Deck 5: Civil Rights

Question 1

The Dred Scott decision established the doctrine of "separate but equal."

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Brown v. Board of Education required school districts to bus some black children into white neighborhoods (and some white children into black neighborhoods) to attend school so as to achieve desegregation.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 states that a complaint of gender discrimination must be brought within 180 days of the time the discrimination was alleged to have occurred.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Cases of alleged gender discrimination receive the strict scrutiny standard of review.

Question 5

The Fourteenth Amendment made civil rights a part of the American Constitution.

Question 6

The equal protection clause is found in the Sixteenth Amendment.

Question 7

Civil rights demonstrations began to die out after the pro-civil rights decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

Question 8

Quota systems are necessarily involved in affirmative action policies.

Question 9

De facto segregation refers to segregation that takes place because of formal laws.

Question 10

The Supreme Court signaled the lower courts to disengage from desegregation efforts in Missouri v. Jenkins.

Question 11

To prove sexual harassment, one must demonstrate that quid pro quo extortion took place.

Question 12

Throughout the history of the United States, citizenship has always been a necessary prerequisite to vote.

Question 13

A possible problem with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is that the complaining party has to show that deliberate discrimination was the cause of the failure to get a job or a training opportunity.

Question 14

The doctrine of "separate but equal" was overturned in Brown v. Board of Education.

Question 15

The states of the Deep South responded to court-ordered desegregation with a carefully planned delaying tactic known as massive resistance.

Question 16

Discrimination against Mexican Americans and other Latinos in the Southwest was uncommon prior to World War II.

Question 17

Prior to Lawrence v. Texas, some states criminalized homosexual behavior.

Question 18

Congress passed an equal rights amendment, but it fell short on the number of states needed for ratification.

Question 19

The original U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights guaranteed the right to vote to all citizens.

Question 20

Since the 1970s, school districts must provide education for students whose English is limited.

Question 21

The 2013 Supreme Court decision Shelby County v. Holder struck down what critical provision of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

A)mandatory early voting
B)the Federal Election Commission's Congressional District Review Board
C)preclearance of state and local laws affecting elections
D)federal voting registrars to directly enroll voters

Question 22

Which constitutional amendment guaranteed women the right to vote?

A)the Thirteenth Amendment
B)the Seventeenth Amendment
C)the Nineteenth Amendment
D)the Twenty-First Amendment

Question 23

Civil rights did not become a part of the Constitution until 1868 with the adoption of the __________ Amendment.

A)Twelfth
B)Fourteenth
C)Sixteenth
D)Seventeenth

Question 24

Which clause in the Constitution extended civil rights to all persons?

A)privileges and immunities clause
B)equal protection clause
C)supremacy clause
D)necessary and proper clause

Question 25

The government's obligation to allow African Americans to exercise their opportunity to vote is an example of a

A)civic virtue.
B)civil liberty.
C)civic duty.
D)civil right.

Question 26

In the post-Reconstruction South, the White Primary, literacy tests, and redistricting were all tactics used to deprive African Americans of which basic civil right?

A)trial by jury
B)eligibility for office
C)owning property
D)voting

Question 27

What term describes governmental guarantees of equal entitlement to certain privileges?

A)civil actions
B)civil liberties
C)civil duties
D)civil rights

Question 28

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ruled that affirmative action programs were unconstitutional.

Question 29

In which amendment does the equal protection clause appear?

A)the Nineteenth Amendment
B)the Sixteenth Amendment
C)the Fourteenth Amendment
D)the Twelfth Amendment

Question 30

Wyoming is nicknamed "The Equality State" because in 1869 it was the first state or territory to extend voting rights to this group.

A)Chinese immigrants
B)women
C)Native Americans
D)former Confederate soldiers

Question 31

What legal or moral claims are citizens entitled to make on the government?

