Deck 6: Mood Disorders and Suicide

Question 1

"Mixed features" refers to a type of mania in which a manic episode is

A)extremely severe.
B)very mild.
C)accompanied by depression or anxiety.
D)related to a medical condition.

Answer 1

accompanied by depression or anxiety.

Question 2

Which of the following symptoms characterize a manic episode?

A)Feelings of guilt
B)Grandiose plans
C)Anhedonia
D)Loss of energy

Answer 2

Grandiose plans

Question 3

A typical episode of major depression lasts __________, with very severe cases lasting as long as several years.

A)three months
B)six months
C)nine months
D)one year

Answer 3

nine months

Question 4

A 55-year-old Californian named Annie recently formulated an ambitious plan to start a Broadway career. She withdrew all the money from her bank account, purchased a brand new vehicle on a 0% down contract, drove 38 hours nonstop to New York City, and interrupted a musical rehearsal by demanding an audition with the casting director. Which of the following is Annie likely experiencing?

A)Major depressive episode
B)Hypomanic episode
C)Manic episode
D)Postpartum psychosis

Question 5

A hypomanic episode refers to

A)a prolonged but less severe form of a manic episode that is easily treated.
B)a manic episode without hallucinations or delusions.
C)a manic episode that occurs without any depressive episodes.
D)a shorter and less severe form of a manic episode with less impairment in functioning.

Question 6

Mood disorders can take on many forms; one of the most severe, involving repeated episodes of extremely low mood, is referred to as

A)major depressive disorder.
B)persistent depressive disorder.
C)cyclothymia.
D)Melancholia.

Question 7

According to recent research, the median duration of recurrent (subsequent to the first episode) major depressive episodes is

A)one to two months.
B)four to five months.
C)seven to nine months.
D)11 to 12 months.

Question 8

The physical or somatic symptoms of a major depressive disorder include

A)changes in appetite or weight.
B)decreased ability to concentrate.
C)increased energy.
D)orgasmic feelings.

Question 9

Which of the following is a symptom of a manic episode?

A)Slowed speech
B)Hypoactive behavior
C)Hypersomnia
D)Grandiosity

Question 10

Which of the following is usually a component of a major depressive episode?

A)Emotional shutdown
B)Somatic/vegetative symptoms
C)Anhedonia/loss of interest or motivation
D)All of these are correct

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT usually a component of a major depressive episode?

A)Feelings of worthlessness
B)Flight of ideas
C)Altered sleep patterns
D)Change in appetite

Question 12

"Mood disorders" refer to a group of disorders involving severe disturbances ranging from __________ to ____________.

A)hallucinations; suicidality
B)elation; depression
C)indecisiveness; anhedonia
D)hypomania; mania

Question 13

When used in connection with mood disorders, "flight of ideas" means

A)anxiety about airplane travel.
B)rapid speech expressing many exciting ideas at once.
C)limited imagination reflected in a slow way of speaking.
D)an increase in creative ideas.

Question 14

Jack has experienced recurrent episodes of major depressive episodes. In the intervals between the episodes, he does not seem to return to "normal." In fact, during those periods, he has been diagnosed as having low-grade depression. Jack's condition is referred to as

A)double depression.
B)bipolar disorder.
C)atypical depression.
D)dysfunctional dysthymia.

Question 15

Debbie has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder, recurrent. She wants to know what to expect in the future regarding her condition. You tell her that according to recent research, the median lifetime number of major depressive episodes is

A)4-7.
B)8-10.
C)12-15.
D)16-18.

Question 16

An important difference between "major depressive disorder, recurrent" and "major depressive disorder, single episode" is that

A)single episode type is more common.
B)recurrent type is more common.
C)single episode symptoms are more severe.
D)recurrent symptoms are more severe.

Question 17

One symptom of a mood disorder is anhedonia, which means

A)a feeling of worthlessness.
B)an altered pattern of sleep.
C)indecisiveness.
D)an inability to experience pleasure.

