Deck 8: States of Consciousness

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true of daydreams?

A) They are more vivid than our most colorful night dreams.
B) They help us to creatively confront and solve problems.
C) They are under our control.
D) They are most common in young adults.
E) They serve valuable, healthy functions.

Answer 1

They are more vivid than our most colorful night dreams.

Question 2

Walking and chewing gum at the same time would, for most people, be _________ processes.

A) preconscious.
B) nonconscious.
C) subconscious.
D) semiconscious.
E) conscious.

Answer 2

nonconscious.

Question 3

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) ______ rhythm.

A) infradian
B) diurnal
C) circadian
D) ultradian
E) supradian

Answer 3

circadian

Question 4

The concept of the unconscious is most associated with the writings of

A) Roger Sperry.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Michael Gazzaniga.
D) Rene Descartes.
E) Robert Ross.

Question 5

The mental function of ________ remains a great mystery to neuroscientists.

A) unconsciousness
B) preconsciousness
C) consciousness
D) nonconsciousness
E) semiconsciousness

Question 6

Your telephone number resides in this part of the mind:

A) postconscious
B) conscious
C) unconscious
D) collective unconscious
E) preconscious

Question 7

The human brain contains approximately ________ transistor-like neurons.

A) 100,000
B) 100 billion
C) 10 million
D) 5 million
E) 1 billion

Question 8

A cognitive neuroscientist would be most likely to have subjects ________ to determine which brain areas are active during different mental tasks.

A) discuss their most recent dreams
B) utilize a technique called "priming"
C) undergo fMRI, PET, or EEG testing
D) take psychoactive drugs
E) report on their ideas by using introspection

Question 9

A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ______ cycle.

A) infradian
B) circadian
C) diurnal
D) ultradian
E) supradian

Question 10

A person who fervently believes in the writings of John B. Watson would be expected to believe or do all of the following EXCEPT

A) emphasize the direct observation of behavior.
B) focus solely on external behavior.
C) dismiss introspection as unscientific.
D) claim that consciousness is merely a by-product of behavior.
E) attempt to search for the mental processes which cause behavior.

Question 11

A circadian cycle is about ______ hours long.

A) 1.5
B) 12
C) 6
D) 24
E) 48

Question 12

Consciousness must process information _________, while nonconscious brain circuits can process many streams of information in _________.

A) personally; parallel
B) parallel; serial fashion
C) parallel; parallel
D) serially; serial fashion
E) serially; parallel

Question 13

________ believe that the unconscious is merely a collection of nonconscious processes produced in the brain.

A) Behaviorists
B) Psychoanalysts
C) Neuroscientists
D) Cognitive psychologists
E) Humanistic psychologists

Question 14

Structuralism used the technique of ________ to study consciousness.

A) psychoanalysis
B) experimentation
C) anima
D) naturalistic observation
E) introspection

Question 15

Which type of psychologist is most likely to believe that the conscious mind is a natural process occurring in the nerve cells of the brain that can be studied through objective scientific inquiry?

A) humanistic psychologists
B) behavioral geneticists
C) cognitive neuroscientists
D) experiential psychologists
E) clinical psychologists

Question 16

Which of the following is true of daydreams?

A) Very few people daydream every day.
B) Daydreaming is not an example of altered consciousness.
C) They are a shift away from the immediate situation to memories, expectations, or desires.
D) Daydreaming is normal for children, but it is pathological when adults do it.
E) We tend to daydream more as we age.

Question 17

Dr. Gruber asked Pamela to say the words "folk," "soak," and "joke." Then, he asked her, "What do you call the white of an egg?" If her reply was "the yolk," rather than the right answer (the albumen, or egg white), this answer would be evidence for

A) selective attention.
B) hypnotizability.
C) priming.
D) functionalism.
E) cataplexy.

Question 18

________ is an example of a conscious process.

A) Breathing
B) Trying to choose the best answer to this question
C) Regulating your blood pressure
D) Digestion
E) Blinking every few seconds

Question 19

Preconscious memories are thought to

A) function in the background until they are needed.
B) detect changes in biological functioning and regulate them without conscious awareness.
C) involve automatic cognitive processing of information.
D) stem from the need to repress traumatic memories or taboo desires.
E) cannot be brought to conscious memory because they are "buried" too deep.

