Deck 4: Properties of Drugs

Question 1

________________ in the blood would likely reduce the amount of drug available to act in target sites,such as the brain.

A) Absorption
B) Nonspecific binding
C) Active transport mechanisms
D) Pathogens

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The steps in pharmacokinetics normally occur in what sequence?

A) Absoprtion, metabolism, elimination, distribution
B) Distribution, elimination, metabolism, absorption
C) Elimination, distribution, metabolism, absorption
D) Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The most important criteria below for a drug that may act in the brain is:

A) able to alter neurotransmission.
B) highly potent.
C) administered orally.
D) crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

______________ is the process of converting a drug into one or more metabolites.

A) Nonspecific binding
B) Distribution
C) Active transport
D) Biotransformation

Question 5

The process of ____________ refers to the passage of a drug from the site of administration to the bloodstream.

A) distribution
B) absorption
C) metabolism
D) elimination

Question 6

If a pharmacologist needed to develop a drug with a rapid absorption time,which if the following routes might she choose?

A) Intramuscular
B) Oral
C) Inhalation
D) Sublingual

Question 7

The process of drug molecules separating from the pill or solution it was delivered in is called:

A) pKa.
B) administration
C) liberation.
D) passive diffusion.

Question 8

A disease that caused astrocytes to degenerate would likely:

A) allow pathogens normally blocked by the blood-brain barrier to enter the brain.
B) increase the activity of active transport mechanisms.
C) cause blood vessels to dilate, increasing cerebral blood flow.
D) cause endothelial cells to fit more tightly together.

Question 9

If Drug Y passively diffused more effectively than Drug Z in a local environment with a pH of 3,what should be concluded?

A) Drug Y produced more ionized molecules than Drug Z
B) The administration route for Drug Y was more effective than Drug Z.
C) The pKa value of Drug Y was closer to 3 than the pKa of Drug Z.
D) The local environment had a large surface area

Question 10

The surface area of a membrane can:

A) impact the amount of drug absorbed through passive diffusion.
B) change the pKa of a drug.
C) can alter the local pH.
D) can be calculated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.

Question 11

Passive diffusion is most effective for _____________ drug molecules.

A) small
B) quickly metabolized
C) inhaled
D) non-ionized

Question 12

An administration route preferred by patients and easy to administer is:

A) intramuscular.
B) subcutaneous.
C) intravenous.
D) oral.

Question 13

If a drug is found in the brain but does not possess the properties needed for passive diffusion through the blood-brain barrier then a researcher should conclude:

A) the drug entered the brain through active transport mechanisms.
B) the drug is synthesized and released from cells in the brain.
C) the properties of the substance were altered by brain glial cells.
D) nonspecific binding allowed the drug to pass through the blood-brain barrier.

Question 14

Certain essential amino acids that are needed for brain function but do not have properties for passive diffusion:

A) require biotransformation before they can enter the brain.
B) are synthesized by neurons.
C) must enter the brain through active transport mechanisms.
D) are synthesized by glial cells.

Question 15

Analyzing the amount of psychoactive drug in brain tissue would allow a researcher to determine:

A) the drug's pKa.
B) the drug's active transport through the blood-brain barrier.
C) the drug's bioavailability.
D) the amount of biotransformation that took place.

Question 16

Which administration route provides the greatest drug absorption?

A) transdermal.
B) inhalation.
C) oral.
D) intravenous.

Question 17

In order to passively diffuse through the blood-brain barrier,a drug must:

A) lipid soluble, charged, and relatively small.
B) water soluble, charged, and relatively small.
C) lipid soluble, uncharged, and relatively small.
D) water soluble, uncharged, and relatively large.

Question 18

The passage of a drug from the bloodstream to sites in the body is called:

A) distribution.
B) absorption.
C) administration.
D) biotransformation

Question 19

Drug A has a pKa of 8 and Drug B has a pKa of 10.The pH of the local environment is 7.Which drug will diffuse through membranes more effectively?

A) Neither will diffuse through membranes
B) Both Drug A and B equally
C) Drug B
D) Drug A

Question 20

If a drug was present in the bloodstream but unable to cross the blood-brain barrier,then one could conclude:

A) that nonspecific binding occurred.
B) the drug could enter the brain using active transport mechanisms.
C) the drug's pKa had matched the pH of the physiological medium it was administered in.
D) the drug was not small, non-charged or lipid soluble.

Question 21

Which of the following approaches might a pharmacologist take in order to increase concentrations of a neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?

