Deck 6: Psychostimulants

Question 1

Which psychostimulant drug is derived from that?

A) Cathinone
B) Pseudoephedrine
C) Amphetamine
D) Cocaine

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The salt form of cocaine is preferred for those wish to:

A) snort cocaine.
B) smoker cocaine.
C) use crack cocaine.
D) use coca paste.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

If a pharmacologist wanted to develop a drug with closely similar effects as amphetamine,she would likely:

A) determine which plants produce amphetamine.
B) find a compound that does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
C) develop any type of psychostimulant drug.
D) develop a compound with a chemical structure similar to amphetamine.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

All of the following are pharmacological treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder except:

A) methamphetamine.
B) methylphenidate.
C) amphetamine.
D) pseudoephedrine.

Question 5

Amphetamines represent a class of psychostimulant drugs that:

A) include cocaine and methylphenidate.
B) worsen symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C) produce a diverse series of effects, including depressant effects.
D) share a similar chemical structure.

Question 6

Why are psychostimulant drugs also referred to as sympathomimetics?

A) They increase the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
B) They invoke feelings of sympathy.
C) They produce rewarding effects.
D) They increase the activity of mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

Question 7

All of the following are steps in the production of cocaine except:

A) the salt form of cocaine is typically packaged and shipped because it can be easily smoked.
B) coca leaves are broken down into a coca paste.
C) the base from of cocaine is processed into the salt form in crystal labs.
D) crack cocaine is made by converting the salt form of cocaine in a base form.

Question 8

The term sympathomimetic implies:

A) a drug produces sympathy.
B) that a drug produces mind altering effects.
C) that a drug activates the sympathetic nervous system.
D) that a drug activates mesolimbic dopamine neurons.

Question 9

If a physician needed to increase autonomic nervous system activity,she might administer a:

A) muscle-relaxing drug.
B) psychotomimetic drug.
C) psychoactive drug.
D) sympathomimetic drug.

Question 10

Recently,users have abused synthetic cathinones in the form of:

A) catha edulis.
B) ephedra.
C) kiddie coke.
D) bath salts.

Question 11

A recreational user would likely not prefer to orally administer a psychostimulant because:

A) onset of drug effects take longer compared to other administration routes.
B) oral forms of drugs are usually prescribed, making them harder to obtain.
C) other components in tablet for a drug reduce passage through the blood-brain barrier.
D) the drug absorbs to quickly, limiting the duration of a drug high.

Question 12

The term freebase means:

A) to separate a salt molecule from a compound.
B) administering a drug through a hypodermic needle.
C) to transport an illegal substance.
D) to harvest plants used to produce an illegal substance.

Question 13

Sigmund Freud's reason for requesting a supply of cocaine from Merck was to:

A) study the compound in hopes of making a significant scientific achievement.
B) use on patients for studying the subconscious mind.
C) help his friend Dr. Von Fleisch-Marxow.
D) entirely enjoy the drug's effects.

Question 14

A racemic form of a drug consists of:

A) the freebase form of a drug.
B) a 3 :1 ratio of one isomer compared to another.
C) a drug that is quickly absorbed and distributed due to pharmacokinetic effects.
D) a mixture of both d and l optical isomers.

Question 15

Given that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are found in Ephedra sinica,consuming this plant likely:

A) produce methamphetamine as an active metabolite.
B) will inhibit sympathetic nervous system activity.
C) produces stimulant effects.
D) will produce no effects unless processed into methamphetamine.

Question 16

The most likely reason for administering a psychostimulant drug through an intravenous injection is:

A) to quickly experience the drug's reinforcing effects.
B) to reduce the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C) to reduce hunger for the treatment of weight loss.
D) due to the drug failing to absorb through other administration routes.

Question 17

The first amphetamines were derived from:

A) cocaine.
B) Ephedra sinica.
C) methamphetamine.
D) Catha edulis.

