Deck 8: Alcohol

Question 1

Given that limits of alcohol production through fermentation,an alcohol drink with 50% alcohol must have been produced through:

A) increasing the volume of water adding to the fermentation process.
B) using a fortified yeast to increase the production of alcohol.
C) using a distillation process to concentrate alcohol produced from fermentation.
D) adding fresh yeast to continue the production of alcohol.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The smallest amount of alcohol consumed in the world is found which region?

A) North America.
B) Europe.
C) Russian Federation.
D) the Middle East.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

About one pint of a 16 oz U.S.domestic beer is equivalent to:

A) 100 proof.
B) 15% alcohol.
C) a standard drink.
D) 50g of alcohol in 100 ml solution.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

If 25 g of alcohol were found in a 100ml solution,what percentage of alcohol would the percentage have?

A) 25%
B) 12.5%
C) 0.25%
D) 2500%

Question 5

If a 100ml solution contained 50% alcohol,how many grams of alcohol are found in the solution?

A) 5000 g
B) 500 g
C) 0.5 g
D) 50 g

Question 6

The process of producing alcohol using yeast and some type of starch such as grain or fruit is called:

A) fermentation.
B) distillation.
C) alcohol by volume.
D) biotransformation.

Question 7

If you were told that full standard shot glass (1 ½ ounce)contained one standard drink,you would conclude:

A) there is not enough information to answer this question.
B) the drink has approximately 25% alcohol.
C) the drink has approximately 100% alcohol.
D) the drink has approximately 50% alcohol.

Question 8

Distillation provides a means of:

A) making alcohol up to a 15 percent concentration.
B) making alcohol without using yeast at any stage of the process.
C) bypassing a fermentation process completely.
D) going beyond the limits of alcohol production from fermenting.

Question 9

The 21st Amendment:

A) became the Controlled Substance Act.
B) repealed the 18th Amendment.
C) banned the distribution and sale of alcohol.
D) allowed for the use of alcohol for medical purposes.

Question 10

If an alcoholic drink were shown to be 80 proof,what is the percentage of alcohol?

A) 80%
B) 40%
C) 160%
D) 120%

Question 11

While not the form of alcohol used as a beverage,why might someone unintentionally be exposed methanol?

A) Alcoholic beverage producers are not required to test for methanol, which may be accidentally synthesized during the production process.
B) Methanol is known to contaminate drinking water.
C) He drank poorly distilled alcohol, which contained amounts of methanol.
D) He was having a massage and rubbing alcohol was used.

Question 12

Beverage alcohol is:

A) ethanol.
B) methanol.
C) isopranol.
D) ethylene.

Question 13

If a 100ml solution contained 50% alcohol,what is the proof of the solution?

A) 100 proof
B) 50 proof
C) 25 proof
D) Cannot be determined from the information provided.

Question 14

The National Prohibition Act became the:

A) 18th Amendment.
B) Controlled Substances Act.
C) basis for the Harrison Narcotics Act.
D) 21st Amendment.

Question 15

A brewed tea that contains alcohol is called:

A) kumbucha.
B) malt liquor.
C) beer.
D) wine.

Question 16

A value that represents twice the percentage of alcohol in a drink is called:

A) percentage alcohol.
B) alcohol by volume.
C) proof of alcohol.
D) concentration of alcohol.

Question 17

Beer and wine are made through the process of:

A) titration.
B) distillation.
C) perculation.
D) fermentation.

Question 18

A process that separates alcohol from a fermented mixture in order to provide a concentrated alcohol solution is called:

A) fermentation.
B) osmosis.
C) filtration.
D) distillation.

Question 19

The 18th Amendment:

A) banned the sale and distribution of alcohol.
B) banned possession of alcohol.
C) created a tax making alcohol cost prohibitive to purchase.
D) eliminated the ban on the production of alcohol.

Question 20

An alcoholic beverage,usually with 12-15 percent alcohol content,made through fermentation of fruit is called:

A) wine.
B) beer.
C) malt liquor.
D) brandy.

Question 21

Alcohol is mostly catabolized by the enzyme:

A) aldehyde dehydrogenase.
B) acetaldehyde.
C) dopamine-beta-dehydroxylase.
D) alcohol dehydrogenase.

Question 22

Why does a breathalyzer accurately measure alcohol concentration in blood?

A) Due to zero-order kinetics, but only for light or moderate alcohol use.
B) Exactly 5% of alcohol is eliminated from the lungs and the ratio to blood is known.
C) The exact concentration of alcohol needed to saturate alcohol dehydronase enzymes is known.
D) Alcohol users typically smoke tobacco while drinking, and the nicotine elimination rate is known.

Question 23

The following structures are highly related to alcohol's central nervous system depressant effects except:

A) corpus callosum
B) thalamus.
C) hippocampus.
D) cerebral cortex.

