Deck 9: GHP and Inhalants

Question 1

All of the following reasons make GHB a substance used in sexual assault except:

A) GHB is a tasteless powder.
B) a victim loses memory of the assault.
C) GHB dissolves easily in water.
D) GHB is normally used on a date, meaning that the victim typically knows her assailant.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

GHB is likely used in sexual assault because:

A) a victim will not be able to remember her assailant.
B) the drug is a psychostimulant, which is promotes poor decision making.
C) the victim is aware of her actions and therefore can't legally claim an assault took place.
D) it can be purchased over the counter in most health fitness stores.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Sodium gammahydroxybutyrate is used for the treatment of:

A) insomnia.
B) narcolepsy.
C) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
D) dementia.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

GHB had been used by weight lifters to:

A) enhance muscle growth.
B) improve sleep.
C) as a nutrition supplement.
D) to reduce muscle pain.

Question 5

Gammahydroxybutyrate is a schedule _______ controlled substance.

A) I
B) II
C) III
D) V

Question 6

Obtaining a legal product in order to produce an illegal product is similar to:

A) synthesizing GHB to use as a drug for sexual assault.
B) scheduling one form of GHB as a schedule I controlled substance and another form of GHB as a schedule III controlled substance.
C) using sodium gammahydroxybutyrate for the treatment of narcolepsy.
D) using gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) to synthesize GHB.

Question 7

Sodium gammahydroxybutyrate is a schedule ______ controlled substance.

A) I
B) III
C) II
D) V

Question 8

Why would GHB be added to victim's alcoholic drink?

A) GHB counteracted alcohol's effects, leading to more alcohol consumption.
B) GHB strengthened the depressant effects of alcohol.
C) GHB made the victim feel sick, causing her to leave a club early.
D) GHB added stimulant effects to prevent someone from feeling tired after drinking.

Question 9

Gamma-butyrolactone is a schedule I controlled substance because:

A) it is used for the synthesis of GHB and has no medical value.
B) it is the substance that people become high from when stiffing paint products.
C) it is highly flamable, creating a danger when attempting to synthesize GHB.
D) it binds to GABAA receptors, giving it alcohol-like pharmacological effects.

Question 10

Why might someone trying to procure GHB seek out products with gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)?

A) GBL has the same pharmacological effects as GHB.
B) When taken with GHB, GBL increases the time of onset for GHB's effects.
C) Mixing GBL with GHB in a drink prevents GHB from being tasted.
D) GHB can be synthesized from GBL, which is a legal product.

Question 11

A chemical found in household products that is converted by enzymes to GHB in the body is:

A) homovanillic acid (HVA)
B) acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
C) gamma-hydroxybuyrate (GHB)
D) gamma-butyrolactone (GBL)

Question 12

Why was GHB invented?

A) It was developed as a drug of abuse.
B) It was developed for the treatment of narcolepsy.
C) It was developed as a replacement for gamma-butyrolactone.
D) It was developed to be similar to the chemical structure of GABA.

Question 13

GHB can be found in all of the following except:

A) paint products.
B) the brain.
C) certain vinegars.
D) certain coffees.

Question 14

While approximately 1% report abusing GHB,this value may not reflect the amount of GHB actually used for all of the following reasons except:

A) many law enforcement agencies report moderate to high availability of GHB.
B) GHB may be used for nonrecreational purposes.
C) Users may be using GBL instead.
D) GHB may be used mostly for sexual assault.

Question 15

How can GBL be a schedule I controlled substance and still be legally available?

A) Only small amounts of GHB can be produced from GBL.
B) GBL does not have medical value and therefore requires little regulation.
C) GBL is an industrial chemical used in many household products.
D) GBL is never used on its own, rather it is only used for synthesizing GHB.

Question 16

Adding sodium to GHB,making it sodium gammahydroxybutyrate,differs from GHB in the following ways except:

A) it cannot produce psychoactive effects.
B) sodium GHB is a schedule III controlled substance.
C) sodium GHB is used for treating narcolepsy.
D) sodidum GHB is known the trade name Xyrem.

Question 17

Why did the FDA ban the over-the-counter sale of GHB in 1990?

A) It was being used in sexual assaults.
B) There were reportes of intoxication and deep unconsciousness from GHB usel
C) It was discovered as a neurotransmitter.
D) It became a treatment for narcolepsy and therefore had to be prescribed.

Question 18

Calling GHB a "date rape drug" is not an ideal description because:

A) GHB has seldom been used for sexual assault.
B) the victim may not know her assailant.
C) having a "date" suggests there is a willingness for sexual activity.
D) GHB is actually a neurotransmitter.