Question 18

Methylphenidate is primarily used for the treatment of:

A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) drug addiction.
C) schizophrenia.
D) obesity.

Question 19

The finding that amphetamines share a similar structure suggests that:

A) they all have equal potency.
B) they all derive from Ephedra sinica.
C) they likely produce psychostimulant effects.
D) amphetamines are produced naturally in the environment.

Question 20

Common routes for using a psychostimulant drug recreationally consist of all of the following except:

A) inhalation.
B) insufflations.
C) intravenous.
D) oral.

Question 21

Why might someone have levels of both methamphetamine and amphetamine in his body?

A) The methyl chemical group breaks off of the amphetamine molecule if the freebase form of methamphetamine is smoked.
B) He took methamphetamine and some of the molecules were biotransformed into amphetamine.
C) The similarity between both compounds causes analytical tests to report both substances, when in fact, only of the compounds was administered.
D) Chewing lime improves oral absorption of methamphetamine in the mouth but also converts some of the molecules to amphetamine.

Question 22

At dopamine axon terminals,amphetamines cause:

A) increased dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.
B) depleted dopamine levels through increased catabolism.
C) improved storage of dopamine through vesicular transporters.
D) increased reuptake through dopamine membrane transporters.

Question 23

Why are synaptic vesicles less effective in storing dopamine after amphetamine administration?

A) Amphetamine displaces dopamine from vesicles.
B) Amphetamine blocks vesicular transporters.
C) Amphetamine inhibits dopamine synthesis, causing less dopamine available for storage.
D) Amphetamine destroys synaptic vesicles.

Question 24

Cocaethylene is produced as an active metabolite of:

A) Cocaine and xylene.
B) Methamphetamine and cocaine.
C) Alcohol and cocaine.
D) Methylphenidate and cocaine.

Question 25

Methylphenidate increases dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft by:

A) increasing dopamine synthesis.
B) activating dopamine receptors.
C) inhibiting dopamine membrane transporters.
D) inhibiting monoamine oxidase.

Question 26

Amphetamine causes a greater activation of dopamine receptors.How does this occur?

A) Amphetamine is an agonist for dopamine receptors.
B) Amphetamine is a positive modulator for dopamine receptors.
C) Amphetamine improves dopamine transport through vesicular transporters.
D) Amphetamine increases dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.

Question 27

Why do some users use cocaine while consuming alcohol?

A) Cocaine dampens the depressant effects of alcohol, allowing the stimulant effects of alcohol to become more prominent.
B) Alcohol slows the biotransformation of cocaine, prolonging cocaine's effects.
C) Alcohol improves the absorption of cocaine.
D) The combination produces greater rewarding effects than using either compound alone would have produced.

Question 28

Based on the types of active metabolites normally produced from biotransformation of psychostimulant drugs,active metabolites:

A) are most likely to produce toxic effects to organs.
B) tend to prolong psychostimulant effects.
C) slow down distribution of the drug.
D) inhibit passage of the parent drug through the blood-brain barrier.

Question 29

Amphetamine might be preferred to methyphenidate for treating ADHD in school-age children because:

A) amphetamine has a longer half-life, precluding the need of taking the drug to school.
B) amphetamine is less addictive than methylphenidate, preventing the likelihood of theft.
C) methylphenidate is known as kiddie coke, indicating that children could become high from their medication.
D) amphetamine is more effective for treating ADHD.

Question 30

All of the following are effects of amphetamine on dopamine neurotransmission except:

A) displacement of dopamine from synaptic vesicles.
B) inhibition of monoamine oxidase.
C) reversed direction of dopamine transporters.
D) increased dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.

Question 31

Reversing the direction of the dopamine membrane transporter will cause:

A) dopamine to be retrogradely transporter to the neuron's soma.
B) dopamine to be pushed away from the synaptic cleft.
C) increased storage of dopamine in synaptic vesicles.
D) unstored dopamine in the axon terminal to be expelled into the synaptic cleft.

