Deck 11: Managing Individual Differences and Behaviour: Supervising People As People

Question 1

A smoker who claims that the habit is not as dangerous as antismoking messages suggest, saying "My grandmother smokes and she's in her 80s," is attempting to increase cognitive dissonance.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: All cigarette smokers are repeatedly exposed to information that smoking is hazardous to health. But many smokers dismiss the habit as not being as risky as the antismoking messages suggest in an attempt to reduce (not increase) cognitive dissonance.

Question 2

The glass ceiling is a concept that applies to women, but not to minorities.

Answer 2

False
Explanation: The glass ceiling is the metaphor for an invisible barrier preventing women and minorities from being promoted to top executive jobs.

Question 3

Investors who are more likely to buy a stock if they see something about it in the news or if it has a high one-day return provide an example of the recency effect.

Answer 3

True
Explanation: The recency effect is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information. Investors who are more likely to buy a stock if they see something about it in the news or if it has a high one-day return provide an example of the recency effect.

Question 4

Those who have the Type A behavior pattern are involved in a chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time.

Question 5

Internals likely would prefer and respond more productively to incentives such as merit pay or sales commissions.

Question 6

Roberto really enjoys mingling at work functions, both to network for new contacts and simply to share stories with other interesting people. Roberto probably scores high in

A) emotional stability.
B) conscientiousness.
C) agreeableness.
D) extroversion.
E) openness to experience.

Question 7

Workplace stress diminishes all of the following EXCEPT

A) positive emotions.
B) job satisfaction.
C) organizational commitment.
D) job performance.
E) job turnover.

Question 8

Ashish is always coming up with new ideas and seeking funding to explore them. He sees opportunities in the marketplace and wants to be the first person to come up with new products and services that customers want. Ashish, a person who is apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment, has a(n) ________ personality.

A) proactive
B) emotionally stable
C) extroverted
D) emotionally intelligent
E) self-efficacious

Question 9

________ is the personality dimension that describes how achievement-oriented and persistent a person is.

A) Emotional stability
B) Locus of control
C) Extroversion
D) Conscientiousness
E) Self-efficacy

Question 10

________ is the personality dimension that describes how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded a person is.

A) Inquisitiveness
B) Openness to experience
C) Emotional stability
D) Extroversion
E) Inventiveness

Question 11

If you have a(n) ________, you believe you control your own destiny.

A) tolerance for ambiguity
B) low level of self-efficacy
C) external locus of control
D) internal locus of control
E) high level of learned helplessness

Question 12

Lynn has hired two new employees for her team, Jacques and Bailey. Jacques is outgoing and physically attractive, while Bailey is very bright but seems quiet and unsure. Lynn immediately expects Jacques to outperform Bailey at the job. Lynn is likely experiencing the halo effect.

Question 13

Margarita believes that she controls her own destiny. She is a rather shy person who is extremely dependable and responsible, and her coworkers respect her greatly. Margarita has a(n) ________ locus of control and would rate high on the ________ dimension of personality.

A) external; extroversion
B) neutral; agreeableness
C) internal; conscientiousness
D) unstable; openness to experience
E) positive; emotional stability

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality dimensions?

A) tolerance for ambiguity
B) extroversion
C) agreeableness
D) conscientiousness
E) emotional stability

Question 15

________ consists of stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity.

A) Character
B) Personality
C) Attitudes
D) Attributions
E) Values

Question 16

Odell is frequently nervous, tense, and worried, both at work and at home. He likely scores low on which of the Big Five personality dimensions?

A) self-monitoring
B) conscientiousness
C) extroversion
D) openness to experience
E) emotional stability

Question 17

Your supervisor says the company needs you to stay late to meet an important deadline, but your family expects you to be present for your child's birthday party. You are experiencing role overload.

Question 18

At a recent sales meeting, Kyle blamed his poor sales numbers on bad luck, unclear sales targets, and unfair sales territories. Kyle is engaged in self-serving bias.

Question 19

Jamal feels flushed and his heart starts to beat faster when he hears his coworkers describe customers as ignorant. This response is his emotional regulation.

Question 20

An example of a self-fulfilling prophecy is a server who expects some poorly dressed customers to be stingy tippers, who therefore gives them poor service, and so gets the result he expected-a much lower tip than usual.