Question 18

Persistent depressive disorder (PPD), formerly known as dysthymia, differs from major depressive disorder (MDD) because people diagnosed with PDD have symptoms of depression that are

A)more severe.
B)longer-lasting.
C)episodic.
D)temporary.

Question 19

In comparing the length of untreated depressive episodes and untreated manic episodes, which of the following is an accurate statement?

A)Depressive episodes generally last longer.
B)Manic episodes generally last longer.
C)Both types of episodes typically last about the same amount of time.
D)This comparison cannot be made because only depressive episodes can be treated.

Question 20

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding mood disorders?

A)An individual experiencing manic symptoms can also be depressed or anxious.
B)Unipolar mania is more common than unipolar depression.
C)An individual who has experienced only manic episodes in the past is unlikely to never become depressed.
D)Neither manic nor depressive symptoms remit on their own without treatment.

Question 21

Some psychologists were reluctant to make premenstrual dysphoric disorder a formal diagnosis because

A)it had too much overlap with other mood disorders' diagnostic criteria.
B)it is so rare that a formal diagnostic category is unjustified.
C)it is strictly a consequence of hormonal imbalances and is therefore not a psychological disorder.
D)it has the potential to be stigmatizing for women.

Question 22

When referring to the mood disorders called cyclothymia and persistent depressive disorder, it would be accurate to say that an individual with cyclothymia probably

A)would be considered "moody."
B)cannot function normally at all.
C)has more depressive episodes
D)has full manic episodes.

Question 23

In severe cases of depression where the episode lasts five years or longer, how many of these patients can be expected to recover?

A)None
B)About half
C)Approximately one-third
D)All

Question 24

Children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are most at risk for later developing

A)bipolar disorder.
B)mood and anxiety disorders.
C)psychotic disorders.
D)psychopathic personality traits.

Question 25

Symptoms of severe depression are generally NOT considered a psychological disorder when they are associated with

A)a grief reaction.
B)a manic episode.
C)anxiety.
D)thoughts of suicide.

Question 26

Considering the terms used to differentiate mood disorders, cyclothymic is to dysthymic as

A)bipolar disorder is to major depressive disorder.
B)manic is to hypomanic.
C)major depressive disorder is to bipolar disorder.
D)bipolar I is to bipolar II.

Question 27

In recent years, a trend of ______________ children with bipolar disorder has become problematic.

A)underdiagnosing
B)overdiagnosing
C)not recognizing
D)mistreating

Question 28

Approximately what percentage of women suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A)2%-5%
B)6%-10%
C)18%-24%
D)20%-40%

Question 29

Jane is diagnosed with bipolar II disorder. You can expect that she will experience

A)full manic episodes.
B)hypomanic episodes.
C)both manic and hypomanic episodes.
D)neither manic nor hypomanic episodes.

Question 30

In comparison to patients with major depressive disorder, patients with persistent depressive disorder are

A)more likely to display symptoms of depression.
B)more likely to attempt suicide.
C)less likely to experience long-term episodes of depression.
D)more likely to be in remission in seven to nine months.

Question 31

The acute grief most of us would feel eventually evolves into what is called

A)dysthymia.
B)latent grief.
C)integrated grief.
D)complicated grief.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT true about a hypomanic manic episode?

A)It is not necessarily impairing for an individual.
B)It involves cognitive and physical changes.
C)It causes marked impairment in social or occupational functioning.
D)It may last for weeks.

Question 33

Although grieving is considered a normal process, it does sometimes become a psychological disorder. Which of the following cases would NOT be diagnosed as complicated grief?

A)Mr. A's sister suddenly passed away from illness about a year ago. Mr. A is still suffering from severe depression and persistent thoughts of joining his sister in heaven.
B)Two years ago, Miss B has experienced the death of a close friend. She is so depressed that she has no appetite or energy, and believes that she will never be truly happy again without her friend.
C)Mrs. C's dog recently died. Three weeks later, her friends suggest that she get another dog "to help her get over the loss." Mrs. C refuses, saying she just isn't ready to get another dog and still has trouble accepting that "Duchess" is gone.
D)Dr. D's cat died 18 months ago. In addition to his depressive symptoms, he cannot stop replaying the scene of her death in his mind, which is interfering with his social life.