Question 32

Smoking the "crystal" or "crack" form of a psychostimulant can be harmful because:

A) the drug's isomer changes making it far more addictive.
B) producing these forms leads to harmful byproducts.
C) smoke adheres to the skin, prolonging the effects of the drug.
D) biotransformation produces active metabolites that have toxic effects.

Question 33

Amphetamine's effects on neurotransmission occur for the following neurotransmitters except:

A) acetylcholine.
B) dopamine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) serotonin.

Question 34

For chewing coca leaves,why might inhabitants of coca plant regions also place lime in their mouths?

A) They found that the effects of the leaf were greater when they did this.
B) Lime dramatically improved the taste of the coca leaves.
C) Lime produces effects similar to cocaine, thus adding to the effects.
D) The leaf dissolved in the mouth better, improving its texture.

Question 35

Which of the following compounds has the shortest half-life?

A) Amphetamine
B) Cocaine
C) Methamphetamine
D) Methylphenidate

Question 36

Since cocaine's half-life is 10-fold shorter than amphetamine,we can conclude:

A) that cocaine's drug effects are greater than amphetamine.
B) that cocaine's drug effects are shorter lasting that amphetamine.
C) that amphetamine must have active metabolites to prolong its effects.
D) that the drug molecule for cocaine is much smaller than amphetamine, accounting for the quicker rate of elimination.

Question 37

Polydrug use refers to:

A) the use of drugs that produce active metabolites.
B) the use of multiple substances.
C) using the same substance through multiple administration routes.
D) taking a much larger dose of a drug than usual.

Question 38

Cathinone and synthetic cathinones inhibit the reuptake of:

A) dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine
B) dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
C) serotonin, melatonin, and norepinephrine
D) norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin

Question 39

Why might an addiction to cocaine develop more readily from smoking cocaine compared to other administration routes?

A) The drug is cheaper and therefore will be used more often.
B) The time for onset is shorter compared to other routes.
C) Smoked by products enhance a cocaine's psychostimulant effects.
D) Biotransformation of freebase cocaine produces active metabolite that enhances cocaine's effects.

Question 40

Methylecgonidine is produced from:

A) consuming cocaine and alcohol.
B) the clandestine production process of freebase cocaine.
C) adding lime when chewing coca leaves.
D) smoking bath salts.

Question 41

If a person began speaking faster soon after taking a psychostimulant drug,this would serve as an example of:

A) a psychostimulant's effects on purposeful behavior.
B) a psychostimulant's ability to cause delusion behavior.
C) agitation produced by psychostimulants.
D) a psychostimulant's abilty to cause stereotypy.

Question 42

One of the ways that cocaine increases levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft is:

A) inhibiting monoamine oxidase.
B) by blocking the dopamine membrane transporter.
C) blocking dopamine autoreceptors.
D) by stimulating dopamine synthesis.

Question 43

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)is:

A) increases psychostimulant effects with administered with cocaine or amphetamine.
B) promotes the activation of the neural growth factor BDNF.
C) is a gene transcript factor.
D) a peptide neurotransmitter produced after psychostimulant administration.

Question 44

_________________ might explain why a psychostimulant reduces hyperactivity in ADHD,while a similar dose can increase behavioral activity in someone without ADHD.

A) Baseline-behavioral effects
B) Mood-stabilizing effects
C) Stereotypy
D) Rate-dependent effects

Question 45

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)has all of the following functions or effects except:

A) produces psychostimulant effects.
B) counteracts effects produced by a psychostimulant.
C) elevates dopamine levels.
D) decreases locomotor activity.

Question 46

Why does Ephedra appear to be an effective herbal remedy for a cold?

A) It contains antihistamines.
B) It contains psychostimulants.
C) It soothes the throat.
D) It dilates blood vessels

Question 47

What action does cocaethylene have on dopamine neurotransmitter?

