Deck 4: Learning and Human Nurture

Question 1

Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?

A) Learning is another word for "maturation."
B) Learning is a lasting condition.
C) Learning involves changes in behavior.
D) Learning involves experiences.
E) Learning involves changes in knowledge.

Answer 1

Learning is another word for "maturation."

Question 2

Jenna walks into her science class laboratory, and she immediately feels queasy. Today is the day her class is dissecting frogs and she is sickened by the smell of the formaldehyde. However, after an hour Jenna is no longer sickened because of

A) classical conditioning.
B) habituation.
C) operant conditioning.
D) her reflexes.
E) spontaneous recovery.

Answer 2

habituation.

Question 3

While studying ________, ________ discovered ________ conditioning.

A) monkeys; Skinner; operant
B) rabbits; Watson; observational
C) digestion; Pavlov; classical
D) mental events; Plato; aerobic
E) dogs; Bandura; insight

Answer 3

digestion; Pavlov; classical

Question 4

__________ is a process through which experience brings about a lasting change in behavior or knowledge.

A) Learning
B) Adaptation
C) Memory enhancement
D) Muscle memory
E) Habituation

Question 5

One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a

A) physician who was studying the age at which children start to walk.
B) physiologist who was studying memory processes in monkeys.
C) physiologist who was studying digestion.
D) dog trainer who was trying to come up with the best way to reward animals for their performances in his shows.
E) neurologist who was studying unconscious motivations behind behaviors.

Question 6

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called

A) classical conditioning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) memory linkage.
D) adaptation.
E) shaping.

Question 7

You are sitting in a class when your professor holds up a large white feather. We could guess that most people would not really respond in any important way to the feather, because the feather is a(n)

A) primary reinforcer.
B) negative punisher.
C) unconditioned response.
D) neutral stimulus.
E) extinct event.

Question 8

Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?

A) Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
B) Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
C) Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
D) Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.
E) Pavlov wanted to be a psychologist very badly, which is why he did research that influenced the field of psychology.

Question 9

The two main types of behavioral learning are

A) reflexive responses and shaping.
B) insight learning and operant conditioning.
C) classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
D) social learning and observational learning.
E) reinforcement and insight learning.

Question 10

In the context of classical conditioning, which of following components "elicits" a response?

A) UCR
B) UCS
C) CER
D)CSR
E) NR

Question 11

As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of

A) instrumental learning
B) observational learning
C) classical conditioning
D) habituation
E) counterconditioning

Question 12

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an)

A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.
E) neutral stimulus.

Question 13

An eye blink is an example of

A) introspection.
B) an environmental event.
C) a reflex.
D) an operant.
E) shaping.

Question 14

________ refers to the process of experience producing a lasting change in behavior.

A) A stimulus-response set
B) Learning
C) Automation
D) Insight
E) Potentiation

Question 15

Which of the following would NOT be an example of learning?

A) A newborn infant sucks on a nipple filled with milk.
B) A teenager falls asleep after staying awake for 96 hours.
C) A rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
D) You wince when you see a long needle similar to the one that hurt you during a drug injection last week.
E) A and B are

Question 16

The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was

A) Skinner
B) Tolman
C) Kohler
D) Pavlov
E) Garcia

Question 17

The abbreviation UCS stands for

A) unconditional statement.
B) uniform conditioned subject.
C) unconditional sensation.
D) unconditioned stimulus.
E) operant stimulus.

Question 18

Learning always occurs as a result of

A) changing our emotions.
B) experience.
C) changes in the environment.
D) classical conditioning.
E) internal changes.

Question 19

While walking down a dark alley, you jump at a loud noise. This would not be considered learning because

A) it is not a behavior.
B) jumping is only done for survival purposes.
C) not everyone would jump in this situation.
D) jumping is merely a reflex.
E) jumping is a difficult skill, biologically speaking.

Question 20

Gina walks into her psychology class on the first day, and she sits next to Roger. She thinks his looks are decent, but by the end of the semester she finds him to be quite attractive due to

A) the mere exposure effect.
B) habituation.
C) continuous reinforcement.
D) shaping.
E) her new cognitive map.