Question 20

Up until the 1960s, the ________ view was the dominant popular approach to psychology.

A) psychodynamic
B) behavioristic
C) humanistic
D) sociocultural
E) deterministic

Question 21

Circadian rhythms are NOT disrupted by

A) shifting work schedules.
B) sleep and wake routines.
C) eating regular meals.
D) flying from west to east.
E) changes in the light-dark cycle.

Question 22

SCN stands for __________.

A) stop control now
B) suprachiasmatic nucleus
C) serotonin controlled nucleus
D) sleep control nucleus
E) striate chiasmatic nocturnum

Question 23

"Jet lag" is primarily a result of

A) anxiety-producing unconscious processes.
B) upset circadian rhythms.
C) hangover due to drinking alcohol before flying.
D) sensory isolation due to flying in an enclosed airplane for a long time.
E) flying many miles above sea level.

Question 24

The most severe cases of "jet lag" occur when we travel

A) west.
B) north.
C) east.
D) south.
E) short distances.

Question 25

REM sleep refers to __________.

A) dreamless sleep.
B) sleep induced by sleeping pills.
C) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely.
D) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly .
E) sleep that occurs when you are daydreaming.

Question 26

The pattern of human physiological processes that seems to be controlled by an internal "biological clock" is

A) unaffected by the world's daylight-dark cycles.
B) coordinated in the hypothalamus.
C) set on a 12-hour cycle.
D) identical for all people.
E) unrelated to work schedules and travel.

Question 27

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?

A) thalamus
B) cerebellum
C) basal ganglia
D) hypothalamus
E) medulla

Question 28

Our cyclical changes in consciousness are an example of

A) our interests.
B) biological tides.
C) our circadian rhythms.
D) what others tell us.
E) our genotypes.

Question 29

REM is an acronym from the sleep literature that stands for

A) rotated eye movement.
B) rapid EEG movement.
C) rapid eye movements.
D) regular EEG manifestation.
E) regular excitatory motion.

Question 30

While in the REM phase of sleep,

A) your mental activity focuses on ordinary daily events.
B) you are likely to act out your dreams.
C) your voluntary muscles are immobilized in sleep paralysis.
D) you may sleep walk and sleep talk.
E) you experience sleep spindles.

Question 31

What would you expect to see on the EEG record of a person who is engaged in an episode of sleepwalking?

A) paradoxical sleep waves
B) very large sleep spindles
C) evidence of deep sleep
D) a record that is virtually the same as a daydreaming person
E) a record that has only alpha wave activity

Question 32

If you are awakened from sleep and you feel as though you had not even been asleep, then you were most likely in which stage of sleep?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Slow wave sleep
E) REM sleep

Question 33

During the last sleep cycle of the night, you might spend as long as ________ minutes in REM sleep.

A) 10
B) 30
C) 60
D) 90
E) 150

Question 34

The hypothalamus controls the ___________.

A) hypnotic suggestibility ratio
B) sleep-wake cycle
C) frequency of nightmares
D) growth hormones that occur during sleep
E) behavior of the cerebellum

Question 35

The deepest point in the sleep cycle, when brain waves activity is the slowest, occurs in

A) Stage 1, about three hours after falling asleep.
B) REM sleep, about one hour after falling asleep.
C) Stage 4, about a half hour after falling asleep.
D) Stage 4, about two hours before waking up.
E) REM sleep, about one hour before waking up.

Question 36

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle.

A) REM
B) first
C) third
D) fourth
E) diurnal

Question 37

Which device would a sleep researcher use to monitor a sleeping person's brain waves?

A) electromyograph (EMG)
B) electrocardiograph (EKG)
C) electro-oculograph (EOG)
D) electroencephalograph (EEG)
E) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Question 38

The sleep-wake cycle is ultimately controlled by the part of the brain called the __________.

A) optical nerve
B) frontal lobe
C) hypothalamus
D) median forebrain bundle
E) putamen

Question 39

How does the evolutionary view account for the presence of sleep paralysis during REM sleep?