Question 24

Metabolic processes following the consumption of alcohol that cause a build of acetaldehyde are likely to:

A) enhance the effects of alcohol.
B) produce depressant effects.
C) cause noxious affects.
D) inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase activity.

Question 25

The order of products produced during the metabolic process for alcohol consists of:

A) acetic acid, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide.
B) acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, acetic acid.
C) acetaldehyde, acetate, water.
D) acetate, acetaldehyde, aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Question 26

How much alcohol is eliminated from the body per hour?

A) 100 to 140 ml
B) 0 to 4 mL
C) 10 to 14 mL
D) 1.4 to 2.8 mL

Question 27

Alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes are found in the:

A) stomach and brain.
B) liver and stomach.
C) kidneys and liver.
D) brain and liver.

Question 28

Why might someone experience weaker effects from alcohol with a full stomach?

A) People consume less alcohol on a full stomach than on an empty stomach.
B) Alcohol soaks into food in the stomach, preventing alcohol absorption.
C) There is longer exposure to alcohol dehydregenase enzymes.
D) Thiamine in food prevents the transportation of alcohol through intestinal walls.

Question 29

Based on pharmacokinetic issues,women may be more affected by alcohol due to:

A) slower buildup of acetic acid.
B) fewer aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes.
C) fewer alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes in the brain.
D) less alcohol catabolism occurring in the stomach.

Question 30

Alcohol binds to:

A) GABAA receptors.
B) GABAB receptors
C) GABAC receptors
D) metabotropic GABA receptors.

Question 31

During what circumstances might alcohol be eliminated in half-lives?

A) When alcohol is consumed on a light stomach.
B) When alcohol is consumed on a full stomach.
C) Ligh consumption of alcohol.
D) Heavy consumption of alcohol.

Question 32

If alcohol is administered near a neuron with GABAA receptors:

A) alcohol will cause a down regulation GABAA receptors.
B) the activity of the neuron will be increased.
C) alcohol will have no effect on the neuron.
D) the activity of the neuron will be reduced.

Question 33

Blood alcohol concentration indicates the:

A) number of grams of alcohol per 100 mL of blood.
B) proof of an alcoholic beverage consumed.
C) percentage of alcohol consumed per unit of time.
D) amount of alcohol that has accumulated in a particular organ, such as the liver.

Question 34

Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase would be expected to:

A) cause a build up of acetaldehyde.
B) prolong the effects of alcohol.
C) increase the rate of alcohol elimination.
D) inhibit alcohol absorption.

Question 35

Alcohol acts as a ________________ for GABAA receptors.

A) positive modulator
B) agonist
C) antagonist
D) negative modulator

Question 36

If someone blew a BAC of 0.08,how many grams of alcohol would be found in 100 ml of blood?

A) 80 mg
B) 8 g
C) 80 g
D) 0.8 g

Question 37

Why might a heavy alcohol user become thiamine deficient?

A) Alcohol is a catabolic enzyme for thiamine.
B) Alcohol inhibits the transportation of thiamine through intestinal walls.
C) Alcohol damages the intestine limiting absorption of a wide variety of nutrients, including thiamine.
D) Heavy alcohol users prefer sugary foods that are low in thiamine.

Question 38

Inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase would be expected to cause an increased amount of:

A) alcohol.
B) acetaldehyde.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) acetic acid.

Question 39

A genetic polymorphism that more causes lower activity of aldehyde dehyrdogenase are likely to:

A) also have inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase enzymes.
B) have longer effects produced by alcohol.
C) experience greater effects from acetaldehyde.
D) be more affected by acetic acid.

Question 40

Which of the following blood alcohol concentrations is most likely from consuming a single drink?

A) 1.0
B) 0.08
C) 0.01
D) 0.8

Question 41

Alcohol may affect the endocannabinoid system by:

A) having direct actions on tetrahydrocannabinol.
B) acting on the CB₂ cannabinoid receptor.
C) acting on the CB₁ cannabinoid receptor.
D) limiting tetrahydrocannabinol absorption through the intestines.

Question 42

If you were to develop a drug for alcohol addiction by targeting alcohol's actions on the glutamate neurotransmitter system,which of the following would be a viable development strategy?

A) Develop an agonist for NMDA receptors.
B) Develop an antagonist for NMDA receptors.
C) Develop a positive modulator for NMDA receptors.
D) Develop a negative modulator for NMDA receptors.

Question 43

If chronic alcohol use diminishes SK2 channel function,how does alcohol produce inhibitory effects on NMDA receptors?