Question 21

After acquisition of classical conditioning, the ________ now has the ability to elicit a response that resembles the UCR.

A) operant response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditional stimulus
D) orienting stimulus
E) independent stimulus

Question 22

The abbreviation CS stands for

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) correlated stimulus.
C) conventional structure.
D) conditional situation.
E) conjuncted structure.

Question 23

Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n)

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.
E) neutral stimulus.

Question 24

Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as he hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.

A) can of cat food
B) sound of the electric can opener
C) dish that Harmony puts the food in
D) cat scurrying into the kitchen
E) the smell of the cat food

Question 25

An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus that

A) triggers a learned response.
B) is based upon its association with another unconditioned stimulus.
C) provides positive or negative reinforcement.
D) naturally elicits a behavior without learning.
E) inhibits previously learned behavior.

Question 26

In the Pavlov study, the salivation to the tone represents the ________ after conditioning.

A) unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
B) orienting response (OR)
C) conditioned stimulus (CS)
D) conditioned response (CR)
E) neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 27

The abbreviation UCR stands for

A) unconditional reinforcement.
B) uniform conditioned rule.
C) unconditional retention.
D) unconditioned response.
E) unconstrained reaction.

Question 28

Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n)

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
E) extinguished stimulus

Question 29

The abbreviation CR stands for

A) conditional reinforcement.
B) contingent reflex.
C) conditioned response.
D) contingent reflection.
E) contingent response.

Question 30

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n)

A) unconditioned response.
B) voluntary response.
C) conditioned response.
D) digestive reflex.
E) habituated response.

Question 31

When Pavlov placed food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n)

A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) conditioned response.
D) conditioned stimulus.
E) discriminative stimulus.

Question 32

In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of the rabbit. After several pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?

A) The blinking of the eye serves as stimulus.
B) The puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus.
C) The puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus.
D) The blinking of the eye serves as the conditioned stimulus.
E) The air puff is a discriminative stimulus.

Question 33

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

A) presence of Alan near the aquarium
B) fish swimming to the top
C) aquarium light
D) fish food
E) the sound of his footsteps as he approaches the tank

Question 34

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?

A) The initial strike to the knee is the CS.
B) The initial knee jerk response is the CR.
C) The sound is the CS.
D) The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.
E) The initial appearance of the response is an example of spontaneous recovery.

Question 35

A(n) ________ refers to the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) conditioned response
C) unconditioned response
D) controlled response
E) neutral response

Question 36

Pavlov placed food in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a

A) primary reinforcer.
B) positive reinforcer.
C) conditioned response.
D) secondary reinforcer.
E) negative reinforcer.

Question 37

Miranda notices that her cat salivates as soon as her cat hears the sound of the electric can opener. In this example, the sound of the can opener is the

A) primary stimulus.
B) positive reinforcer.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) secondary reinforcer.
E) tertiary reinforcer.

Question 38

The linkage between a UCS and the UCR requires

A) that the person must be hungry.
B) the individual must receive either punishment or reinforcement.
C) a critical impact of insight.
D) no learning.
E) that the dog salivates at the sound of the bell.

Question 39

The initial learning stage in classical conditioning, in which the neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, is known as

A) prompting.
B) trial-and-error learning.
C) acquisition.
D) insight learning
E) shaping.

Question 40

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?

A) classical conditioning
B) innate learning
C) negative punishment
D) instinctive drift
E) stimulus discrimination

Question 41

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called

A) counterconditioning.
B) instinctive drift.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) stimulus discrimination.
E) discriminatory reappearance.

Question 42

________ refers to a procedure in classical conditioning where a CR no longer occurs in the presence of the CS due to the absence of the UCS.

A) Extinction
B) Spontaneous recovery
C) Inhibition
D) Discrimination
E) Generalization

Question 43

For Little Albert, his fear of ________ was interpreted as an instance of ________.

