizes dehydration synthesis.
D)It adds water at the bond site.

Question 13

Which of these substances is a product from the chemical breakdown of starch

A)amino acid
B)glucose
C)monoglyceride
D)bile salt

Question 14

What is the primary absorptive organ of the digestive system

A)salivary glands
B)oral cavity
C)stomach
D)small intestine

Question 15

Which of these statements does NOT pertain to digestive motility

A)It is accomplished by smooth muscle contractions only.
B)It is accomplished by smooth and voluntary muscle contractions.
C)It may be propulsive in nature.

Question 16

Which of these organs is NOT a digestive tract organ

A)oesophagus
B)stomach
C)pancreas
D)small intestine

Question 17

Which statement does NOT pertain to the intrinsic plexuses

A)The myenteric plexus is located in the submucosa.
B)The plexuses innervate smooth muscle cells and exocrine and endocrine gland cells.
C)The plexuses are influenced by extrinsic nerves.
D)The plexuses coordinate local digestive tract activity.

Question 18

What is the digested product of milk sugar

A)glucose and fructose
B)glucose and galactose
C)sucrose and maltose
D)maltose and galactose

Question 19

Which one of these compounds is NOT included in gastric secretions

A)enzymes
B)bile
C)mucus
D)HCl

Question 20

Which statement describes mixing movements

A)They promote digestion by mixing digestive juices for effective absorption.
B)They take place only in the small and large intestines.
C)They take place only in the stomach and large intestines.
D)They promote digestion by mixing food with digestive juices, exposing luminal contents to absorptive surfaces.

Question 21

Which of these breakfasts would remain in the stomach the longest

A)toast, orange juice, and coffee
B)black coffee
C)fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns
D)bowl of cereal with skim milk

Question 22

Which of these statements does NOT describe gastric mixing

A)It occurs primarily in the body of the stomach.
B)It occurs as a result of the stomach's contents being tumbled back and forth in the antrum because of vigorous peristaltic contractions.
C)It combines the food with gastric secretions to convert it to a finely divided liquid form known as chyme.

Question 23

Why is the gastroesophageal sphincter normally closed

A)to prevent air from entering the oesophagus during breathing
B)to prevent gastric contents from refluxing into the oesophagus
C)to prevent vomiting
D)to prevent oesophageal secretions leaking into the stomach

Question 24

Where is the pyloric sphincter located

A)between the oesophagus and the stomach
B)between the oral cavity and the oesophagus
C)between the large intestine and the rectum
D)between the stomach and the small intestine

Question 25

Receptive relaxation refers to which of the following

A)relaxation of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter during swallowing
B)relaxation of the pyloric sphincter when the duodenum is prepared to receive chyme
C)relaxation of the external anal sphincter when the individual is receptive to the defecation reflex
D)relaxation of the stomach as it starts to fill, thereby allowing an increase in volume with very little increase in pressure

Question 26

Where is the swallowing centre located

A)cerebral cortex
B)medulla oblongata
C)hypothalamus
D)pharynx

Question 27

Which of these factors is the most potent stimulus for inhibition of gastric motility

A)fat in the duodenum
B)acid in the duodenum
C)acid in the stomach
D)distention of the stomach

Question 28

What prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing

A)elevation of the uvula
B)contraction of the pharyngeal muscles
C)positioning of the tongue
D)tight apposition of the vocal cords over the glottis

Question 29

Why is the pharyngoesophageal sphincter normally closed

A)to prevent air from entering the oesophagus during breathing
B)to prevent gastric contents from refluxing back into the oesophagus
C)to prevent vomiting
D)to prevent oesophageal secretions from leaking into the stomach

Question 30

Which of these statements does NOT apply to swallowing

A)It includes the movement of the bolus from the mouth to the stomach.
B)It includes only the movement of the bolus from the mouth to the oesophagus.
C)It is a sequentially programmed, multiple response, all-or-none reflex.
D)It is initiated by pressure of the bolus, which stimulates the swallowing centre.

Question 31

Which of these statements does NOT pertain to peristaltic antral contractions

A)They occur at a rate of 10/min.
B)They are responsible for emptying food into the duodenum.
C)They are responsible for mixing food and gastric enzymes within the antrum.
D)They occur at the pyloric antrum.

Question 32

Which of the following factors does NOT slow gastric activities

A)enterogastric reflex
B)enterogastrone
C)secretin
D)gastrin

Question 33

If peristalsis in the oesophagus is insufficient to carry an especially large bolus of food through the oesophagus to the stomach, what happens to dislodge this trapped food

A)A secondary peristaltic wave is initiated by the swallowing centre.
B)A secondary peristaltic wave is initiated by distention of the oesophagus, mediated by the intrinsic nerve plexuses.
C)The food remains in the oesophagus until the swallowing mechanism is voluntarily initiated once again.
D)Increased oesophageal mucus secretion occurs to lubricate the stuck bolus so that it can slide to the stomach.