A) Alcohol continues to inhibit ion flow through NMDA receptors.
B) SK2 channels facilitate NMDA receptor function, which is counteracted by alcohol.
C) Alcohol inhibits Ca+ influx into neurons containing NMDA receptors.
D) Thiamine deficiency reduces neuronal activity through a different mechanism.

Question 44

By inhibiting calcium channels,what effect does alcohol have a neurotransmission?

A) Inhibits release of neurotransmitters from vesicles.
B) Prevents excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
C) Prevents neurotransmitter reupake.
D) Inhibits transportation of neurotransmitters through synaptic vesicular transporters.

Question 45

All of the following occur for GABA neurons from chronic alcohol administration except:

A) the density of GABAA receptors is reduced.
B) GABAA receptors become less affected by alcohol.
C) dopamine becomes more effective for inhibiting GABA neurons.
D) minimal changes in endorphin levels, disinhibiting GABA neuron activity.

Question 46

Alcohol indirect inhibition of vasopressin may lead to the following effects except:

A) increased urination.
B) increased body temperature.
C) impaired cognition.
D) lower blood pressure.

Question 47

What effect does chronic alcohol administration have on NMDA receptors?

A) NMDA receptors no longer bind to glutamate.
B) Alcohol decreases the flow of ions through NMDA receptors.
C) Alcohol causes an upregulation of NMDA receptors.
D) Alcohol depletes extracellular levels of cations, leading to reduced excitatory effects from NMDA receptor activation.

Question 48

Alcohol increases serotonin concentrations in the:

A) ventral tegmental area.
B) nucleus accumens.
C) thalamus.
D) cingulate cortex.

Question 49

As with GABAA receptors,alcohol binds ______________ to NMDA receptors.

A) weakly
B) noncompetitively
C) selectively
D) irreversibly

Question 50

By serving as a positive modulator for GABAA receptors,alcohol has all of the following actions except:

A) Binds to a site different from the site that GABA binds to.
B) Increases the length of GABAA receptor activation.
C) Increase the flow of chloride ions into the neuron.
D) Prevents downregulation of GABAA receptors.

Question 51

The following effects occur by alcohol via the 5-HT₃ receptor except:

A) greater serotonin levels leading to activation of 5-HT₃ receptors.
B) greater flow of ions through the 5-HT₃ receptor channel.
C) increased SK2 channel activation.
D) increased dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens

Question 52

All of the following actions mediate the reinforcing effects of alcohol except:

A) facilitating GABAA receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens.
B) activating GABAA receptors located on GABA neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
C) decreasing inhibition for mesolimbic dopamine neurons.
D) decreasing β-endorphin levels in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 53

Which of the following mechanisms can produce reinforcing effects?

A) Inhibiting dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.
B) Blocking GABAA receptors in the ventral tegmental area.
C) Activating GABAA receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
D) Increasing GABA release from neurons terminating in the ventral tegmental area.

Question 54

Alcohol produces inhibitory effects via NMDA receptors by:

A) preventing glutamate from binding to NMDA receptors.
B) preventing glutamate absorption through transporters in the intestine.
C) serving as a positive modulator of NMDA receptors.
D) reducing excitatory effects from NMDA receptor activation.

Question 55

Alcohol binds noncompetitively to NMDA receptors meaning:

A) glutamate displaces alcohol from NMDA receptors due to glutamate's stronger binding affinity.
B) alcohol does not prevent glutamate from binding to NMDA receptors.
C) few alcohol molecules are available for binding to NMDA receptors after alcohol binds to GABAA receptors.
D) alcohol binds to NMDA receptor but causes no effects.

Question 56

The actions of alcohol on GABA neurons that make contact with dopamine neurons in the ventral tegemental area could be described as:

A) putting on the brakes and taking off the accelerator.
B) taking off the brake while pressing the accelerator.
C) putting on the brakes and pressing on the accelerator.
D) taking off the brake and taking off the accelerator.

Question 57

If chronic alcohol consumption is associated with greater levels of NMDA receptors,what will likely happen if alcohol use abruptly stops?

A) Greater excitatory effects will occur for neurons with NMDA receptors.
B) Global levels of glutamate will be depleted.
C) The flow of positively charged ions through NMDA receptors will be reduced.
D) Neurons with NMDA receptors will return to a normal state of activity.

Question 58

The actions of alcohol at glutamate NMDA receptors consist of:

A) inhibiting the flow of ions through the NMDA receptor channel.
B) increasing the flow of negatively charged ions while decreasing the flow of positively charged ions.
C) preventing glutamate from binding to the NMDA receptor.
D) binding to a site within the NMDA receptor channel.

Question 59

Which calcium channel does alcohol act on?

A) L
B) N
C) P
D) R

Question 60

By inhibiting SK2 channels,chronic alcohol use:

A) reduces the risk of excitotoxicity if alcohol is withdrawn.
B) leads to decreased excitatory postsynaptic potentials.
C) leads to a down regulation of NMDA receptors.
D) promotes greater NMDA receptor activity if alcohol is withdrawn.