A) Inhibits dopamine reuptake through membrane transporters
B) Is an agonist for dopamine receptors
C) Inhibits dopamine reuptake through vesicular transporters
D) Inhibits monoamine oxidase

Question 48

Fen-phen was a weight loss strategy consisting of drugs:

A) fenfluramine and phentermine.
B) fluoxetine and pseudoephedrine.
C) ephedrine and phenylalanine.
D) amphetamine and methylphenidate.

Question 49

Psychostimulants reduce nasal congestion by:

A) impairing the autonomic nervous system.
B) causing dehydration, which reduces mucus production.
C) constricting swollen blood vessels in the sinuses and nasal passages.
D) preventing an allergic reaction from occurring.

Question 50

Which of the following would most likely explain a situation where amphetamine did not increase dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft?

A) Another compound has blocked nerve impulses.
B) Another compound is inhibiting monoamine oxidase.
C) Dopamine receptors are bound by another compound acting as an agonist.
D) Dopamine stores are depleted due to earlier administration of a different compound.

Question 51

Appetite-supressing drugs are called:

A) anxiolytics.
B) anorectics.
C) angiotensics.
D) antipsychotics.

Question 52

Finding that a psychostimulant increases low rate of behavior,while decreasing a high rate of behavior would serve as an example of:

A) punding.
B) purposeless behavior
C) stereotypy.
D) rate-dependent effects.

Question 53

A large pool of stored dopamine molecules in an axon terminal as a result of cocaine administration will:

A) all be catabolized by monoamine oxidase.
B) enter the synaptic cleft through dopamine membrane transporters.
C) be graded and reused for dopamine synthesis.
D) allow a greater release of dopamine when the neuron is stimulated.

Question 54

A drug that causes an increase in dopamine in the hypothalamus is likely to:

A) cause rewarding effects.
B) reduce appetite.
C) reduce pain.
D) increase salivation.

Question 55

Psychostimulants increase the rate of non-goal directed behavior,also referred to as:

A) rate-dependent behavior
B) purposeless behavior.
C) euphoria.
D) anxiolytic effects.

Question 56

Based on the actions of cocaine,one might infer that a toxin that suddenly destroyed synaptic vesicle walls would:

A) also cause the destruction of dopamine.
B) cause an increase in dopamine levels in the synaptic cleft.
C) cause all dopamine to be degraded by monoamine oxidase.
D) cause a decrease in further dopamine synthesis.

Question 57

The anorectic effects of psychostimulants make them effective for:

A) nasal congestion.
B) weight loss.
C) increasing heart rate.
D) reducing thirst.

Question 58

All of the following are physiological effects from psychostimulant administration except:

A) decreased body temperature.
B) increased heart rate.
C) tooth decay.
D) inhibited digestion.

Question 59

By increasing the flow of dopamine through vesicular transporters,cocaine:

A) causes more dopamine to be stored in vesicles.
B) causes greater levels of stored dopamine in the axon terminal.
C) causes fewer dopamine molecules to pass through the dopamine membrane transporter.
D) decreases the synthesis of dopamine molecules.

Question 60

The actions that cocaine has on dopamine neurotransmission consists of:

A) agonist actions at dopamine receptors and blockade of dopamine membrane transporters.
B) inhibition of dopamine passage through vesicular transporters and inhibition of COMT.
C) increase of dopamine passage through vesicular transporters and blockade of dopamine membrane transporters.
D) inhibition of dopamine synthesis and blockade of dopamine membrane transporters.

Question 61

Tooth decay from methamphetamine use is caused by all of the following except:

A) damage to gums from inhaled chemicals.
B) preferential for sugary drinks.
C) accumulation of methamphetamine on teeth.
D) reduced saliva.

Question 62

The drug modafinil treats psychostimulant addiction by:

A) inhibiting dopamine β-hydroxylase.
B) by serving as an antagonist at dopamine receptors to counteract increases in dopamine release.
C) preventing psychostimulants from crossing the blood-brain barrier.
D) serving as a replacement drug through elevating dopamine levels.