A)civil rights
B)civil liberties
C)civil duties
D)civil actions

Question 32

This clause of the Fourteenth Amendment has become the basis for civil rights claims on the basis of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual preference.

A)privileges and immunities
B)equal protection clause
C)birthright citizenship
D)due process

Question 33

The Supreme Court's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) ruled that slave could not seek his freedom using this government resource?

A)petition to Congress
B)Civil Rights Commission
C)federal court system
D)Presidential pardon

Question 34

In which year was the Nineteenth Amendment passed?

A)1870
B)1919
C)1942
D)1970

Question 35

In addition to court cases, challenges to affirmative action have also emerged in state and local politics in the form of ballot initiatives.

Question 36

Imagine an individual politician who is in favor of restricting the extension of voting rights to a currently disenfranchised group. This politician fears the new group of voters will vote him and his political party out of office if it gains the right to vote. This politician's behavior best reflects which principle of politics?

A)the rationality principle
B)the institution principle
C)the collective action principle
D)the history principle

Question 37

Which amendment contains the "equal protection clause?"

A)the First Amendment
B)the Twelfth Amendment
C)the Fourteenth Amendment
D)the Fifteenth Amendment

Question 38

There are still several restrictions on who is eligible to vote in U.S. elections. Which group currently faces no restrictions from voting?

A)citizens without photo ID
B)legal immigrants
C)ex-felons
D)naturalized citizens

Question 39

In the U.S. Constitution, civil rights issues often arise under the __________ clause.

A)supremacy
B)commerce
C)necessary and proper
D)equal protection

Question 40

Of the various restrictions on suffrage that were in place at the founding of the United States, which was the first to be almost entirely eradicated?

A)racial restrictions
B)religious tests that kept Catholics and Jews from voting
C)property qualifications
D)gender

Question 41

In September 2017, President Donald Trump ended this administrative program to allow some undocumented immigrants to remain in the United States'

A)Immigrant Relief Initiative.
B)Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals.
C)Military Veterans Immigration Program.
D)National Refugee Survival Act.

Question 42

Which of the following is correct regarding segregation?

A)De jure segregation is created by law; de facto segregation is created by private behavior.
B)De facto segregation is created by law; de jure segregation is created by private behavior.
C)De jure segregation is created for a short time frame; de facto segregation is created to last many years.
D)De facto segregation can be banned; de jure segregation cannot be addressed by law.

Question 43

In response to court-ordered desegregation, the states of the Deep South responded with a carefully planned tactic known as

A)the MacArthur Plan.
B)the Atlanta model.
C)massive resistance.
D)the defiance initiative.

Question 44

Which of the following is an example of de facto segregation?

A)In a medium-sized city, the black population lives almost entirely south of the railroad tracks while almost the entire white population lives north of the tracks.
B)Separate entrances to a restaurant are created for blacks and for whites.
C)The right to vote is restricted to those whose ancestors had the right to vote.
D)Private schools restrict admission to a single race.

Question 45

Racial segregation that is a direct result of law or official policy is known as __________ segregation.

A)de facto
B)legal
C)de jure
D)partisan

Question 46

What is the primary goal of the organization Black Lives Matter?

A)reducing suicide in the African American community
B)ensuring an accurate census count of African American neighborhoods
C)ensuring access to hospital emergency rooms for all Americans
D)focusing attention on police misconduct toward African Americans

Question 47

If a school district moved to a plan where students attended the school closest to their home, but that plan resulted in schools that were predominantly white or predominantly black, the resulting segregation would be termed __________ segregation.

A)de facto
B)legal
C)de jure
D)partisan

Question 48

In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson because

A)the federal government had no authority to enforce either political or social equality.
B)Linda Brown was a child, and no tests of the "separate but equal" doctrine had involved a minor.
C)separate educational facilities did not deprive children of adequate educational opportunities.
D)separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.