A) Sleep paralysis promotes brain development.
B) Sleep paralysis allows us to focus our mental energy on problem solving.
C) Our energy stores are recharged more rapidly during sleep paralysis.
D) Sleep paralysis allows us to avoid getting out of bed and into trouble in our sleep.
E) All of the above are

Question 40

What aspect of circadian rhythms might explain why we tend to feel so tired at night?

A) Body temperature bottoms out on Monday mornings.
B) The three biorhythm patterns converge at low points on Mondays.
C) Heart rates typically increase at night.
D) There is an organ in the brain sensitive to light changes, which then affects our sleepiness.
E) There is more melatonin secreted by the hypothalamus when our circadian rhythm is disrupted.

Question 41

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation?

A) REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness.
B) REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly.
C) REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.
D) REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.
E) REM deprivation is associated with an increased risk of dementia in older adults

Question 42

The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is ________ sleep.

A) REM
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 6

Question 43

Deprivation of REM sleep results in ________ during ________.

A) irritability; the next day
B) reduced problem solving; the next week
C) reduced REM sleep; the next sleep period
D) reduced problem solving; the next month
E) All of the above are

Question 44

If the EEG record reveals evidence of very small and very fast waves, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is ________.

A) really not sleeping and is awake
B) in Stage 2
C) in Stage 3
D) in Stage 4
E) in REM sleep

Question 45

Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during Stage 2 sleep are called

A) delta waves.
B) sleep spindles.
C) paradoxical sleep waves.
D) beta waves.
E) gamma waves.

Question 46

The deepest stage of sleep is ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) REM

Question 47

Sleep spindles appear during ______ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) REM
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5

Question 48

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT

A) narcolepsy
B) REM rebound
C) insomnia
D) night terrors
E) sleep apnea

Question 49

The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ sleep.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5

Question 50

The ________ argues that we sleep in order to conserve energy.

A) clinical psychology view
B) Freudian view
C) evolutionary theory
D) activation-synthesis theory
E) homeostatic

Question 51

What term do sleep researchers use to designate Stages 1-4 of sleep?

A) REM sleep
B) Non-REM sleep
C) REMN sleep
D) paradoxical sleep
E) SCN sleep

Question 52

John will likely experience REM rebound tonight if he:

A) takes a sleeping pill before bed tonight.
B) drinks too much caffeine prior to sleeping.
C) did not sleep much last night.
D) slept more than 8 hours last night.
E) drinks at least 3 "shots" of alcohol before going to bed.

Question 53

Which of the the following result from sleep deprivation?

A) increased blood pressure
B) irritability
C) hyperalertness
D) enhanced cognitive functioning

Question 54

Periods of REM sleep alternate with periods of non-REM sleep in a cycle that recurs about every ________ minutes or so.

A) 30
B) 90
C) 150
D) 210
E) 240

Question 55

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) Stage 1
C) Stage 2
D) Stage 4
E) Stage 5

Question 56

You are watching sleep researchers monitor the sleep of a normal adult. The participant is hooked up to an EEG. What brain waves would you observe as the person becomes drowsy and then enters the first stage of sleep?

A) alpha eventually replaced by delta
B) delta eventually replaced by theta
C) alpha eventually replaced by theta
D) delta eventually replaced by beta
E) beta replaced by spindles

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT true of a typical night's sleep?

A) The amount of time a person spends in deep sleep increases.
B) We go through the circuit of stages about 4-6 times.
C) An individual's amount of time spent in REM sleep increases.
D) REM consistently lasts about 10 minutes per episode.
E) The deepest sleep occurs mainly during the beginning of the night.

Question 58

Stage 4 sleep is marked by _________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta
E) gamma

Question 59

Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?

A) beta
B) alpha
C) theta
D) delta
E) tau

Question 60

Your alarm clock is set to wake you up two hours before you would normally arise. After a few days of this, you shut off your alarm clock and go to sleep. We would now expect to show

A) even less REM sleep than usual.
B) more REM sleep than usual.
C) no REM sleep.
D) the same REM sleep as usual.
E) only REM sleep.

Question 61

According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body.

A) restorative theory
B) adaptive theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) dream theory
E) activation-synthesis

Question 62

A therapist who analyzes your dreams is most likely to have been trained according to the ________ school of psychology.