A) Develop a drug to block membrane transporters.
B) Develop a drug to increase catabolic enzyme activity.
C) Develop a drug to block calcium channels
D) Develop a drug to block postsynaptic receptors.

Question 22

A drug that is catabolized by enzymes into multiple metabolites before reaching its site of action likely:

A) functioned as a prodrug.
B) underwent Phase II biotransformation.
C) acted in a conjugation reaction.
D) underwent first-pass metabolism.

Question 23

________________ is the process by which a drug leaves the body.

A) Elimination
B) Biotransformation
C) Distribution
D) Absorption

Question 24

What effect would a drug that blocks a membrane transporter for a neurotransmitter likely have?

A) Increased synthesis of the neurotransmitter
B) Increased storage of neurotransmitters in vesicles
C) Increased levels of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
D) Increased release of the neurotransmitter

Question 25

A metabolite that has physiological effects was like produced through:

A) Phase I biotransformation.
B) Phase II biotransformation.
C) nonspecific binding.
D) passive diffusion.

Question 26

The process of _____________ consists of the attachment of a molecule onto a metabolite.

A) conjugation
B) biotransformation
C) first-pass metabolism
D) active transport

Question 27

A drug eliminated in half-lives follows:

A) first-order kinetics.
B) second-order kinetics.
C) zero-order kinetics.
D) linear kinetics.

Question 28

If a prodrug's active metabolite produced antidepressant effects,then:

A) the prodrug is also an antidepressant drug.
B) the active metabolite could be likely be directly administered as an antidepressant drug.
C) the prodrug had acted like a placebo.
D) the prodrug was unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.

Question 29

The achievement of a steady-state for a drugs implies the following except:

A) the drug's elimination rate is known.
B) the drug is eliminated by first-order kinetics.
C) the drug is administered regularly according to a set schedule.
D) the steady-state is linked to a particular level of drug effect.

Question 30

If a study participant were administered 12 μEq/L of a drug in blood.One hour later you found the concentration reduced to 11μEq/L and another hour later you found the concentration reduced to 10μEq/L.Based on these observations,you should conclude:

A) the participant had taken an additional dose of the drug.
B) the drug's elimination rate follows first-order kinetics.
C) the drug's elimination rate follows zero-order kinetics.
D) the participant is a poor metabolizer.

Question 31

If a study participant were administered 12 μEq/L of a drug in blood and the drug had a 1 hour half-life,how much drug would remain in the body after 2 hours?

A) 3 μEq/L
B) 0 μEq/L
C) 6 μEq/L
D) 2 μEq/L

Question 32

Bioavailabilty reduced specifically for drugs orally administered may be due to:

A) nonspecific binding.
B) Phase II biotransformation.
C) Phase I biotransformation.
D) first-pass metabolism.

Question 33

The drug xanazine:

A) inhibits passage of dopamine through vesicular transporters.
B) inhibits reuptake of dopamine.
C) inhibits binding of dopamine to receptors.
D) inhibits synthesis of dopamine.

Question 34

In order to know how long a drug's effects may last,a physician must determine a drug's:

A) nonspecific binding rate.
B) elimination rate.
C) biotransformation rate.
D) ideal adminstration route.

Question 35

What effect will the monoamine oxidase inhibitor moclobemide have a norepinephrine?

A) Increase norepinephrine concentrations by increasing synthesis.
B) Reduce the amount of amount of norepinephrine released into the synaptic cleft.
C) Increase norepinephrine concentrations by preventing catabolism of norepinephrine.
D) Reduce norepinephrine release by affecting exocytosis.

Question 36

Applying tetrodotoxin to a neuron prevent nerve impulses from firing by:

A) producing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
B) destroying axon terminals.
C) blocking sodium channels.
D) preventing neurotransmitter reuptake.

Question 37

Researchers discovered that a psychoactive drug's effects were entirely accounted for by its metabolites.Given this,then drug was likely:

A) eliminated by zero-order kinetics.
B) a non-active metabolite.
C) a placebo.
D) a prodrug.

Question 38

If a physician informed a patient that she was a poor metabolizer for an anxiolytic drug (drug for treating anxiety),this implies that:

A) she is not complying with the physician's instructions.
B) she has fewer enzymes capable of breaking down the drug.
C) the drug is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
D) the drug is nonspecifically binding to proteins in blood.

Question 39

A drug metabolite that is unable to cross the blood-brain barrier to its size likely underwent:

A) a polymorphism process.
B) nonspecific binding.
C) Phase I biotransformation.
D) Phase II biotransformation.