Question 49

Plessy v. Ferguson was a civil rights case involving the

A)privileges and immunities clause in Article IV, Section 2 of the Constitution.
B)reserved powers clause of the Tenth Amendment.
C)freedom of assembly clause of the First Amendment.
D)equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 50

In 1882, Congress enacted a law to prevent the entry of people from which country?

A)Ireland
B)Italy
C)China
D)Haiti

Question 51

After the Brown decision, what was the status of the ability to regulate de jure and de facto segregation in public educational settings?

A)De jure segregation was banned; de facto segregation was not.
B)De facto segregation was banned; de jure segregation was not.
C)De jure and de facto segregation were banned.
D)De jure and de facto segregation were banned in elementary schools but not in secondary schools.

Question 52

In the Shelley v. Kraemer case involving the widespread practice of restrictive covenants, the Supreme Court ruled that restrictive covenants could

A)not be judicially enforced.
B)make no references to race or religion.
C)be encouraged by state and local governments but not by the national government.
D)not be made regardless of whether they involved race.

Question 53

In August 2017, protestors rallied in Charlottesville to object to what government action?

A)removal of a statue of Confederate general Robert E. Lee
B)naming the main library on the University of Virginia after Thomas Jefferson
C)relocating a Confederate graveyard to allow commercial development
D)renaming "Jefferson Davis Avenue" to "Barack Obama Avenue"

Question 54

Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that the federal government

A)had no authority to enforce either political or social equality.
B)could enforce political equality but not social equality.
C)could enforce social equality but not political equality.
D)could enforce both social and political equality.

Question 55

As a consequence of Brown v. Board of Education,

A)schools quickly moved to comply with the ruling and integrate schools.
B)schools eventually allowed students to attend their neighborhood school regardless of race, although segregation continued due to racially segregated housing.
C)discrimination in employment was also banned in addition to discrimination in schools.
D)discrimination in jury selection was also banned in addition to discrimination in schools.

Question 56

Beginning in 2014, this organization sought to draw attention to police treatment of African Americans?

A)NAACP
B)The Fraternal Order of Police Investigation
C)Black Lives Matter
D)Straight Outta Compton

Question 57

Which of the following is true of the institutions responsible for advancing the civil rights of African Americans during the twentieth century?

A)Courts accomplished the work on their own.
B)Congress accomplished the work on its own.
C)Bureaucrats accomplished most of the work.
D)Congress and the courts were mutually dependent in advancing civil rights.

Question 58

In 1957, to which town did President Eisenhower deploy U.S. troops to impose martial law and enforce a federal court order to integrate Central High School?

A)Topeka, Kansas
B)Selma, Alabama
C)Little Rock, Arkansas
D)Charlotte, North Carolina

Question 59

Individuals participating in the civil rights movement faced many costs, such as lost time, resources, and threats to their personal safety, yet the contribution of any one individual to the movement's overall success was small. What does this say about certain types of political behavior?

A)In circumstances of interpersonal relationships, the rationality principle is not valid.
B)In circumstances of moral issues, the rationality principle is not valid.
C)Participants in the civil rights movement attached high experiential value to being an active member in the movements.
D)The rationality principle does not apply to general citizens and is only true of elites' political behavior.

Question 60

In 1954, the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education overturned the infamous "separate but equal doctrine" articulated in which earlier case?

A)Mapp v. Ohio
B)Plessy v. Ferguson
C)Dred Scott v. Sandford
D)Lawrence v. Texas

Question 61

Which standard is afforded to gender discrimination cases?

A)strict scrutiny
B)intermediate scrutiny
C)rational basis
D)traditional burden of proof standard

Question 62

Which legislation outlawed literacy tests for voter registration and required that states provide ballots in Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Native American languages?

A)the Motor Voter Act of 1993
B)the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
C)the 1960 Civil Rights Act
D)the 1970 reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act

Question 63

Significant advances have been made toward racial equality, although progress has been uneven. Which of the following has NOT changed drastically since the 1960s?