Question 34

Which of these factors will NOT influence the rate at which a meal will empty from the stomach

A)fat in the duodenum
B)acid in the duodenum
C)caffeine in the duodenum
D)hypertonicity of the duodenal contents

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva

A)to facilitate swallowing
B)to serve as a solvent for molecules that stimulate taste buds
C)to dissolve glucose to facilitate its absorption by the oral mucosa
D)to take antibacterial action

Question 36

What prevents food from entering the nasal passages during swallowing

A)elevation of the uvula
B)contraction of the pharyngeal muscles
C)positioning of the tongue
D)tight apposition of the vocal cords over the glottis

Question 37

During the oropharyngeal phase of swallowing, how is food prevented from entering the other openings that communicate with the pharynx

A)by elevation of the uvula, which lodges against the back of the throat
B)by closure of the nasopharyngeal sphincter
C)by the epiglottis blocking the opening between the vocal cords
D)by elevation of the larynx and closure of the vocal folds across the laryngeal opening

Question 38

Which of these factors does NOT affect gastric motility or emptying

A)increased fluidity
B)presence of acid and fat in the stomach
C)increased gastric volume
D)vagal activity

Question 39

Which of these secretions is entirely under nervous control and has no hormonal regulatory component

A)salivary secretion
B)gastric secretion
C)pancreatic secretion
D)liver secretion

Question 40

Which statement does NOT describe salivary secretion

A)It is entirely under neural control (i.e., there is no hormonal control of salivary secretion).
B)It is a passive secretion.
C)It is stimulated by the parasympathetic nervous system and inhibited by the sympathetic nervous system.
D)It secretes hormones.

Question 41

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the pancreas

A)It has endocrine tissue.
B)It has exocrine tissue.
C)It secretes an alkaline fluid.
D)It secretes pepsinogen.

Question 42

As food leaves the stomach, gastric secretion is reduced.Which of these factors does NOT contribute to this reduction

A)fat in the duodenum
B)low gastric pH
C)distention of the duodenum
D)pepsinogen in the duodenum

Question 43

Which of the following does NOT happen during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion

A)Thinking about, seeing, smelling, and chewing food reflexively increases gastric secretion.
B)Vagal stimulation of the gastric glands occurs.
C)The mucosal cells release secretin.
D)The secretory cells secrete HCl and pepsinogen.

Question 44

Which of these statements applies to the intrinsic factor

A)It is secreted by the chief cells in the stomach.
B)It is necessary for absorption of vitamin B₆.
C)It is abundant in pernicious anaemia.
D)It is necessary for absorption of vitamin B₁₂.

Question 45

What does the pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum secrete

A)histamine
B)gastrin
C)intrinsic factor
D)somatostatin

Question 46

Which of these substances is a precursor to an enzyme that functions in the stomach

A)pepsinogen
B)HCl
C)intrinsic factor
D)gastrin

Question 47

Which of the following does NOT occur during vomiting

A)The diaphragm contracts.
B)The abdominal muscles contract.
C)The stomach contracts.
D)Respiration is inhibited.

Question 48

Which of these statements does NOT apply to stomach acid

A)It is neutralized in the duodenum.
B)It is neutralized with bicarbonate.
C)It is neutralized by solutions secreted by G cells.
D)It activates pepsinogen enzymes.

Question 49

Which of these substances is absorbed by the stomach

A)glucose
B)caffeine
C)aspirin
D)amino acid

Question 50

What is the major chemical digestive activity occurring in the stomach

A)digestion of starch
B)digestion of protein
C)digestion of fat
D)absorption of monosaccharides

Question 51

Which of these statements does NOT apply to HCl secreted by the stomach

A)It inactivates salivary amylase.
B)It establishes a high pH in the stomach.
C)It activates pepsinogen.
D)It is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach.

Question 52

Which statement does NOT apply to alcohol

A)It stimulates gastric secretion.
B)It can be absorbed more rapidly from the small intestine than from the stomach.
C)It inhibits gastric emptying through the enterogastric reflex.
D)It is lipid soluble.

Question 53

Which of these statements does NOT describe pancreatic enzymes

A)Trypsinogen is secreted in an inactive form.
B)Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrate.
C)Pancreatic lipase is responsible for triglyceride digestion.
D)Except for trypsinogen, other proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form.

Question 54

Which of the following is/are secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa

A)HCl only
B)pepsinogen only
C)both HCl and pepsinogen
D)both HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 55

Which of these substances is NOT secreted by the stomach in response to parasympathetic (acetylcholine) stimulation

A)pepsinogen
B)HCl
C)gastrin
D)histamine

Question 56

What does pepsinogen do after it has been activated

A)It autocatalytically activates more pepsinogen.
B)It activates the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes in the duodenal lumen after gastric emptying has occurred.
C)It inhibits the pyloric gland area in a negative-feedback fashion.
D)It inhibits the secretion of HCl.

Question 57

Which of these activities occurs during the cephalic phase of gastric digestion

A)CCK is secreted by the small intestine.
B)Chemoreceptors detect fatty acids in the duodenum.
C)Stretch receptors detect distension of the stomach.
D)Sight, smell, thought, or taste of food triggers parasympathetic impulses.