Question 40

Which of the following approaches might a pharmacologist take in order to decrease neurotransmission for a particular neurotransmitter?

A) Develop a drug to block membrane transporters.
B) Develop a drug to increase neurotransmitter synthesis.
C) Develop a drug to block postsynaptic receptors.
D) Develop a drug to block autoreceptors.

Question 41

A(n)_____________ refers to a drug that fails to activate a neurotransmitter receptor.

A) partial agonist
B) negative modulator
C) agonist
D) antagonist

Question 42

Having a drug with a high receptor affinity suggests that:

A) the drug will strongly activate the receptor.
B) the drug will outcompete drugs with lower affinities for the receptor.
C) the drug will strongly block the receptor.
D) the drug will large value for a dissociation constant.

Question 43

A noncompetitive antagonist will do all of the following except:

A) prevent a neurotransmitter from activating a receptor.
B) prevent a neurotransmitter from binding to receptor.
C) bind to a site different from the neurotransmitter binding site.
D) fail to cause a conformation change in the receptor.

Question 44

When an agonist binds to a G-protein coupled receptor:

A) a G-protein repels away neurotransmitters.
B) neurotransmitters enter the neuron.
C) no effects occur for a G-protein.
D) a G-protein becomes activated.

Question 45

A(n)_____________ refers to a drug that activates a neurotransmitter receptor.

A) antagonist
B) agonist
C) partial agonist
D) positive modulator

Question 46

A drug's strength of binding to a receptor can be determined by:

A) conducting an experiment to assess receptor efficacy.
B) conducting an experiment to determine if the drug is an allosteric modulator.
C) conducting a binding affinity experiment.
D) conducting a ternary receptor model experiment.

Question 47

A pharmacologist sought to develop a drug to act as a negative modulator.Which of the following describes the most likely outcome for the proposed drug?

A) The drug will prevent activation of G-proteins
B) The drug will block neurotransmission
C) The drug will counteract the effects of an antagonist
D) The drug will weaken, but not prevent, neurotransmission

Question 48

A drug that functions as an agonist is similar to a(n):

A) neurotransmitter.
B) receptor.
C) positive modulator.
D) positively charged ion.

Question 49

The drug entacapone inhibits the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT),which causes:

A) a decreased reuptake of dopamine.
B) an increased concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft.
C) an increased synthesis of dopamine.
D) an inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO).

Question 50

Drug A has a Kd=100,Drug B has a Kd=10,Drug C has a Kd=5,and Drug D has a Kd = 1.Which drug has a greatest affinity for a receptor?

A) Drug A
B) Drug B
C) Drug C
D) Drug D

Question 51

__________________ refers to a drug's ability to activate a receptor.

A) Binding affinity
B) Receptor efficacy
C) Dissociation constant
D) Bmax

Question 52

A positive allosteric modulator:

A) prevents neurotransmission.
B) facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter at receptors.
C) can activate receptors.
D) has a weak binding affinity for receptors.

Question 53

A ternary receptor model suggests that:

A) only ligands with a high affinity for a receptor can activate a receptor.
B) a G-protein can prevent a ligand from binding to a receptor.
C) receptor actions depend on an interaction between a ligand, receptor, and G-protein.
D) receptor efficacy only pertains to metabotropic receptors.

Question 54

The functions of an antagonist imply that:

A) the drug has a poor binding affinity for the receptor.
B) the drug will prevent a neurotransmitter from activating a receptor.
C) the drug will produce greater neurotransmitter release.
D) the neurotransmitter has a poor binding affinity for the receptor.

Question 55

A(n)_______________ is a substance that binds to site on a protein and causes a conformational change in the protein,but neither activates nor prevents activation of the protein.

A) partial agonist
B) agonist
C) antagonist
D) allosteric regulator

Question 56

The term "partial agonist" suggests that:

A) the study compound is a mixture of agonists and antagonists.
B) behavioral or physiological responses will appear weaker than those produced by a full agonist.
C) the drug bound to some receptors but not others.
D) a G-protein will only be partly activated.

Question 57

If a vesicular transporter for a neurotransmitter is blocked,then all of the following could occur except:

A) neurotransmitter synthesis will be reduced.
B) neurotransmitters escape the axon terminal.
C) neurotransmitters become catabolized by enzymes.
D) neurotransmitters concentration will increase in the synaptic cleft.

Question 58

A _______________ binds to the same site as a neurotransmitter,prevents a neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor,and fails to activate the receptor.