A) John Watson; a sensible response
B) a white laboratory rat; conditioned fear
C) his mother; childhood psychosis
D) a Santa Claus mask; experimental psychosis
E) a white laboratory rat; operant conditioning

Question 44

The longest interval between the CS and UCS is required for classical conditioning of

A) motor responses.
B) visceral responses.
C) conditioned salivation.
D) conditioned fear.
E) reflex responses.

Question 45

What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?

A) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
B) After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
C) His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
D) His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.
E) His fear of rats will reduce so that it is only shown when he is around a rat, though it will spread to rats of any color.

Question 46

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called

A) stimulus generalization.
B) stimulus adaptation.
C) response generalization.
D) transfer of habit strength.
E) extinction.

Question 47

An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) extinction.
D) stimulus generalization.
E) stimulus discrimination.

Question 48

After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called

A) acquisition.
B) testing.
C) extinction.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) shaping.

Question 49

When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called

A) CR fading
B) extinction
C) habituation
D) generalization fading
E) discriminatory fading

Question 50

You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because

A) the metronome was not a distinctive sound.
B) the metronome should have been sounded after the animal ate the biscuit.
C) you should have had an even longer interval between the metronome and the biscuit.
D) the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome.
E) the metronome was not loud enough to be heard by the dog.

Question 51

One outcome demonstrated by Watson and Rayner's testing with Little Albert was that

A) operant conditioning can modify behavior.
B) the fear response may generalize to other stimuli.
C) taste aversions can be formed in young children.
D) counterconditioning is difficult.
E) spontaneous recovery can occur at the wrong time.

Question 52

The fact that you prefer blondes because your last love interest was a blonde best illustrates

A) stimulus generalization.
B) generalization gradient.
C) stimulus discrimination.
D) discrimination gradient.
E) spontaneous recovery.

Question 53

Jane's dog will listen to her commands but ignores her sister's commands. Jane's dog would be demonstrating

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) social learning.
C) insight learning.
D) stimulus discrimination.
E) stimulus generalization.

Question 54

In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food was called the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.

A) acquisition
B) testing
C) extinction
D) spontaneous recovery
E) generalizing

Question 55

Robert's dog, Little Gut, runs to Robert when he says, "Come." If one day, Little Gut comes running when Robert says, "Dumb," we might say that Little Gut has demonstrated

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) social learning.
C) insight learning.
D) intermittent reinforcement.
E) stimulus generalization.

Question 56

Little Albert was conditioned to fear a

A) white mouse.
B) brown mouse.
C) white rat.
D) white puppy.
E) gray pigeon.

Question 57

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.

A) behavior modification
B) stimulus discrimination
C) extinction
D) stimulus generalization
E) spontaneous recovery

Question 58

One of Pavlov's dogs had stopped salivating at the sound of the tone. The next day the tone was presented again and the dog began salivating. Pavlov referred to this as

A) shaping.
B) spontaneous extinction.
C) stimulus generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.
E) higher-order conditioning.

Question 59

You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?

A) counterconditioning
B) instinctive drift
C) spontaneous recovery
D) stimulus discrimination
E) extinction

Question 60

After feeding a dog with a red bowl but never giving any food with a green bowl, the dog now salivates only to the red bowl. This is an example of:

A) insight learning.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) extinction.
E) stimulus discrimination.

Question 61

What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert?

A) a rat
B) a loud noise
C) a high chair
D) a small enclosed space
E) a blanket

Question 62

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

A) a white rat
B) a loud noise
C) a high chair
D) a small enclosed space
E) a blanket

Question 63

A practical use of aversive conditioning by John Garcia was to

A) cause to people to look forward to receiving chemotherapy.
B) dissuade wild coyotes from attacking sheep.
C) make Little Albert cry at the sight of a white rat.
D) alter people's eating preferences for lamb.
E) teach children to eat their green vegetables..

Question 64

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of ________ to accomplish this.

A) observational learning
B) latent learning
C) instrumental conditioning
D) conditioned food aversions
E) intermittent reinforcement

Question 65

What is likely to happen to rats that drink a saccharin solution and are then shocked?