Question 58

Which of the following happens during vomiting

A)The diaphragm contracts.
B)The thorax contracts
C)The stomach contracts.
D)Respiration is stimulated.

Question 59

What is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa

A)bicarbonate ions
B)HCl
C)pepsinogen
D)sucrase

Question 60

Which of these statements does NOT pertain to the pyloric gland area of the stomach antrum

A)It secretes gastrin.
B)It is inhibited when gastric pH falls too low.
C)It is stimulated by the presence of glucose.
D)It inhibits the section of the HCl.

Question 61

What is the primary factor responsible for moving chyme forward in the small intestine

A)mass movement
B)a gradient in the frequency of segmentation along the length of the small intestine
C)migrating motility complex
D)sequential ringlike contractions that move progressively forward along the length of the small intestine in a stripping motion, pushing the chyme ahead of the contraction

Question 62

Which of these statements describes chymotrypsinogen

A)It is activated by enterokinase.
B)Once activated, it is involved in protein digestion.
C)It is secreted by the endocrine pancreas.
D)It hydrolyzes starches and glycogen.

Question 63

Which of these statements does NOT apply to cholecystokinin

A)It is secreted by the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
B)It stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.
C)It causes contraction of the gallbladder.
D)It is secreted by the small intestine.

Question 64

What causes the typical coloration of the feces

A)bile salts
B)undigested cellulose
C)aqueous NaHCO₃ secretion
D)bilirubin

Question 65

What stimulates gallbladder contraction

A)CCK
B)secretin
C)sympathetic stimulation
D)gastrin

Question 66

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the small intestinal digestive enzymes

A)They are secreted into the lumen, where they perform their function.
B)They act intracellularly within the brush borders.
C)They complete the digestion of carbohydrates.
D)They complete the digestion of proteins.

Question 67

Which of the following is the most potent choleretic

A)vagal stimulation
B)bile salt
C)CCK
D)secretin

Question 68

Which of these statements applies to bile salts

A)They aid fat digestion only.
B)They aid fat absorption through micelle formation only.
C)They are secreted into the bile only.
D)They aid fat digestion and absorption through micelle formation.

Question 69

Why are epithelial cells continually being shed from the villi

A)The intracellular enzymes digest important cellular constituents, causing the cells to disintegrate and slough.
B)New cells are continually being produced in the crypts at the base of the villi and they migrate upward.
C)The body needs a continual supply of protein derived from the digestion of these cells.
D)Acid entering the small intestine from the stomach constantly destroys the small intestinal lining, causing the cells to slough.

Question 70

Which of these statements does NOT concern peptic ulcers

A)They are usually caused by excessive neural stimulation.
B)They are usually caused by bacterial infection.
C)They compromise the mucosal barrier and stomach wall.
D)Pepsin diffuses into the mucosa when the gastric mucosal barrier is broken.

Question 71

Which of these enzymes is NOT secreted into the duodenal lumen

A)aminopeptidase
B)lipase
C)trypsinogen
D)procarboxypeptidase

Question 72

Which of these statements does NOT apply to the formation of a lipid emulsion

A)It facilitates digestion of fat by lipase.
B)It is accomplished by bile salts.
C)It takes place in the stomach.
D)It is important for cholesterol homeostasis.

Question 73

Venous flow into the liver is via the _________________.

A)hepatic vein
B)hepatic portal system
C)sinusoidal system
D)mesenteric system

Question 74

Which of the following is NOT the function of aqueous NaHCO₃ secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum

A)to neutralize acidic gastric contents emptied into the duodenum
B)to prevent irritation of the duodenal mucosa
C)to actively digest fat molecules into fatty acids
D)to optimize the function of pancreatic enzymes

Question 75

Which statement does NOT describe control of pancreatic secretion

A)Gastrin stimulates release of neutralization solution.
B)CCK stimulates release of enzymes.
C)Secretin stimulates release of bicarbonate.
D)A small secretion occurs during the cephalic phase of digestion.

Question 76

Which of the following is the action of bile

A)distention of the stomach
B)release of gastrin
C)carbohydrate digestion in the stomach
D)fat digestion in the duodenum

Question 77

Which of these actions is NOT performed by the liver

A)metabolic processing of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
B)secretion of proteolytic digestive enzymes
C)detoxification and/or degradation of body wastes, hormones, drugs, and foreign compounds
D)synthesis of plasma proteins essential to the clotting process

Question 78

Which of these statements does NOT concern segmentation in the small intestine

A)It is the primary means of motility in the small intestine during digestion of a meal.
B)It is both mixing and propulsive.
C)It refers to sequential ringlike contractions that sweep downward, creating a stripping motion that pushes chyme forward.
D)It occurs at regular intervals.

Question 79

Which of these substances is NOT a component of pancreatic juice

A)amylase
B)gastrin
C)chymotrypsinogen
D)trypsinogen

Question 80

What is the major stimulus for secretion of secretin

A)the sight and aroma of food
B)entry of a bolus into the oesophagus
C)distension of the stomach
D)entry of acid chyme into the small intestine