A) competitive antagonist
B) noncompetitive antagonist
C) partial agonist
D) negative modulator

Question 59

A drug found to bind to the NMDA receptor might be a positive allosteric modulator if:

A) some of the receptors the drug binded to became activated while others were not.
B) the drug alone caused ions to flow through the NMDA receptor channel.
C) reduced ion flow through the NMDA receptor channel occurred when glutamate was bound to the receptor with the drug present.
D) greater ion flow through the NMDA receptor occurred when glutamate was bound to the receptor with the drug present.

Question 60

__________________ refers to a drug's strength of binding to a receptor.

A) Binding affinity
B) Receptor efficacy
C) Agonism
D) Antagonism

Question 61

_____________________ is the study of neurotoxins found in our environment.

A) Environmental neurotoxicology
B) Toxicology
C) Neurotoxicology
D) Environmental pharmacology

Question 62

_____________ refers to an adaption that requires a user to take greater doses of a drug to achieve similar effects.

A) Tolerance
B) Sensitization
C) Dependence
D) Drug disposition

Question 63

A(n)_____________ has a weaker efficacy for activating receptors than a full agonist.

A) partial agonist
B) antagonist
C) positive modulator
D) competitive antagonist

Question 64

Both a competitive and noncompetitive antagonist:

A) allow partial activation of a receptor by an agonist.
B) prevent a neurotransmitter from binding to a receptor.
C) prevent the activation of a receptor.
D) have weak affinities for a receptor.

Question 65

_____________ tolerance consists of a decreased behavioral responsivess to a drug's effects.

A) Pharmacokinetic
B) Pharmacodynamic
C) Conditioned
D) Behavioral

Question 66

____________ tolerance can prevent a drug from reaching its site of action.

A) Conditioned
B) Behavioral
C) Pharmacodynamic
D) Pharmacokinetic

Question 67

The following are examples of tolerance except:

A) a physician increased the dose of a drug because a patient became unaffected by the drug.
B) an individual had to increase the amount of drug taken in order to still feel a drug high.
C) a smoker found herself tapping her finger after smoking several cigarettes.
D) a regular drinker realized that he needed to drink even more alcohol than he used to in order feel a buzz.

Question 68

Feeling physically sick after time passes since taking a chronically used drug would likely be an example of:

A) behavior tolerance.
B) sensitization.
C) a psychological withdrawal symptom.
D) a physical withdrawal symptom.

Question 69

In the study by Siegel in the textbook,_____________ tolerance likely occurred for the effects of heroin.

A) pharmacodynamic
B) conditioned
C) behavioral
D) adaptive

Question 70

The selective destruction of axons by a neurotoxin is called:

A) transmission toxicity.
B) neuronpathy.
C) myelinopathy.
D) axonopathy.

Question 71

A person needed a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms is an example of:

A) sensitization.
B) tolerance.
C) conditioning.
D) dependence.

Question 72

A drug's pKa indicates a drug's pH.

Question 73

__________ tolerance occurs when tolerance for a drug carries over to another drug with similar biological actions.

A) Conditioned
B) Behavioral
C) Cross
D) Drug dispositional

Question 74

The collection of withdrawal symptoms expected from a particular drug is referred to as:

A) dispositional tolerance.
B) a withdrawal syndrome.
C) conditioned tolerance.
D) dependence.

Question 75

Finding that someone who was dependent on the opioid heroin required high doses of opioid replacement drug methadone would serve as an example of:

A) behavioral tolerance.
B) conditioned tolerance.
C) cross tolerance.
D) pharmacodynamic tolerance.

Question 76

Finding that chronic administration of a psychostimulant reduced dopamine receptors in the brain would be an example of:

A) pharmacokinetic tolerance.
B) pharmacodynamic tolerance.
C) sensitization.
D) conditioned tolerance.

Question 77

_____________ tolerance consists of a reduced responsiveness to a drug at the drug's site of action.

A) Pharmacokinetic
B) Behavioral
C) Conditioned
D) Pharmacodynamic

Question 78

________________ tolerance occurs as a physiological response to stimuli associated with substance use,serving to elicit actions that counteract a drug's effects.

A) Pharmacokinetic
B) Physical
C) Behavioral
D) Conditioned

Question 79

Feeling depressed after time passes since taking a drug that producing rewarding effects would likely be an example of:

A) behavior tolerance.
B) sensitization.
C) a psychological withdrawal symptom.
D) a physical withdrawal symptom.

Question 80

_______________ are substances that damage or destroy parts of the nervous system.

A) Protein kinases
B) Negative modulators
C) Antagonists
D) Neurotoxins