A) They will develop an aversion to saccharin.
B) They will refuse to drink any water and die
C) They will not develop an aversion to saccharin solutions.
D) They will die as a result of the shocks they received in the research.
E) They will learn to "enjoy" the sensation of an electric shock and actively seek it out.

Question 66

A Vietnam war veteran who hears a "call to battle stations" alarm sound last heard in heavy combat would be expected to

A) demonstrate no response.
B) become extremely violent.
C) feel relief that they are not now in combat.
D) show strong emotional arousal.
E) experience a happy feeling.

Question 67

The fact that food aversions are ________ poses a problem for classical conditioning theory.

A) hard to measure
B) not consistent
C) learned through observation
D) generalizable
E) not entirely learned

Question 68

What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?

A) Show Albert a toy dog instead of a live rat.
B) Let Albert touch a Santa Claus beard repeatedly.
C) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following.
D) Have Albert hear a loud noise many times without a rat present.
E) Simply remove Albert from the room where the conditioning originally took place.

Question 69

One factor that makes a food aversion different from most types of classical conditioning is that

A) other people can cause us to develop the connection the CS and the UCS.
B) once the conditioning is established, it cannot be eliminated.
C) the conditioned response often occurs before the unconditioned response.
D) there can be a long time delay between the CS and the UCS.
E) conditioning may not always involve a change in the person's response.

Question 70

An important discovery stemming from Watson and Rayner's experiment was that

A) phobias can be reversed.
B) some phobias are more probable due to preparedness.
C) children experience phobias more often than had previously been thought.
D) phobias may be explained by using principles of classical conditioning.
E) instinctive drift explains phobias in human beings.

Question 71

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the research of ________to accomplish this.

A) Bandura
B) Skinner
C) Tolman
D) Garcia
E) Seligman

Question 72

Imagine that you have an intense fear of flying and that that you are enrolled in a counterconditioning therapy program to help you lose this fear. Which of the following situations would greatly interfere with the success of this therapy for fear of flying?

A) Your plane develops engine trouble while you are on a short 20-minute practice flight.
B) You take a muscle relaxant to calm you before the therapy.
C) You are told over and over that flying is quite safe.
D) You watch a movie about a person safely flying on a trip.
E) B and C are

Question 73

Last month Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced

A) blocking.
B) conditioned food aversion.
C) operant taste conditioning.
D) noncontingent conditioning.
E) shaping.

Question 74

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the

A) white rat.
B) loud noise.
C) fear of the rat.
D) fear of the noise.
E) appearance of the experimenter.

Question 75

Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of (a)

A) classical conditioning.
B) vicarious conditioning.
C) conditioned emotional response.
D) biological predisposition.
E) instinctive drift.

Question 76

One of the best therapy strategies for eliminating conditioned fears involves combining ________ in a process known as ________.

A) negative and positive reinforcement; aversion
B) arousal and stress reduction; shaping
C) conditioned and unconditioned responses; discrimination
D) primary and secondary reinforcers; social learning
E) extinction and relaxation; counterconditioning

Question 77

Judy has cancer and is receiving chemotherapy at a local hospital. Her parents notice that she now rejects food that she willingly ate last week (before chemotherapy). Through the process of ________, the food is now acting as a ________.

A) operant conditioning; negative reinforcer
B) negative reinforcement; conditioned stimulus
C) aversive conditioning; conditioned stimulus
D) appetitive conditioning; conditioned stimulus
E) conditioned reinforcement; unconditioned response

Question 78

To avoid conditioned taste aversions, cancer patients are now given ________ during chemotherapy

A) morphine
B) naloxone
C) a familiar food
D) unusually flavored candies or ice cream
E) psychotherapy

Question 79

John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in his study.

A) discriminative stimulus
B) counterconditioning stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus
E) extinguishing stimulus

Question 80

Generally, it is best to present the CS followed immediately by the US for conditioning to occur. One exception to this rule is illustrated by

A) food aversions.
B) conditioning voluntary responses.
C) tactile aversions.
D) conditioning eye blink responses.
E) conditioned emotional responses