Question 34

The probability that a person will recover from a major depressive episode within five years approaches 90% in

A)all cases.
B)mild cases only.
C)severe cases only.
D)double depression only.

Question 35

Regarding severe cases of major depressive disorder, those in which the depressive episode has lasted five years or more, all of the following statements are accurate EXCEPT

A)the episode may not entirely clear up, leaving some residual symptoms.
B)the likelihood of a subsequent episode is high.
C)the next episode is likely to be manic, rather than depressive.
D)subsequent episodes may be associated with incomplete inter-episode recovery.

Question 36

Unipolar mania

A)does not exist.
B)is rare.
C)is fairly common.
D)is a part of bipolar disorder.

Question 37

Not only is there a high prevalence of persistent depressive disorder in children, but it has also been found that three-fourths of these children will eventually be diagnosed with

A)bipolar disorder.
B)mania.
C)major depressive disorder.
D)cyclothymia.

Question 38

Manic episodes alternate with depressive episodes in the disorder called

A)bipolar I disorder.
B)major depressive disorder.
C)complicated grief.
D)cyclothymia.

Question 39

According to recent research, the percentage of people age 18 to 23 who have already experienced major depression is _____%.

A)10
B)18
C)25
D)40

Question 40

The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging reported that symptoms of depression followed a(an)

A)downward sloping pattern across the life span.
B)an inverted U-shaped pattern across adulthood.
C)an upward sloping pattern across the life span.
D)a U-shaped pattern across adulthood.

Question 41

Since traditional antidepressant medication such as tricyclics may actually provoke rapid cycling in patients with bipolar disorder, mood stabilizers and ________ are often prescribed instead.

A)antipsychotics
B)tranquilizers
C)anticonvulsants
D)opiates

Question 42

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is best categorized as a(an)

A)physical disorder
B)disorder of mood
C)endocrine disorder
D)dysregulation disorder

Question 43

One of the problems encountered by psychiatrists who prescribe medication for patients with bipolar disorder is that patients often

A)stop taking the medication in order to bring on a depressive state.
B)stop taking the medication in order to bring on a manic state.
C)overdose on the medication during a severe manic state.
D)become addicted to the medications during a severe manic state.

Question 44

At various times, Cynthia, a 20-year-old college student, has always been considered by her family and/or friends to be moody, high-strung, explosive, or hyperactive. Knowing the criteria for mood disorders, you would diagnose Cynthia with

A)major depressive disorder.
B)panic disorder.
C)disrupted mood dysregulation disorder.
D)cyclothymia.

Question 45

In terms of the etiology of mood disorders, research has shown that

A)environmental stress plays a larger role in causing depression in men than in women.
B)genetic factors are more important in the development of depression in men in comparison to the development of depression in women.
C)genetic and environmental factors are equally contributory to mood disorders.
D)there are no sex differences in vulnerability to depression.

Question 46

In studies of bipolar patients who experience cyclothimia, it has been found that as many as 60% are

A)female.
B)male.
C)elderly.
D)adolescents.

Question 47

With regard to the prevalence of mood disorders, it has been consistently found that

A)females experience major depressive disorders less frequently than males.
B)men have twice as many mood disorders as women.
C)bipolar disorder rarely has an onset age greater than 40.
D)dysthymia occurs equally across gender.

Question 48

Which of the following is a risk associated with misdiagnosing children with bipolar disorder, when in fact they have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

A)Medications for bipolar disorder are very potent and have serious side effects.
B)ADHD is more impairing than bipolar disorder, so one would be ignoring the real problem.
C)Insurance companies don't recognize childhood bipolar disorder and will not reimburse treatment for it.
D)There are no major risks, as the two disorders are so similar that treatments are essentially the same.