Question 21

The statement "I really don't like that Randall got so angry in that meeting" reflects the ________ component of an attitude.

A) behavioral
B) factual
C) cognitive
D) value
E) affective

Question 22

The three components of ________ are affective, cognitive, and behavioral.

A) values
B) stress
C) job satisfaction
D) personality
E) attitudes

Question 23

Employees with a(n) ________ locus of control will probably resist close managerial supervision and should probably be placed in jobs requiring high initiative and lower compliance.

A) high
B) low
C) external
D) absent
E) internal

Question 24

________ are abstract ideals that guide one's thinking and behavior across all situations.

A) Ethics
B) Cultures
C) Perceptions
D) Attitudes
E) Values

Question 25

People with ________ exhibit less anxiety, greater motivation, and stronger expectations that effort leads to performance.

A) high self-efficacy
B) high self-monitoring
C) low self-efficacy
D) an internal locus of control
E) an external locus of control

Question 26

________ is the extent to which people feel secure and unworried.

A) Self-esteem
B) Openness to experience
C) Self-efficacy
D) Locus of control
E) Emotional stability

Question 27

The statement "Mackenzie is slow to return phone calls" reflects the ________ component of an attitude.

A) behavioral
B) decisional
C) perceptual
D) affective
E) cognitive

Question 28

Which emotional intelligence trait tends to be empathetic?

A) social awareness
B) self-awareness
C) self-efficacy
D) self-management
E) relationship management

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT a trait of emotional intelligence?

A) self-awareness
B) self-sufficiency
C) relationship management
D) social awareness
E) self-management

Question 30

If a manager knows one of her employees has low self-esteem and wishes to enhance it, she should

A) provide frequent reminders about improving weaknesses.
B) avoid delegating work to this employee.
C) redesign the work so that it is routine and structured.
D) reinforce the employee's positive attributes and skills.
E) avoid giving feedback.

Question 31

People high in ________ are responsive to others' social and interpersonal cues.

A) self-esteem
B) external locus of control
C) emotional intelligence
D) self-efficacy
E) agreeableness

Question 32

People with low self-esteem ________ than those with higher self-esteem.

A) are more dependent on others
B) choose more unconventional jobs
C) focus more on their strengths
D) handle failure better
E) exhibit more aggressive behavior

Question 33

________ is the ability to control your emotions and act with honesty and integrity in reliable and adaptable ways.

A) Self-awareness
B) Situational awareness
C) Social awareness
D) Self-management
E) Relationship management

Question 34

The ________ component of an attitude consists of the beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation.

A) behavioral
B) decisional
C) perceptual
D) affective
E) cognitive

Question 35

The statement "I won't give Austin such a tight deadline again" reflects the ________ component of an attitude.

A) affective
B) decisional
C) cognitive
D) behavioral or intentional
E) factual

Question 36

Boring, tedious jobs generally reduce people's perceptions of their

A) self-esteem.
B) anxiety.
C) tolerance for pain.
D) level of extroversion.
E) self-efficacy.

Question 37

Maggie's manager notices that she exhibits an external locus of control when she speaks about her work. Her manager should

A) assign Maggie to a highly structured job requiring greater compliance.
B) place Maggie in a job requiring high initiative and low compliance.
C) give Maggie a job with little social contact with coworkers and customers.
D) direct Maggie toward a job with more autonomy.
E) provide incentives such as merit pay or sales commissions.

Question 38

________ is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves.

A) Emotional stability
B) Self-awareness
C) Locus of control
D) Self-efficacy
E) Self-esteem

Question 39

Justyne supervises several employees who seem to have low self-efficacy. To improve this situation, she should do all the following EXCEPT

A) serve as a role model and mentor to them.
B) provide guided experiences.
C) avoid rewarding small successes.
D) nurture their self-efficacy.
E) give positive feedback and constructive pointers.

Question 40

The interdisciplinary field of organizational ________ tries to explain and predict workplace behavior to help managers better lead and motivate others.

A) awareness
B) development
C) culture
D) strategy
E) behavior

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT a step in the perceptual process?

A) causal attribution
B) retrieval from memory
C) selective attention
D) interpretation and evaluation
E) storing in memory

Question 42

If a person is satisfied with their job, which of the following may NOT be reduced?