Question 19

GHB is a neurotransmitter as well as a:

A) hormone.
B) protein.
C) enzyme.
D) drug.

Question 20

Sodium gammahydroxybutyrate is also known as:

A) Zoloft.
B) a schedule 1 controlled substance.
C) sodium oxybate.
D) Georgia Home Boy

Question 21

The half-life of GHB may be quicker in the brain than in the body because:

A) GHB is highly lipid-soluble and quickly passes out of the brain through the blood-brain barrier.
B) GHB is catabolized for GABA synthesis.
C) GHB is transported into astrocytes where it is quickly catabolized.
D) few GHB molecules are capable to passing through the blood-brain barrier.

Question 22

The release of _____________ during sleep after using GHB made GHB an attractive substance to use by bodybuilders.

A) oxytocin
B) serotonin
C) melatonin
D) human growth hormone

Question 23

The synthesis process for producing GHB from 1,4-butanediol involves:

A) the alcohol metabolic pathway.
B) the GABA catabolic pathway.
C) the presence of alcohol.
D) acetic acid.

Question 24

The sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter functions to: :

A) allow GHB into the postsynaptic neuron.
B) quickly breakdown GHB in order to synthesize GABA.
C) expel GHB from the axon terminal.
D) provide reuptake for GHB.

Question 25

Why might GHB help to treat narcolepsy?

A) GHB promotes muscle growth.
B) GHB inhibits release of the sleep hormone melatonin.
C) GHB improves nighttime sleeping, in turn reducing daytime sleeping.
D) GHB improves vigilance and attention.

Question 26

An inhibitor of succinic semialdehyde reductase would:

A) increase the synthesis of GABA.
B) increase the turnover of GABA.
C) reduce the synthesis of GHB.
D) increase the synthesis of GHB.

Question 27

Based on its pharmacokinetics,GHB is difficult to detect after a sexual assault for all of the following except:

A) sexual assault victims report too late for GHB to be detected.
B) GHB neurotransmitter levels interfere with tests for GHB levels.
C) GHB remains detectable in urine for 8-12 hours.
D) standard blood tests following sexual assault may not detect GHB.

Question 28

The ability of GHB to produce a deep sleep led it to be used for the treatment of:

A) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B) narcolepsy.
C) fibromyalgia.
D) drug withdrawal.

Question 29

If vesicles store both GABA and GHB molecules,then it is reasonable to conclude all of the following except:

A) that some GABA neurotransmitters are catabolized
B) that receptors for both GABA and GHB are found in the synaptic cleft.
C) that GHB does not play a role in neurotransmission for this neuron.
D) that the neuron releases both GABA and GHB.

Question 30

The primary physiological effect of GHB is:

A) headache.
B) increased blood pressure.
C) nausea.
D) reduced heart rate.

Question 31

GBL and 1,4-butanediol are both _________ for GHB.

A) antagonists
B) prodrugs
C) synthesis enzymes
D) alternative names

Question 32

All of the following are features of GHB pharmacokinetics except:

A) GHB's metabolite 1,4-butanediol is used in the synthesis of GABA.
B) GHB depends on levels of GABA.
C) GABA synthesis can be affected by levels of GHB.
D) The immediate precursor chemical for GHB is a metabolite of GABA.

Question 33

In addition to its memory-impairing effects,another reason that a sexual predator would add GHB to an alcoholic drink is the victim:

A) appears to have consumed too much alcohol.
B) becomes suddenly tired and decides to leave the bar early.
C) becomes highly emotional.
D) becomes more likely to leave items, such as a cell phone, behind at the bar.

Question 34

GHB is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter:

A) glutamate.
B) GABA.
C) dopamine.
D) endorphin.

Question 35

After synthesis,GHB is:

A) transported retrogradely to soma of the neuron.
B) immediately released into the synaptic cleft.
C) stored in the same vesicles that GABA is stored in.
D) released from astrocytes near the synaptic cleft.

Question 36

The depressant effects and its close interactions with GABA suggest that GHB might:

A) produce epileptic seizures.
B) be effective for treating nicotine addiction.
C) produce anxiety-like effects.
D) attenuate alcohol withdrawal symptoms.

Question 37

High doses of GHB may produce rewarding effects by:

A) increasing GABA levels.
B) decreased glutamate levels.
C) increasing GHB levels.
D) increasing dopamine levels.