Question 49

Which of the following eight-year-old children should most likely receive a diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A)Hakim, who cannot sit still in class or at the dinner table
B)Bella, who stayed up all night for three nights in a row making what she believes is the world's prettiest dress
C)Bobby, who always gets into fights and is extremely rebellious with authority figures
D)Mary Ann, who can't help snapping at her parents and an overwhelming feeling of irritability that she feels uncontrollable

Question 50

In about _____________ of patients, cyclothymic mood swings develop into full-blown bipolar disorder.

A)one-fifth
B)one-third
C)two-thirds
D)four-fifths

Question 51

All of the following are accurate statements about the prevalence of mood disorders in children and adolescents EXCEPT that

A)bipolar disorder is often misdiagnosed in children.
B)major depressive disorder in adolescents is primarily a female disorder.
C)rates of attempted suicide decrease during adolescence.
D)adolescents with cyclothymic disorder must display the symptoms one year before a diagnosis can be made.

Question 52

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the relationship between anxiety and depression?

A)A large percentage of depressed patients are anxious, but not all anxious patient is depressed.
B)Cognitive content (thinking) is more negative in anxious patients than in those with depression.
C)A core symptom of anxiety is the inability to experience pleasure.
D)Anxiety is often preceded by an episode of major depression.

Question 53

All of the following words are used to describe the manic mood state EXCEPT

A)elated.
B)expansive.
C)energetic.
D)exhausted.

Question 54

Kendler et al. found that the same genetic factors contribute to both

A)anxiety and dementia.
B)dementia, and depression.
C)anxiety and depression.
D)Alzheimer's and anxiety.

Question 55

The presence of medical illnesses or symptoms of dementia can make the diagnosis of depression difficult in

A)middle-aged men.
B)menopausal women.
C)highly creative individuals.
D)the elderly.

Question 56

In research looking at the biological causes of mood disorders, studies have shown that if one of a set of twins is unipolar, the chances that the other twin is bipolar are

A)high.
B)moderate.
C)low.
D)slim to none.

Question 57

Being depressed ________ the risk of death in elderly patients who have had a stroke or heart attack.

A)has no effect on
B)doubles
C)triples
D)reduces

Question 58

Cross-cultural research indicates that, due at least in part to appalling social and economic conditions, the prevalence of major depression is extremely high among

A)African Americans.
B)European Americans.
C)Asian Americans.
D)Native Americans

Question 59

Milton has been mildly depressed for many years. Just recently, however, his depression deepened, and he was severely depressed for about three months. His deep depression then lifted and he was once again mildly depressed. Milton

A)will be easier to treat now that the severe depression is resolved.
B)will quickly respond to treatment and will recover completely from his depression.
C)will likely be associated with more severe psychopathology and a problematic future course.
D)will require treatment for the rest of his life.

Question 60

The best estimates of genetic contributions to depression fall in the range of

A)80% for women and 60% for men.
B)60% for women and 40% for men.
C)40% for women and 20% for men.
D)60% for women and 80% for men.

Question 61

For both men and women, depression and problems in marital relations are associated, but

A)the causal direction is different.
B)for men marital relations seem to contribute toward depression.
C)for women the depression seems to cause the marital relation problems.
D)therapists need to consider disturbed marital relationships separately from mood disorders.

Question 62

A student who has been doing very well in her psychology class receives a minor critical comment on an essay that she wrote as part of an exam. The student thinks, "This is terrible. I'm probably going to fail the course." This type of cognitive error in thinking is called

A)arbitrary inference.
B)overgeneralization.
C)pessimism
D)dissociating.

Question 63

The idea that individuals who are biologically vulnerable to depression place themselves in high-risk, stressful environments reflects the

A)self-fulfilling prophecy theory.
B)cognitive-behavioral model.
C)reciprocal gene-environment model.
D)stress-depression linkage effect.

Question 64

Researchers studying the relationship between sleep and mood found

A)the relationship was bidirectional.
B)no relationship.
C)the relationship was unidirectional.
D)that an increase in negative moods does not lead to predictable changes in sleep patterns but an increase in positive moods does.

Question 65

Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive" hypothesis, which means that

A)low levels of serotonin are sufficient to explain the etiology of mood disorders.
B)the norepinephrine system regulates serotonin levels; if norepinephrine is low, depression will occur.
C)when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities.
D)the absolute levels of neurotransmitters are more significant in mood regulation than the overall balance of the various neurotransmitters.