Question 61

Finding that a person was slurring her voice after several high-alcohol content drinks,but later appearing to sober up despite having the same concentration of alcohol in both would be an example of:

A) pharmacokinetic tolerance.
B) blackout.
C) acute tolerance.
D) behavioral tolerance to alcohol.

Question 62

Disulfiram produces unpleasant effects when alcohol is consumed,because it:

A) it creates greater concentrations of acetic acid.
B) it prevents the break down of alcohol.
C) it causes a build up of acetaldehyde.
D) blocks opioid receptors.

Question 63

Heavy drinking during a short period of time that exceeds definition for binge drinking is called:

A) extreme drinking.
B) tremendous drinking.
C) double binge drinking.
D) perpetual drinking.

Question 64

An urge to consume more alcohol after consuming one of two drinks is called:

A) hormesis.
B) alcohol craving.
C) alcohol priming.
D) impulsivity.

Question 65

Pharmacological treatments for alcohol addiction attempt to reduce alcohol intakeby any of the following except:

A) preventing absorption of alcohol.
B) producing aversive effects when alcohol is consumed.
C) weakening the reinforcing effects of alcohol.
D) reducing cravings for alcohol.

Question 66

An increased seizure risk from repeated withdrawals from chronic alcohol use is called:

A) kindling.
B) alcohol poisoning.
C) Type I alcohol addiction.
D) alcohol epilepsy.

Question 67

Damage to the heart caused by chronic heavy alcohol use is called:

A) alcohol poisoning.
B) alcoholic arrhythmias.
C) alcohol associated cirrhosis.
D) alcoholic cardiomyopathy.

Question 68

Alcohol is an example of hormesis,which means:

A) a tendency for physiological functions to maintain a certain set point.
B) beneficial effects produced by low doses of a toxic substance.
C) a disruption in hormone regulation.
D) a substance that causes damage to blood vessels.

Question 69

Beneficial effects for cardiovasular function from alcohol are found from:

A) heavy alcohol concentrations.
B) moderate alcohol concentrations.
C) low alcohol concentrations.
D) moderate alchol concentrations, but no more than three days per week.

Question 70

Heavy drinking during a short period of time is called:

A) light drinking if this is the only day drinking occurred during the week.
B) 21 for 21.
C) moderate drinking.
D) binge drinking.

Question 71

The effects produced by alcohol at different concentations consist of:

A) all concentrations produce stimulant effects.
B) all concentrations produce exclusively depressant effects.
C) lower concentrations produce stimulant effects whereas higher concentrations produce depressant effects.
D) lower concentrations produce depressant effects whereas higher concentrations produce stimulant effects.

Question 72

A person described as "blasted" or "slammed" after drinking a lot of alcohol is likely showing signs of:

A) alcohol stupor.
B) light intoxication.
C) blackout.
D) alcohol priming.

Question 73

Which of the following is the most commonly reported symptom of hangover?

A) Diarrhea
B) Fatigue
C) Nausea
D) Headache

Question 74

All of the following are ways that low concentrations of alcohol is helpful for the cardiovascular system except:

A) increased high-density lipoprotein levels.
B) reduced pro-inflammatory cellular signaling.
C) disrupts blood platelets from bonding together to form clots.
D) inhibition of plasmin, which faclilates blood clot formation.

Question 75

The term "blackout" is more technically known as:

A) alcohol stupor.
B) reversible drug-induced dementia.
C) alcohol poisoning.
D) divided attention.

Question 76

Heavy consumption of alcoholic drinks containing high concentrations of acetones and polyphenols may contribute to:

A) holiday heart syndrome.
B) alcohol poisoning.
C) alcohol stupor.
D) symptoms of hangover.

Question 77

A BAC of 0.16 would be expected to cause:

A) no behavioral effect.
B) gross intoxication.
C) blackout.
D) death.

Question 78

Experiencing greater rewarding effects from alcohol from long-term use is an example of:

A) metabolic tolerance.
B) behavioral tolerance.
C) sensitization.
D) alcohol priming.

Question 79

A individual routinely having an alcohol drink in order to relax after work would be an example of:

A) the stress disinhibition hypothesis.
B) the tension reduction hypothesis.
C) hormesis.
D) the hypotensive hypothesis

Question 80

Which of the following is considered moderate drinking for men?

A) 1 standard drink per day, but not exceeding 7 drinks per week.
B) up to 6 drinks per day, but no more that 14 drinks per week.
C) more than 2 standard drinks per day and up to 20 drinks per week.
D) 2 standard drinks per day, but not exceeding 14 drinks per week.