A)the difference in high school graduation rates among blacks and whites
B)the number of blacks elected to political office
C)the difference in median income among black and white men
D)the percentage of southern black schoolchildren attending schools with whites

Question 64

The case ruling that cities were only required to desegregate their schools if they were found guilty of deliberate and de jure segregation was

A)Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education.
B)Brown v. Board of Education.
C)Milliken v. Bradley.
D)Plessy v. Ferguson.

Question 65

Which major federal law prohibited private and public employers from discriminating on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin?

A)the Civil Rights Act of 1866
B)the Fair Employment Act of 1960
C)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
D)the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1974 (as amended)

Question 66

Which legislation imposes sanctions on employers who hire undocumented workers?

A)the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
B)the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
C)the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
D)the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Question 67

Title IX of which law forbids gender discrimination in higher education, including stronger enforcement against sexual harassment and equitable allocation of resources and wages along gender lines?

A)the Volstead Act of 1993
B)the Voting Rights Act of 1965
C)the Equal Rights Amendment Enforcement Act of 1982
D)the 1972 Education Act

Question 68

A chicken-processing plant could be fined for hiring a Mexican citizen who is in the United States without proper employment documentation under the terms of the

A)Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965.
B)Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
C)Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.
D)Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.

Question 69

The first U.S. immigration law, passed in 1790, limited citizenship to which aliens?

A)whites
B)those with money or property
C)immigrants from England or Ireland
D)military veterans

Question 70

The case (later overturned by a federal law named after the plaintiff) stating that gender discrimination complaints must be filed within 180 days of the alleged discrimination was

A)Brown v. Board of Education.
B)Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
C)Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools.
D)Milliken v. Bradley.

Question 71

The association responsible for developing a legal strategy designed to ensure fair access to the political system for Latinos is

A)MALDEF.
B)ASCAP.
C)SNCC.
D)NAACP.

Question 72

Which legislation lifted quotas on the number of immigrants that could come from specific national origins?

A)the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965
B)the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
C)the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
D)the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

Question 73

Which institution of the American political system best explains the ability of southern states to resist court-ordered desegregation following Brown v. Board of Education?

A)equal protection clause
B)federalism
C)checks and balances
D)separate but equal rule

Question 74

Which two forms of sexual harassment does the Supreme Court recognize?

A)male and female
B)heterosexual and homosexual
C)quid pro quo and hostile environment
D)physical and conversational

Question 75

What is the status of the Equal Rights Amendment?

A)It was ratified as the Twenty-Eighth Amendment.
B)It has never cleared Congress.
C)It has cleared Congress and is currently awaiting ratification by the states.
D)It previously cleared Congress but failed to get ratification by states by the deadline.

Question 76

Ten years after Brown v. Board of Education, approximately what percentage of black school-aged children in the Deep South attended school with white children?

A)1 percent
B)20 percent
C)50 percent
D)70 percent

Question 77

The court decision holding that state-imposed desegregation could be brought about by busing children across school districts even where relatively long distances were involved was

A)the Swann decision.
B)the Brown decision.
C)the Milliken decision.
D)the Plessy decision.

Question 78

Which of the following types of cases would be afforded the intermediate scrutiny standard?

A)a black man who was denied employment
B)a woman who was paid less than a man with the same experience for doing the same job
C)a Jehovah's Witness who was denied employment because of religion
D)a 70-year-old who was denied employment because of age

Question 79

The federal courts took the lead in combating segregation but faced a number of hurdles in implementing their decisions until Congress passed the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Which institution of the American political system best explains why the federal government was slow to enforce school desegregation?

A)equal protection clause
B)judicial review
C)redistricting
D)separation of powers

Question 80

The Supreme Court case that prohibited school segregation aimed at Latinos was

A)Brown v. Board of Education.
B)Mendez v. Westminster.
C)Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools.
D)Missouri v. Jenkins.