Question 38

All of the following are reasons for orally administering GHB except:

A) GHB is a salt, which readily dissolves in a liquid, such as an alcoholic drink.
B) GHB absorbs easily from the gastrointestinal tract.
C) GHB cannot be tasted in a drink.
D) GHB must be co-administered in a drink with 1,4-butanediol.

Question 39

The elimination half-life for GHB is approximately:

A) 30 minutes
B) 1 hour
C) 4 hours
D) 24 hours

Question 40

The synthesis process for GHB suggests that:

A) GHB will always be produced in relatively low concentrations.
B) GHB synthesis depends on levels of GABA.
C) GHB can only be synthesized from interneurons.
D) GHB has a short time of onset.

Question 41

A typical inhalant session last about:

A) 1 minute.
B) 15 minutes.
C) 45 minutes.
D) 1 hour.

Question 42

The high lipid solubility of inhalants means they likely:

A) are quickly metabolized.
B) have extensive nonspecific binding.
C) rapidly absorb.
D) poorly cross the blood-brain barrier.

Question 43

Soon after discovering nitrous oxide,Humphrey Davy found that nitrous oxide:

A) was fun to use at parties.
B) could be used for surgeries.
C) was useful for dental work.
D) should never be combined with alcohol.

Question 44

An inhalant referred to as poppers is called:

A) ethylene.
B) toulene.
C) nitrous oxide.
D) amyl nitrite.

Question 45

Sharing similar pharmacological actions with alcohol suggests that inhalable solvents have:

A) hallucinogenic effects.
B) depressant effects.
C) antidepressant effects.
D) beneficial effects for cardiovascular functioning.

Question 46

Which of the following pharmacological actions would be expected to prevent an inhalant's psychoactive effects?

A) an antagonist for 5-HT₃ receptors.
B) an antagonist for NMDA receptors.
C) an agonist for L-type calcium channels.
D) an antagonist for GABAA receptors.

Question 47

Most inhalant compounds are legal to purchase,but many U.S.states:

A) prevent privately selling these products without a license.
B) ban inhaling or sniffing these compounds.
C) ban selling these compounds over the internet.
D) require using proper ventilation, such as an exhaust fan or open window.

Question 48

In addition to depressant effects,GHB produces:

A) antidepressant effects.
B) stimulant effects, which occur before its depressant effects.
C) hallucinations, but only with high doses.
D) a thiamine deficiency, which can, like alcohol, lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome.

Question 49

Vaporous chemicals that elicit psychoactive effects are called:

A) vapors.
B) inhalants.
C) fogs.
D) steams.

Question 50

A drink test kit can determine:

A) if there is a drug in an alcoholic drink.
B) if there is enough alcohol in an alcoholic drink.
C) what type of alcoholic drink was served.
D) if the drink is likely to cause a hangover.

Question 51

High doses of GHB cause all of the following except:

A) confusion.
B) agitation.
C) drowsiness.
D) motor impairment.

Question 52

Which of the following drugs would be expected to add to an inhalant's psychoactive effects?

A) the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine.
B) the psychostimulant drug methcathinone.
C) the anxiolytic drug buspirone.
D) the nicotine cessation treatment and antidepressant drug bupropion.

Question 53

All of the following are reasons that adolescents find inhalants a practical way to get high except:

A) many of the products are legally sold.
B) the effects are short lasting.
C) the products are likely already in their home.
D) there is no noticeable change in behavior if they were discovered using an inhalant.

Question 54

Another feature of inhalants suggests that a user:

A) should not use these substances near an open flame.
B) could critically damage his eyesight.
C) should not attempt to take a full breath after using an inhalant.
D) immediately brush his teeth.

Question 55

Given GHB short half-life,an addiction to GHB would:

A) lead to consuming alcohol until more GHB has been obtained.
B) make GHB use easier to hide since the effects wear off quickly.
C) require frequently using GHB every day.
D) mean a rapid period of withdrawal symptoms before they subside.

Question 56

An inhalant may share all of the following pharmacological mechanisms of action with alcohol except:

A) positive modulation of GABAA receptors.
B) antagonism of 5-HT₃ receptors
C) antagonism of NMDA receptors.
D) activation of dopamine D₂ receptors.

Question 57

Toluene is eliminated most slowly from:

A) the occipital lobe.
B) adipose tissue.
C) white matter brain tissue.
D) lung tissue.

Question 58

If you were asked to develop a medication for GHB overdose,which of the following pharmacological mechanisms should you persue?

A) An agonist for GHB receptors.
B) A drug that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase.
C) A compound that substitutes for succinic semialdehyde.
D) An antagonist for GABAA receptors.