A) workload
B) absenteeism
C) turnover
D) stress
E) tardiness

Question 43

________ occurs when we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait.

A) The recency effect
B) A self-fulfilling prophecy
C) Fundamental attribution error
D) Self-serving bias
E) The halo effect

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT one of the main ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

A) Change your attitude.
B) Complete an emotional intelligence assessment.
C) Change your behavior.
D) Find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones.
E) Belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior.

Question 45

Under which of the following circumstances would the desire to reduce cognitive dissonance be greatest?

A) when the individual has little control
B) when large amounts of money are on the line
C) when the elements seem like an inconsequential ambiguity
D) when there is little emotional investment in the situation
E) when the components of attitude have no inconsistency

Question 46

________ programs help employees integrate and transition to a new job.

A) Organizational citizenship
B) Employee assistance
C) Attribution
D) Onboarding
E) Proactive

Question 47

Because people are uncomfortable with inconsistency between their attitudes and behaviors, they will seek to reduce

A) group behavior.
B) fundamental attribution.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) causal attribution.
E) a self-serving bias.

Question 48

Stark Industries was just rated number one for job satisfaction on a survey compiled by an outside entity. The report cited that employees at Stark Industries had a strong ________ and reported low levels of ________.

A) job involvement; work-life balance
B) organizational commitment; perceived stress
C) motivation; life satisfaction
D) perceived stress; life satisfaction
E) perceived stress; absenteeism

Question 49

According to Festinger, how people deal with cognitive dissonance depends on three factors. Which are the correct three factors?

A) importance, control, and rewards
B) control, bias, and personality
C) personality, decision making, and judgment
D) decision making, situation, and bias
E) situation, self-awareness, and control

Question 50

Alicia really doesn't like her new boss and is not happy with the new tasks she's been assigned and the long hours she's been working. Still, she truly believes in what the company is trying to accomplish. Alicia has

A) poor job performance.
B) low job satisfaction.
C) low organizational commitment.
D) poor job enrichment.
E) low job involvement.

Question 51

________ is the tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information.

A) Stereotyping
B) Self-serving bias
C) Fundamental attribution bias
D) Selective perception
E) The recency effect

Question 52

________ is the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goals.

A) Job involvement
B) Job performance
C) Job satisfaction
D) Organizational commitment
E) Job enrichment

Question 53

Because she beat her goal this year by nearly 30 percent, Helena has been telling everyone in the sales department of her incredible skill as a salesperson. But last year when she didn't even reach her goal, she said her failure was due to the poor economy. Helena provides an example of

A) the halo effect.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) fundamental attribution bias.
D) selective perception error.
E) self-serving bias.

Question 54

________ is the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs.

A) Stereotyping
B) Selective perception
C) Self-serving bias
D) Attribution
E) The halo effect

Question 55

Timothy was hiring a new financial analyst, and he had several good candidates. He was leaning toward hiring Jade, a Japanese American woman, because he thinks Asians are better at math. Timothy is exhibiting which distortion in perception?

A) racism
B) recency effect
C) stereotyping
D) Pygmalion effect
E) self-serving bias

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT a distortion in perception?

A) causal attribution
B) stereotyping
C) halo effect
D) recency effect
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 57

________ is the tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to the situation the person is in.

A) The halo effect
B) Fundamental attribution bias
C) Self-serving bias
D) Selective perception
E) Stereotyping

Question 58

________ is the extent to which employees have positive or negative feelings about various aspects of their work.

A) Job involvement
B) Job satisfaction
C) Organizational commitment
D) Job performance
E) Job enrichment

Question 59

________ is the process of interpreting and understanding one's environment.

A) Self-awareness
B) Self-management
C) Perception
D) Self-monitoring
E) Openness to experience

Question 60

A waitress assumes a group of poorly dressed customers to be ungenerous tippers. She doesn't pay much attention to them during their meal, forgets to bring their drinks, and doesn't ask if they want dessert. In the end, she gets the result that she expects, a very small tip. This is an example of

A) the halo effect.
B) selective perception error.
C) fundamental attribution bias.
D) self-serving bias.
E) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 61

An example of ________ would be when a manager expects employees to perform badly, they probably will, and when the manager expects them to perform well, they probably will.