A) behaviorism
B) cognitive
C) humanistic
D) psychoanalytic
E) neuroscience

Question 63

The ________ believed that the soul left the body during dreams and wandered around in the world.

A) ancient Egyptians
B) ancient Chinese
C) ancient Israelites
D) Indian "veda"
E) Native Americans

Question 64

A person who needs nine hours per night, but is only allowed to sleep for six hours per night, would be said to suffer from

A) insomnia.
B) sleep apnea.
C) hypersomnia.
D) a sleep debt.
E) a circadian cataplexy.

Question 65

Strenuous physical activity during the day is most likely to increase the amount of

A) Stage 2 sleep spindles.
B) Stage 1 sleep.
C) Stage 4 deep sleep.
D) REM sleep.
E) dream content.

Question 66

The restorative theory views sleep as

A) having evolutionary advantages.
B) helping the body repair the wear and tear of the day's events.
C) a means to cope with stress.
D) important only to the extent that we don't enter a state of sleep deprivation.
E) helping us to restore our unconscious store of impulses.

Question 67

Which culture interprets dreams as a message from God?

A) ancient Egyptians
B) ancient Chinese
C) ancient Israelites
D) Indian "Vedas"
E) Native Americans

Question 68

According to Freud, the manifest content of a dream refers to

A) the setting of the dream.
B) the story line of the dream.
C) whether the dream is in color or black and white.
D) the emotional tone of the dream.
E) the symbolic meaning of the dream.

Question 69

Freud believed that dreams

A) stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires.
B) are sexual perversions.
C) are reflections of consciousness.
D) are ways to solve problems.
E) are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural firing while we sleep.

Question 70

If you sleep in a dark room without interruption, we would expect you to sleep ________ hours per night.

A) 8.5
B) 5
C) 10
D) 11
E) 14

Question 71

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

A) the setting of the dream.
B) the story line of the dream.
C) whether the dream is in color or black and white.
D) the emotional tone of the dream.
E) the symbolic meaning of the dream.

Question 72

________ was the author of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900).

A) Darwin
B) Hall
C) James
D) Freud
E) Broca

Question 73

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship of the total amount of sleep that an individual receives as a function of age?

A) We require more sleep as we age.
B) As we age, we tend to get less sleep.
C) We require much sleep during infancy and early childhood, less sleep in adolescence and early adulthood, and then more sleep in middle and older age.
D) The amount of sleep we require solely depends on individual difference variables.
E) We require less sleep when we are younger and when we are older, but more during our "middle" years.

Question 74

A recent research study suggests that the cognitive deficit produced by sleep deprivation is similar to that of

A) a short sleeper.
B) a legally drunk person.
C) a long sleeper.
D) a 90-year-old.
E) C and D are

Question 75

What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe?

A) poetic and realistic
B) literal and symbolic
C) latent and manifest
D) delusional and hallucinatory
E) physiological and environmental

Question 76

According to this theory, sleep is a product of adaptation.

A) restorative theory
B) evolutionary theory
C) psychoanalytic theory
D) dream theory
E) activation-synthesis theory

Question 77

According to Freud, the two main functions of dreams are to

A) release electrical discharges and aid in the growth of the brain.
B) conserve energy and restore neuron function.
C) help people rest and relax.
D) reduce psychic tensions and work through unconscious wishes.
E) facilitate memory and clean out old memories.

Question 78

Who sleeps the least?

A) newborns
B) adolescents
C) young adults
D) the elderly
E) children

Question 79

Which of the following is an explanation of why we sleep?

A) Sleep allows us to conserve energy.
B) Sleep promotes memory.
C) Sleep clears the brain of useless information.
D) Sleep helps us to avoid harm at night.
E) All of the above are

Question 80

Sean is nervous and creative, whereas Jennifer is energetic and extroverted. Based on research into sleep and personality, we can expect that

A) Sean and Jennifer sleep about the same amount.
B) Jennifer tends to sleep longer than most people.
C) Jennifer tends to sleep longer than Sean.
D) Sean tends to sleep more than Jennifer, but both sleep more than most people.
E) Sean tends to sleep more than Jennifer.