Question 59

If a user wished to deeply inhale vapors from an inhalant using a cloth,the user would likely prefer to engage in:

A) sniffing.
B) bagging.
C) huffing.
D) gasping.

Question 60

Toluene and other inhalants typically share which of the pharmacological actions with alcohol?

A) inhibition of NMDA receptor activity.
B) inhibition of certain calcium channels.
C) antagonism of 5-HT₃ receptors.
D) increased release of beta-endorphin.

Question 61

The location of GHB receptors in the hippocampus suggests that:

A) GHB may impair the formation of long-term memories.
B) the reinforcing effects of GHB can be associated with specific stimuli.
C) GHB produces reinforcing effects.
D) GHB causes impaired motor coordination.

Question 62

If someone is stumbling around a room and running into things after using an inhalant,he is probably in which stage of an inhalant's effects?

A) Stage 3
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 1
D) Stage 2

Question 63

Poor performance among inhalant users on a Wisconsin Card Sorting Task suggests poor:

A) executive functioning.
B) reference memory.
C) eye tracking.
D) sustained attention.

Question 64

GHB is an agonist for:

A) GABAB receptors.
B) GABAA receptors.
C) GABAC receptors.
D) metabotropic GABA receptors.

Question 65

The primary cause of death from sudden sniffing death syndrome is:

A) dangerous behavior from engaging in reality testing.
B) a stroke.
C) suffocation.
D) cardiac arrest.

Question 66

It is not clear if a withdrawal syndrome occurs for inhalants for the following reasons except:

A) withdrawal symptoms do not occur or are nonclinically significant.
B) headaches and other symptoms subside with fresh air.
C) they may only occur after binge use.
D) they last for a short period of time.

Question 67

The GHB receptor is:

A) second messenger protein.
B) a single transmembrane spanning receptor.
C) an ionotropic receptor.
D) a metabotropic receptor.

Question 68

Which stage of an inhalant's effects is known as inhalant overdose?

A) Stage 4
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 1

Question 69

Chronic heavy use of inhalants is associated with all of the following except:

A) cognitive impairment.
B) muscle weakness.
C) a poor sense of smell.
D) impaired breathing.

Question 70

In a drug discrimination procedure using GHB as a training drug,why might the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen produce full substitution?

A) GABAB receptors produce inhibitory effects similar to positive modulation of GABAA receptors.
B) GABAB receptors interact with GHB receptors.
C) GHB is an agonist for GABAB receptors.
D) baclofen is also an agonist for GHB receptors.

Question 71

If someone falls over and becomes unresponsive while using an inhalant,he is likely in which stage of an inhalant's effects?

A) Stage 2
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 1
D) Stage 3

Question 72

A study in rats finding that only a specific dose of toluene produced an increase in dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens suggests that users:

A) seldom experience rewarding effects from inhalant use.
B) likely repeatedly inhale vapors from an inhalant until the desired effect is achieved.
C) need extensive practive until the ideal dose of an inhalant is determined.
D) are unlikely to become addicted to inhalants.

Question 73

If someone is very happy while using an inhalant,he is probably in which stage of an inhalant's effects?

A) Stage 4
B) Stage 3
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 1

Question 74

Similar to other depressant drugs,toluene initially produces:

A) stimulant effects.
B) memory deficits.
C) dry mouth.
D) a headache.

Question 75

In a drug discrimination procedure using GHB as a training drug,why might 1,4-butanediol produce full substitution?

A) They share similar actions on GABAA receptors.
B) 1,4-butanediol is converted to GHB in the body.
C) The alcohol metabolic pathway converts 1,4-butanediol into an alcohol-like compound.
D) The depressant effects of 1,4-butanediol disrupts memory on what the training drug actually is.

Question 76

Poor performance among inhalant users on a Stroop test suggests poor:

A) processing speed.
B) memory
C) eye tracking.
D) coordination.

Question 77

The primary treatment of inhalant overdose is:

A) an antagonist for GABAA receptors.
B) intravenous fluids.
C) an antipsychotic drug.
D) oxygen delivery.

Question 78

If someone is begins losing track of what he is saying seems a little unsure about where he is while using an inhalant,he is probably in which stage of an inhalant's effects?

A) Stage 2
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 1

Question 79

Indicators of brain damage from heavy,chronic inhalant use includes all of the following except:

A) white matter degeneration.
B) ventricle enlargement.
C) reduced white matter integrity.
D) plaques in the hippocampus.

Question 80

If someone had just taken GHB,inhaling toluene would likely:

A) have no effect.
B) counteract GHB's effects.
C) enhance GHB's effects.
D) be quickly metabolized in the liver.