Question 66

Possible reasons for the higher rates of depression found in women include all of the following EXCEPT

A)culturally induced dependence and passivity.
B)a sense of uncontrollability and helplessness.
C)a low value placed on intimate relationships.
D)self-blame for being depressed.

Question 67

According to recent research on the development of depression, dysfunctional attitudes (a negative outlook) and hopelessness attributes (explaining things negatively) constitute a ________ vulnerability to depression.

A)biological
B)cognitive
C)behavioral
D)sociological

Question 68

Experiences associated with _____________ trigger mania in vulnerable individuals.

A)negative emotions
B)positive life events, like the arrival of a new baby,
C)striving to achieve important goals
D)unexpected changes in life

Question 69

An individual who usually says "It's all my fault" when anything goes wrong is reflecting the ________ characteristic of the depressive attributional style.

A)specific
B)stable
C)internal
D)external

Question 70

Martin Seligman's theory that people become anxious and depressed because they believe that they have no control over the stress in their lives is informed by

A)the learned helplessness model.
B)cognitive-behavioral theory.
C)humanistic/existential theory.
D)the Seligman model of depression.

Question 71

In Aaron Beck's depressive cognitive triad, individuals think negatively about all of the following EXCEPT

A)themselves.
B)their immediate world.
C)moral principles.
D)their future.

Question 72

With regard to the relationship between stress and depression, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT that

A)the context of the life event, as well as its meaning to the individual, is more important than the nature of the event itself.
B)an individual's current mood state might distort earlier memories of life events that precipitated the depression.
C)stressful life events are strongly related to the onset of mood disorders.
D)recurrent episodes of depression, but not initial episodes, are strongly predicted by major life stress.

Question 73

Regarding Beck's views on depression, which of the following definitions of cognitive errors and negative schema is NOT correct?

A)In a self-blame schema, depressed individuals feel personally responsible for every bad thing that happens.
B)Arbitrary inference means that a depressed individual emphasizes the positive rather than the negative aspects of a situation.
C)In a negative self-evaluation schema, depressed individuals believe that they can never do anything correctly.
D)Overgeneralization occurs when a small error is magnified to mean something much more significant.

Question 74

One symptom of depression is an increase in sleeping. What other symptom related to sleep occurs in depression?

A)Decreased slow wave sleep, the deepest stage of sleep
B)Less intense REM activity
C)Stages of deepest sleep occurring earlier in the sleep cycle
D)Slower onset of REM sleep

Question 75

Recent research suggests that

A)the suppression of neurogenesis in the hippocampus is due to the connection between high stress hormones and depression.
B)low hippocampal volume may precede and contribute to the onset of depression.
C)electroconvulsive therapy seems to produce neurogenesis in the hippocampus.
D)all of these are correct

Question 76

In 1989, Abramson and his colleagues revised Seligman's theory of learned helplessness, changing the focus from specific attributions to ________ as the crucial factor in depression.

A)lack of control
B)a sense of hopelessness
C)repressed anger
D)a feeling of failure

Question 77

According to your textbook, which of the following female historical figures suffered from depression?

A)Queen Victoria
B)Joan of Arc
C)Eleanor Roosevelt
D)Anna Freud

Question 78

For individuals who had not been previously depressed, research studies indicate that a marital separation or divorce resulted in

A)a higher rate of depression in men.
B)a higher rate of depression in women.
C)approximately equal rates of depression for males and females.
D)no symptoms of depression in either males or females.

Question 79

According to your textbook, the apparent primary function of _____________________ is to regulate our emotional reactions.

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)cortisol
D)GABA

Question 80

Results of a study of cognitive vulnerability to depression found that ____% of the students with thought patterns classified as "high risk" for depression subsequently suffered a major depressive episode whereas only ____% of the "low-risk" students subsequently experienced a major depressive episode.

A)16; 2.7
B)25; 15
C)46; 14
D)85; 10