Question 63

Experimental vaccines for psychostimulant addiction:

A) prevent absorption of psychostimulant drugs.
B) prevent psychostimulants from blocking dopamine membrane transporters.
C) prevent a psychostimulant from crossing the blood-brain barrier.
D) catabolize psychostimulant drugs.

Question 64

All of the following are likely subjective effects from high doses of a psychostimulant except:

A) a "rush."
B) increased motor activity.
C) euphoria.
D) agitation.

Question 65

Activation of which type of receptors appears most important for the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants?

A) Cholinergic receptors
B) Serotonin receptors
C) Dopamine receptors
D) Noradrenergic receptors

Question 66

Increased energy,alertness,and a sense of well-being produced by a psychostimulant are all examples of:

A) subjective effects.
B) rate-dependent effects.
C) purposeful behavior.
D) stereotypy.

Question 67

Methamphetamine reduces saliva production by:

A) activating the sympathetic nervous system.
B) blocking glands that secrete saliva.
C) increasing bloodflow to the mouth.
D) acting in the hypothalamus to reduce thirst.

Question 68

What effect would a drug that inhibits dopamine β-hydroxylase likely have if combined with cocaine?

A) Cocaine would be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier.
B) The psychostimulant effects of cocaine would be reduced.
C) Greater effects associated with dopamine, such as paranoia.
D) Greater norepinephrine levels would increase agitation produced by cocaine.

Question 69

A psychostimulant drug causing teeth grinding,skin picking,or nail biting in humans would serve as an example of:

A) punding.
B) stereotypy.
C) purposeful behavior.
D) psychosis.

Question 70

All of the following are examples of behavioral effects from low doses of a psychostimulant except:

A) increased speed of talking.
B) increased speed of a completing a task.
C) increased motor activity.
D) increased paranoid behavior.

Question 71

The drug disulfiram:

A) produces psychostimulant effects.
B) stimulates production of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide.
C) inhibits dopamine β-hydroxylase.
D) enhance psychostimulant-induced dopamine release from axon terminals.

Question 72

A psychostimulant-induced increase in behaviors like gnawing,turning in circles,and grooming in rodents would serve as an example of:

A) purposeful behavior.
B) stereotypy.
C) punding.
D) rate-dependent.

Question 73

A user may not be able to achieve the same high after long term use compared to when he started using the drug due to:

A) cross tolerance.
B) behavioral tolerance.
C) pharmacokinetic tolerance.
D) pharmacodynamic tolerance.

Question 74

All of the following are related except:

A) purposeless behavior.
B) stereotypy.
C) rate-dependent effects.
D) punding.

Question 75

Tactile hallucinations caused by psychostimulants is called:

A) punding.
B) formication.
C) stereotypy.
D) haptic hallucinations.

Question 76

During chronic treatment with abused psychostimulant drugs,sensitization occurs for:

A) purposeless behavior.
B) purproseful behavior.
C) goal-directed behavior.
D) sympathetic nervous system effects.

Question 77

A low dose of a psychostimulant drug is more likely to:

A) cause a rush.
B) be used instrumentally for a medical purpose.
C) increase purposeless behavior.
D) severly constrict blood vessels.

Question 78

All of the following are likely subjective effects from low doses of a psychostimulant except:

A) reduced fatigue
B) increased alertness
C) anxiousness
D) improved send of well-being

Question 79

Paranoia,agitation,and auditory hallucinations produced by psychostimulants is referred to as:

A) stereotypy.
B) schizohprenia.
C) formication.
D) psychostimulant-induced psychosis.

Question 80

Symptoms of psychosis more likely to occur from psychostimulant use than schizophrenia include the following except:

A) olfactory hallucinations.
B) auditory hallucinations.
C) visual hallucinations.
D) tactile hallucinations.