A) a self-fulfilling prophecy
B) the recency effect
C) self-serving bias
D) stereotyping
E) employee engagement

Question 62

Which of the following dimensions is an example of an organizational dimension on the diversity wheel?

A) income
B) volunteer experience
C) educational background
D) union affiliation
E) physical abilities

Question 63

________ is the tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively.

A) Apprehension
B) Role conflict
C) Stress
D) Role overload
E) Anxiety

Question 64

________ is at the center of the diversity wheel.

A) Philosophy
B) Philanthropy
C) Perception
D) Personality
E) Psychology

Question 65

Organizational dimensions, the outer layer of the diversity wheel, include all of the following EXCEPT

A) management status.
B) union affiliation.
C) seniority.
D) work location.
E) ethnicity.

Question 66

Which of the following diversity issues is true in the U.S. workforce?

A) Gay and bisexual male workers earn 10 percent to 32 percent more than equally qualified heterosexual counterparts.
B) Literacy has ceased to be an issue among American workers.
C) The median age of the American worker is at its lowest level in history.
D) People of color have hit the glass ceiling, with whites holding more of the managerial and professional jobs.
E) Workers ages 55 and older are expected to make up over one-half of the labor force in 2024.

Question 67

Anastasia impressed her boss by making many suggestions for department improvements and by putting in many weekend hours to do extra tasks to develop the new procedures. Anastasia is exhibiting

A) self-efficacy.
B) onboarding traits.
C) the halo effect.
D) organizational citizenship behavior.
E) counterproductive work behavior.

Question 68

An employee's ________ behavior helps the employee exceed the work-role requirements for the job.

A) counterproductive work
B) halo effect
C) organizational citizenship
D) self-efficacy
E) proactive

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT one of the four layers of the diversity wheel?

A) organizational dimensions
B) external dimensions
C) internal dimensions
D) management status
E) personality

Question 70

Investors who are more likely to buy a stock if they see something about it in the news or if it has a high one-day return are experiencing

A) an ethical dilemma.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) the recency effect.
D) reverse discrimination.
E) self-serving bias.

Question 71

Charles has important clients in town who want to have dinner, but his mother has a plumbing leak and has asked him to come over and shut off the water until she can get it fixed tomorrow. Charles is experiencing

A) role ambiguity.
B) burnout.
C) learned helplessness.
D) role conflict.
E) role overload.

Question 72

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers to

A) hire all qualified persons with disabilities who apply.
B) actively solicit job applications from persons with disabilities.
C) hire quotas of qualified persons with disabilities.
D) reasonably accommodate an individual's disability.
E) hire persons with disabilities to qualify for tax breaks.

Question 73

When others' expectations exceed one's ability, ________ occurs.

A) burnout
B) learned helplessness
C) role overload
D) role conflict
E) role ambiguity

Question 74

________ is the belief that one's native country, culture, language, abilities, or behavior is superior to those of another culture.

A) Reverse discrimination
B) Stereotyping
C) An ethical dilemma
D) Ethnocentrism
E) Diversity

Question 75

Absenteeism, drug and alcohol abuse, and disciplinary problems are examples of

A) organizational citizenship behaviors.
B) self-efficacy.
C) causal attribution.
D) self-serving bias.
E) counterproductive work behaviors.

Question 76

Kwan has a Master's degree in psychology, but he is working at a sunglasses cart in the mall. He is currently experiencing

A) reverse discrimination.
B) the glass ceiling.
C) attribution.
D) underemployment.
E) overemployment.

Question 77

Which of the following dimensions is NOT an example of an external or secondary dimension on the diversity wheel?

A) religion
B) income
C) geographic location
D) seniority
E) personal habits

Question 78

________ represent(s) all the ways people are unlike and alike.

A) Lifestyle
B) Dimensions
C) Diversity
D) Conditions
E) Background

Question 79

Which of the following is a common reason that some women face a glass ceiling?

A) poor goal setting
B) inability to motivate others
C) lack of mentors
D) poor financial performance
E) inability to produce high-quality work

Question 80

While a moderate amount of stress can have some health and behavioral benefits, excess stress can reveal itself in all of the following ways EXCEPT

A) insomnia.
B) slurred speech.
C) hostility.
D) alcohol abuse.
E) heart attack.